本研究從幼兒園第二代經營者的角度出發，以研究者家族所經營，位在相對弱勢社區中的幼兒園為對象，從批判教育學的角度，探討透過教育消弭階級差異的方法，以及課程模式與階級文化間的關係。批判教育學探討在資本主義制度下，教育對中下階層學生的壓迫，進一步主張透過覺醒與轉化的教育模式，消弭階級差異彰顯人性的價值。呼應這樣的概念，近年來台灣的幼兒教育現場，在幼托整合的政策引領下，也開始施行以遊戲為主的統整課程模式，宣稱可透過根植於學生經驗的方式，使學習更有意義。然這樣的政策在教育現場施行並不順利，台灣幼兒教育現場，長期以私立幼兒園為主，多數幼兒園在激烈競爭下，不得不呼應家長需求崇尚讀、寫、算，為進入小學做準備的教學模式。因此統整課程的驟然推行，受到來自基層教師、家長與學生的抗拒。研究者透過自己長年在幼兒園中的觀察，與家長及教師的訪談，釐清這些抵抗背後的原因，並引述批判教育學者Freire覺察、解放，以及Giroux轉化型知識份子的概念，透過與教師取得觀念上的共識，幫助其了解自身在社會中的角色，進一步改變其教學方式。在得到幼兒園教師的初步共識後，進一步使轉化的意識擴及家長。期望透過由下而上的基進方式，達成課程改革並拉近階級差異的目的。 / From the perspective of the second generation manager of kindergarten, this study, with the kindergarten operated by the researcher family’s in a disadvantage community, explores methods to eliminate the class difference through education, and relationship between curriculum model and class cultures based on the viewpoint of critical pedagogy. Critical pedagogy investigates the oppression of the lower class students through education in the capitalist system. Furthermore, it advocates eliminating class differences and highlighting the value of humanity through awareness and transformation of education. Echoing this concept, in recent years, the field of early childhood education in Taiwan begins to implement play-based integrated curriculum model under the guidance of preschools integration policy, and claims that learning can become more significance from student’s perspective. However, such policy does not work well. Early childhood education in Taiwan is mainly private kindergartens. Under the intense competition, most kindergartens have to respond to the demands of parents to advocate reading, writing, counting, implementing teaching mode preparing for entry into primary school. Therefore, the sudden implementation of integrated curriculum gets resistance from teachers, parents and students. The researcher clarifies reasons of the resistance by observation in kindergarten for many years, interviews with parents and teachers, quoted from critical pedagogy such as concepts of conscious and liberation by Paulo Freire and transformative intellectuals by Henry Giroux, to realize the consensus with teachers to help them understand their position in society and further change their teaching methods. After build-up the preliminary consensus with teachers in kindergarten, the researcher make transformation expanded into parents. The study expects to reach the purpose of curriculum reform and eliminate class difference through the radical approach.

中國宣傳畫作為中國政治社會變遷的記錄儀，擁有著深遠的史料價值和時代特徵。本研究運用Roland Barthes的圖像符號學理論作為分析工具，探討1949至2008年期間中國宣傳畫中圖文符號的意義指涉和運作規則。本研究將中國宣傳畫分為「中共建國時期」、「大躍進時期」、「文化大革命時期」與「改革開放時期」四個歷史階段；在每一個時期的宣傳畫中，則重點分析偉人領袖、工農兵、女性以及兒童這四類人物符號；歸納出這些人物符號在時代中的變遷以及他們所體現的意識形態與社會政治文化脈絡。 本研究發現，中國宣傳畫呈現出了領袖崇拜、敵我矛盾與階級身份的圖像符號運作原則；文字與圖像意義的連結較為緊密，圖文能產生強烈的對應關係。中國宣傳畫的意符與意指穩固了民眾的服從，它們來自傳統的文化，蘊含無數的集體記憶，也反映出群眾值得追求和嚮往的「目標」；這些「目標」均為國家的重要施政方針，例如：熱烈從事生產建設與追隨領導人等。雖然中國宣傳畫運用寫實主義的手法來勾勒出人民生活的圖景，但並非完全真實的反映，這種「真實」是經過政治考量之後被選擇與建構的「真實」。中國共產黨官方意識型態與社會主義價值觀支配著中國宣傳畫所傳遞的訊息，宣傳畫「再現」意識形態的同時，也展現出「去菁英化」的無產階級文化。然而改革開放之後，由於社會轉型和市場化進程，宣傳畫也反映出中國的中產階級與小資產階級文化的逐步發展。 / As the recorder of the changes of Chinese political society, Chinese propaganda posters showed remarkable historical values and characteristics of the times. Using Roland Barthes’ pictorial semiotics, we studied in this review the implications and rules of the images and texts signs of Chinese propaganda posters between 1949 and 2008. The review was divided into four parts: Building the People's Republic, The great leap forward and back, Cultural revolution and China opens up. In each part, four types of character signs were analyzed: great leaders, workers/farmers/soldiers, women and children. The changes of the character signs in different times and the development of ideology and social political cultures indicated by the changes were generalized. The research results indicate that Chinese propaganda posters illustrate the semiotic rules of worship to leaders, the contradiction and the classes. The close connection between images and texts generate strong correspondence. The signifier and signified in Chinese propaganda posters, which strengthened the obedience of people, came from Chinese traditional culture and involved numerous collective memories. They also reflected the targets people pursued, which were the government’s major policies, such as great emphasis on manufacturing and construction industry, or adherence to the leaders. Although the vision of people’s life was depicted in the posters in a realistic way, it was not purely real, but a politically tailored ‘reality’. The official ideology of Chinese Communist Party and socialism values dominated the information conveyed by the posters. The posters showed proletarian culture, which involved populism, as well as representing the official ideology. However, after the beginning of reform and opening, the propaganda posters started to show the development of the culture of the middle class and petty-bourgeois in China brought by the transition and the marketization of the society.

社會大眾普遍認為台灣乃是一個開放的社會，階級之間存在著流動的可能。然而，由文獻資料以及近期報導皆可發現，台灣的工人確實存在著階級流動障礙，這使得工人階級複製的現象產生。 階級複製不僅確保了資本主義的生產，更延續優勢階級的利益。在此過程中，意識形態扮演了重要角色。對此，文化馬克思主義主張以「文化」作為分析的類別，以瞭解特定階級的常識與生活方式，並進而解構意識形態對特定階級的作用。本研究藉由文獻資料與個案訪談方法，探討工人家庭與學校教育所傳遞的意識形態在階級複製過程中的作用。 雖然，現今本研究無法發掘這些受訪的工人階級，具有後馬克思主義所提的真正解放特質的反抗。然而，即使如此，以葛蘭西的觀點來看，我們可以相信工人階級潛藏的工人意識，將可藉由知識份子的表達與行動而被激發成形。觀察近來台灣的社會運動，我們知道已有知識份子起而行動，進行改革了，而這正是台灣社會開始改變的基礎。 / It is generally believed that Taiwan is an open society in which it is possible to move among classes. However, according to both recent news reports and research literature, there are in fact substantial barriers against class mobility, which, in turn, lead to the emergence of the phenomenon of working class reproduction. Class reproduction not only ensures the proper functioning of the capitalist production process, but also the preservation of the interest of the privileged classes. In this process, ideology plays an important role. Regarding this, cultural Marxism proposes using “culture” as a category for analysis in order to understand the common sense and life style of specific classes and to further deconstruct the effect of ideology on those classes. In this study, we use both reference materials from the literature as well as case studies to investigate the effect of ideology transmitted through working class families and school education on the process of class reproduction. Even though our research cannot ascertain if the working class people interviewed indeed possess the “authentic emancipatory promise” as proposed by the post-Marxists, we still could believe, in accordance to Gramsci’s point of view, the hidden class consciousness of the workers will be realized through stimulation by the expressions and actions of the intellectuals. Through observations of recent social movements in Taiwan, we realize members of the intelligentsia have already started to act to introduce reforms. This will sow the seed for the beginning of a wave of change in the Taiwanese society.