過往清史研究關於清代官制多探討其制度成因、演變，鮮少觸及到俸祿、功名與官制彼此間的關聯性或影響程度，而從勞動經濟學的角度來看，官員的功名、官秩應反應出其人力資本投資與職場經驗的累積程度。有鑑於此，本研究利用清代各期間編纂地方方志中的樣本資料來探討及評估清代臺灣地方官吏人力資本投資、職場經驗及其他特徵變數對於薪資(俸祿)報酬的影響為何。 本論文第一個主題探討人力資本對康熙、雍正、乾隆時期薪俸的影響，實證結果顯示，進行人力資本投資(考取功名)可提升俸祿4.5%；官秩升遷可提升俸祿29.9%。若以職官屬性分類，本研究發現文官在人力資本投資與工作經驗的報酬率均優於武官，我們認為主要原因可能因文、武職官升遷模式有所差異。文官晉陞過程與其工作經驗有關，而武官晉陞過程可能與是否有戰功的關係較高，因此受到人力資本與工作經驗的影響較小。 本研究第二部份以傳統迴歸及Heckman兩階段估計法估計Mincerian所得函數，探討清治時期212年間臺灣鳳山縣職官文職與武職構成與其功名、官秩對工資(俸祿)影響。研究結果顯示：(1)以傳統迴歸分析實證結果估計會存有樣本選擇偏誤的問題；(2)俸祿考慮養廉下官員任期是否秩滿、是否因丁憂退出勞動市場、是否具八旗背景對文官薪資有顯著影響；官秩大小對武官薪俸則有正向影響。(3)俸祿不考慮養廉下，官秩對文、武職官薪俸帶有提升效果。 最後，本文探討養廉銀政策的施行對文職職官薪俸的影響。以DID估計發現：政策的實施使職官薪俸提升了0.5倍至數十倍不等；且職官個人功名與官秩顯著影響可獲取的薪俸額度。 / Previous researches in the history of Qing dynasty mainly study the cause of bureaucracy or the evolution in the bureaucratic system, however, there are fewer studies which explain the relationship of wage, official rank and the fame of scholarly honor. In the side of labor economic, the scholarly honor, official rank reply the accumulation of human capital and the experience in the job market. According it, this dissertation tries to evaluate the return of human capital investment, job experience and other characteristic variables on the wage on samples during the periods of Qing dynasty. The first topic tries to analyze the impacts of human capital on wage during the period Kangxi, Yongzeng and Qianlong era. The empirical results indicate that the human capital investment (scholarly honor) rises 4.5% in the wage rate; the return rate of official rank arise 29.9% wage rate. We also find that the civilian officials have better return rate in both factors than military ones. The main reason may due to the promotion process between civilian and military officials are not the same. The promotion in the civilian official base on the experience, the promotion process in military officials may relate to the performance in the war. Therefore the human capital and experience have smaller influence in the military officials’ wage. Using the traditional regression and Heckman two step methodology, the second part of this study estimates the Mincerian earnings function which try to explain the structure of the civilian officer and military bureaucracy sectors, and the return of official rank, the fame of scholarly honor on wage in Fenshan during the occupation period in Qing era. The empirical results indicate: (1) there has a sample selection bias if we estimate with traditional regression. (2) the term of official finished, in mourning for parent's death or the background in Eight banners system has significant effect when we consider the silver honesty system in wage. (3) official rank increases the wage rate of return in civilian and military official if the component of wage does not consider the silver honesty system. Finally, the dissertation investigates the influence of silver honesty system (SHS) in the wage of civilian officer. The empirical estimation finds that the implantation of policy increases the wage between 0.5 to dozens of times through difference and differences methodology (DID). The estimation also indicates that the FAME and RANK affect the available amount of salaries significantly.

本論文係以清代軍政規範做為研究主軸，而所探討之主題依序分別為武職「仕進」、「俸餉」、「養廉銀」、「議敘及賞卹」、及「軍律」等五項。所依據之史料主要為《欽定武場條例》、《欽定戶部則例》、《欽定兵部處分則例》、《清朝文獻通考》、以及《大清律例》等。 對於仕進部分，本研究依據《欽定武場條例》發現清代武鄉試之錄取率不到4%，而為籌措財源而增廣學額與中額後，除江西、浙江、順天三個省域不升反降外，其餘各省域之錄取率多數皆增加，這應是清政府經過細算過的結果，但對踴躍捐輸之江西實有規範上的不公。此外，從管轄幅度而言，綠營武職之管轄幅度較八旗軍為高，因此其所承受之管理壓力自然也就較大，然而綠營之戰力並不因此而相對有所提升！至於武職之品級制度，雖已依乾隆之要求，照文職而改為九品十八階，但綠營仍有部分品級未見職銜。 有關武職之薪俸部分，因軍種區分為八旗與綠營兩類，透過解析《欽定戶部則例》之內容，可以發現此兩類軍種，其將弁兵丁之所得項目有所不同，致使無法直接進行比較，而須經過仔細換算方能瞭解兩者之差異。此外，就多數之地域而言，八旗兵丁之所得高於綠營兵丁，這也應是清政府刻意之做法，以模糊獨厚旗人的事實。而武職養廉，起源於親丁名糧制度，幾經調整後至乾隆四十六年底方定名為武職養廉，但此一舉措雖使武職職官有了合法且固定性之額外收入，但也使清政府之軍需費用因乾隆挑補實兵而大幅增加，進而致使日後不得不予以裁減以節約開支。武職養廉定案後，曾以「議罰養廉」以做為官員之行政懲處，以及以「停廉充餉」之行政做為，縮減開支以挹注困窘之國家財政。 就議敘及賞卹而言，清政府對於立有戰功之將士，給予不同軍功及功牌之肯定，並對兵丁賞予一定之經濟性鼓勵，而其規範俱載於《欽定兵部處則例》之內。武職將兵若因公而致傷殘亡時，清政府亦訂有撫卹制度，以使將弁兵丁勇於報效國家而無後顧之憂。其中戰功議敘主要係針對前進、水戰、執纛、攻城四類而設，而賞卹則隨身體之傷、殘、亡情況，給予不同之撫卹，甚至直接於《大清律例》中明訂「優卹軍屬」之律文。 最後就清代之軍律而言，主要規範於《大清律例》以及《欽定兵部處分則例》之內。《大清律例》軍政門共計二十一條律文及四十二條條例，其律文因仍自《大明律》，小註則於順治三年為有效解讀《大明律》而進行增註，其後軍政門各條例續有添加，至同治九年方不再修正。前述《大清律例》、《欽定兵部處分則例》可視為法典式之軍律規範，而其他口語式或是條列式之軍令，如雍正之《上諭軍令條約》及乾隆之《行軍簡明紀律》，則可視為非法典式之軍律規範。因《大清律例》與《兵部處分則例》之條文呈現大量互補之型態，因此兩者需於互相參看後，方能確定實際之懲處規定。 要言之，本研究所探討之五項與武職相關之軍政議題，每一項議題清政府都有相應之法規範進行處理。而清政府之主要法規範即為《大清律例》，以及各部會所刊行之則例，其中各則例應時而修，而《大清律例》則於乾隆五年後僅修條例。隨環境之變遷，除與刑律相關者外，在有例不用律之原則下，主要之依據均宜以具備功能性之則例為主。 / This study tries to explore the following five military legal norms: enrollment, earnings, merits, awards and military act in Qing Dynasty. The major references are Regulations of Military Testing (Wǔchǎng tiáolì), Regulations of Population (Hù bù zé lì), Regulations of Ministry of Military Affairs (Bīngbù chǔfèn zé lì), The Textual Research of General History in Qing Dynasty (Wénxiàn tōng kǎo), and Legal Codes of Qing Dynasty (Dà qīng lǜ lì). After reviewing the military county test as coded in Regulations of Military Testing, the admission rate is less than 4% and there are three proviences (i.e., Jiangxi, Zhèjiāng. Shùntiān) that donate huge amount of money to gain more headcounts allowed for being admitted. Among them, the Jiangxi provience donates most but the overall admission rate goes downwards instead of upwards; hence, it is obviously unfair to the Jiangxi provience even the whole system is articulated planned. In addition, the controlling span for military officers of Green Banners (Lùyíng) is much larger than the Eight Banners (Bāqí); therefore, the management pressure for Green Banners’ officers is also higher. Nevertheless, the military capability for Green Banners’ officers is not enhanced even they have more soliders under their supervision. As for the military ranking system, Qing government follows Qiánlóng’s direction and makes it identical to the administrative ranking system with nine grades and eighteen layers. Examining in details, some grades and layers for Green Banners are not actually filled with military positions. For the compensation packages of military personnel, there are certain discripencies between Lùyíng and Bāqí according to the information recorded in the Regulations of Populations. As it is difficult to directly compare the compensation pacakages by items between Lùyíng and Bāqí; consequently, it is necessary to convert the data into uniform standards before the comparision of two kinds of military units can be made and it is believed that such difficulties are intentionally created by the Qing Dynasty. As the data shows, for most of the areas located with military forces, soliders of Bāqí get higher compenstation than the Lùyíng. For the nourishing honesty silver (Yanglianyin) offered to the military officers, its name was firstly coined as compensation for accompany soliders of military officers and finally fixed by Qianlong after a long period of evolution . After Yanglianyin is institutionalized, the military officers are entitled to a fixed amount of compensation but such offer also raises the military expenses for the Qing Dynasty and plants the seed for military headcounts cut in the later years. In the meantime, the government is wised enough to cut the Yanglianyin when the officers fail to perform their duties or to cut a certain percentage of the Yanglianyin in order that Qing Dynasty can fight against with the rebels with saved expenses. Either way has helped the Qing Dynasty to better manage its difficult financial situation. For the merits and awards issues, Qing government sets up rules to give credits, honor and even financial bonus to those military personnel in recognition of their remarkable achievements. The rules are coded in the Regulations of Ministry of Military Affairs. In case the military personnel is wounded, crippled, or deceased, the Qing government also has well planned consolation payment system to support those soldiers in order to encourage them to move forward in the battle field without fear of losing their lives. The merit system is majorly focused on the advance merit, water battle merit, carrying flag merit, and charging wall merit. The consolation payment system will also take place when the military personnel is injured, crippled or even deceased. The Legal Codes of Qing Dynasty also has article aims at giving better support to those who lost their family members in the military units. The military act is primarily coded in the Legal Codes of Qing Dynasty and Regulations of Ministry of Military Affairs. The military governance section of the Legal Codes of Qing Dynasty has twenty-one articles and forty-two ordinances. As the law is transplanted from the Ming Dynasty, all the small notes added by the Shùnzhì, in his 3rd year, is to help the Qing officers to better understand and execute the Legal Codes of Qing Dynasty. Further enhancement was made still to the Legal Codes of Qing Dynastry till the 9th year of Tóngzhì . The Legal Codes of Qing Dynasty and Regulations of Ministry of Military Affairs in this study are regarded as the Codified Code and other oral disciplines or military orders given before the battle are regarded as the non- Codified Code. As the the Legal Codes of Qing Dynasty and Regulations of Ministry of Military Affairs are mutually complementary, it is necessary to make cross reference of these two rules before making the final judgement. Overall speaking, this study explores five themes of the military legal norms related to military officers. All of them are equipped with proper legal regulations to deal with concerned issues. The major legal codes are the Legal Codes of Qing Dynasty and the Regulatons of each ministries. However, the Regulation will be revised on regularly basis but the Legal Codes of Qing Dynasty can only be attached with additional ordinances. As the Regulatins have gain more prestigious position over the the Legal Codes of Qing Dynasty, it is better to make judgements according to the Regulatons unless the cases are more related to the criminal penalties.