Thesis (M.F.A.)--Rochester Institute of Technology, 1993. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaf [63]).

Thesis (M Architecture (Engineering, Built Environment and Information Technology)) -- University of Pretoria, 2007. / Abstract in English. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M. Arch.)--University of Detroit Mercy, 2004. / "23 April 2004". Includes bibliographical references (p. 107-109).

In rural Scotland there has been a trend over the last 40 years towards mass market housing development which employs standardised housing models and suburban planning layouts. These have little relationship to rural landscape characteristics, regional climatic variations or historic rural communities. While they comply with current building standards, they fall significantly short of proposed improvements for energy performance which require all new homes to be ‘Zero Carbon’ by 2016/17 if practical and the European target of ‘Nearly Zero Energy Homes’ by the end of 2020. It is recognised that changes in legislation to reach these targets are falling behind schedule and energy analysis methods are flawed due to outdated calculation methodologies and imprecise climate data. This research firstly provides an in-depth context for rural housing provision outlining the drivers and legislative requirements. The first section of the literature review investigates planning and current practice in housing, whilst the second section outlines the requirements for improved energy efficiency from the European to Scottish contexts. The research then goes on to quantify the effects of regional climatic variation, in nine areas across Scotland, on space heating energy demand (SSHD). It utilises a best practice ultra-low energy housing prototype to demonstrate the requirement for regional solutions. All of the studies use a customised version of the Passivhaus Planning Package, an industry leading energy quantification methodology for heating energy calculations. A series of studies define the design envelope for achieving regional solutions by quantifying the relationship between the variation of design and form on the SSHD in the extremes of the Scottish regional climates. The variables relate to common metrics: orientation, glazing areas, roof forms and building typology. A separate study also compares the effect of Zero Carbon Homes and Passivhaus performance specification on SSHD. This method is developed further to determine the effect of building design on SSHD and heat load using seven contemporary Scottish Government exemplar housing designs. Improvements to the energy efficiency of these designs are made by considering variations to orientation and glazing design which are then discussed in relation to their impact on design quality. The results of the research demonstrate an increase of 81% in SSHD caused by regional variation across Scotland with up to a 29% increase from the UK average climate used in the UK’s legislative analysis method SAP. This requires significant increases in insulation levels to retain SSHD performance. Alterations to the buildings orientation demonstrate an increase of 165% SSHD when deviating 180° from south, which is significantly higher than guidance suggests. The analysis of existing exemplar designs demonstrate a threefold increase in SSHD due to building form and orientation in some designs. The optimisation of the same designs illustrates a 45% reduction in SSHD through improved orientation and glazing design. This thesis contributes to improving design thinking and assessment methodologies for new rural Scottish housing by highlighting the importance of climatically responsive design along with the consideration of appropriate energy efficient forms. The results of the thesis contribute to the debate surrounding the appropriate response of new housing in rural Scottish environments and highlights the importance of regional approaches and passive solar design for reduced housing energy use. This thesis contributes original knowledge on the effects of Scottish climate and building form on the SSHD of ultra-low energy housing in Scotland. The extent to which a number of principle architectural planning and design parameters can be varied and optimised across different climatic regions will give architects and designers a more quantitative understanding of their design decisions and impact on space heating energy performance across Scotland.

This thesis seeks to address energy efficient design in a temperate climate in typical small, medium density housing, particularly in housing for the aged. The connections between energy efficient design and small, medium density housing were identified as contemporary issues related to Australian Government policies in two disparate areas. One policy area is reflected in the Government's commitment to assist older people, whether they are active, early retirees or the frail elderly, wealthy or poor, to live in their chosen place of residence. Increasingly this chosen place of residence may be a small, medium density dwelling. The other policy area is that related to reducing energy consumption in buildings. This policy is reflected in recently proclaimed building regulations aimed at reducing space heating/cooling requirements in housing. The building regulations include details of acceptable construction practice for energy efficiency that may not be appropriate in small, medium density housing. It was proposed in this thesis that extensive use of space heating and cooling in housing for the aged was required because well-established benchmarks for energy efficient design in a temperate climate were not generally appropriate in small, medium density dwellings and were particularly inappropriate in housing for the aged. `Appropriate' in this context referred to: indoor temperatures being acceptable without the need for space heating and cooling; retaining the site planning and general form of typical, medium density aged persons housing developments in suburban Australia; cost effectiveness over the life of a building; and fitting the needs of physically and financially vulnerable older people. / The methods used to examine the notion of appropriateness commenced with a literature review that related to the general physical and economic status of older people and their needs and responses to space heating and cooling in the home. Further, the literature review considered the principles of energy efficient design and benchmark criteria for energy efficiency. Arising from the literature review, two tools of study were used in order to develop a set of data encapsulating the salient features of small, medium density housing. The first was a multiple case study of typical housing for the aged. This was conceived as a way of determining if small, medium density dwellings could provide appropriate indoor thermal conditions and/or were designed to be energy efficient. The indoor temperatures were monitored in summer and winter and annual energy consumption was established and statistically analysed. The building designs were analysed in terms of their orientation, glazing areas, wall areas, volumes of thermal mass and ventilation capacity and compared with benchmarks for energy efficient design. The second tool involved a series of computer simulations of a typical small, medium density dwelling. The simulation process was utilised to determine if a new set of benchmarks for energy efficient small, medium density dwellings were required that would incorporate the notion of appropriateness. From the multiple case study it was found that, irrespective of design, indoor temperatures in 98% of dwellings were above the acceptable maximum summer temperature of 27.4°C in still air and indoor temperatures in all dwellings were found to be below the acceptable minimum daytime temperature of 19.8°C. / The findings also showed that some aspects of the benchmarks for energy efficient design were not appropriate in typical, medium density housing constructed specifically for the aged. From the simulation process it was discovered that acceptable temperatures could be achieved in small medium density housing if the principles of energy efficient design, incorporated within a new set of benchmarks, were integrated with appropriateness criteria for housing for the aged. The approach taken with the new benchmarks was to create both performance based and prescriptive design solutions. The performance model differs from the current benchmarks for energy efficient design in that it establishes key functional objectives for energy efficient design. Compared to the current benchmarks, the prescriptive design solutions show significant reductions in the areas of northerly glazing and total glazing. To compensate for the reduced area of northerly glazing, both direct and indirect means of solar gain are utilised for passive heating. The thesis outcomes have implications for three areas of the construction industry. The prescriptive design solutions presented in building regulations for energy efficiency in housing need to be qualified, the design briefs prepared for energy efficient construction of small, medium density housing need amendment and the approach taken by designers involved in energy efficient small, medium density housing needs to be reconsidered.

Thesis (M.A.)--Carleton University, 1994. / Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

Imagine visiting a housing exhibition so radical and so ground-breaking that it will influence urban planning and housing standards for an entire nation. During the Stockholm Exhibition 1930, around four million people got to experience just that when the ideas of functionalism were presented to the public. The new, modern style ideal sparked great public debate and opinions were divided. Some of the most vocal proponents of functionalism wrote the propaganda text “acceptera” in which they argued that we must break free from the past and must “accept” the new. One of the advocates of the new modernist ideals was Sven Markelius who a few years later presented “Hem I Kollektivhus”, a new domestic concept for the Swedish family inspired by Alva Myrdahls’ socio-political ideas. The proposal was a multi-family house with a shared kitchen, a communal children’s department, and other collective functions with the aim of getting the woman out to work instead of being stuck in the kitchen with household chores. Inspired by the ideas of collective functions as a response to current housing and social issues, the question arises of how we could approach the same thinking in today’s society. The study explores the Swedish housing model and what role housing exhibitions have had on Swedish housing architecture. This thesis proposes a new Swedish housing concept that explores private and collective functions in domestic life and how it fulfils the personal need for space. The proposal includes a double sided, rotating wall as a new tectonic component in the Swedish domestic environment. The rotating walls can be opened and closed on our own premises and provide more space for our personal needs. The possibility of opening and closing rooms with a more periodized system creates new spatial connections. Either as an expansion of the unit, or a room of one’s own isolated from the dwelling. The room of one’s own can function as a home office, a painting workshop, a music studio, or a room for meditation and poetry. What space do you need in your Swedish domesticity?

A Paris, en 1895, deux architectes, Raymond Barbaud et Édouard Bauhain s’associaient. Après une activité commune qui dura jusque vers 1910, ils se séparèrent et poursuivirent chacun de leur côté une tout aussi riche activité jusqu’à la fin des années 1920. En suivant les parcours croisés de ces deux architectes, c’est un double portrait qui est dressé, des origines provinciales, en passant par la formation et les débuts professionnels, les engagements, les carrières communes et individuelles.L’activité de Raymond Barbaud et Édouard Bauhain a pris place dans un contexte géographique double voire triple, avec des œuvres parisiennes, charentaises et bordelaises, pour l’essentiel issues de commandes passées par une clientèle constituée de bourgeois parisiens, ou notables ruraux, d’industriels ou de professions libérales, et structurée par des réseaux économiques, politiques ou culturels. Majoritairement constituée d’édifices privés, la production architecturale de Barbaud et Bauhain comprend aussi bien des typologies traditionnelles que des innovations programmatiques. Ils y font la démonstration de leur maîtrise des modèles historiques autant que de leur connaissance de la production contemporaine.L’œuvre de Barbaud et Bauhain révèle toute la richesse de la palette entre matérialité et esthétique. N’écartant pas les aspects constructifs, entre techniques éprouvées et nouveaux systèmes, ils recherchèrent en permanence l’expression esthétique propre à satisfaire le caractère de chaque programme. La décoration intérieure est traitée selon l’éclectisme stylistique domestique propre à la période, tout en incluant les dispositifs du confort moderne. Enfin, leur collaboration avec les sculpteurs se révèle exemplaire tant dans l’ornementation que dans la statuaire. / In Paris, in 1895, two architects, Raymond Barbaud and Edouard Bauhain became partnered. After a joint activity until around 1910, they separated and each one pursued a rich activity until the late 1920s. Through the crossed paths of these two architects, a double portrait is taking shape, from their provincial origins, to their common and individual careers, passing by their training, their professional debut and their commitments. The activity of Raymond Barbaud and Edouard Bauhain took place in a double or even a triple geographic context, with works in Paris, in the Charente county and in Bordeaux, mostly for a clientele of Parisian bourgeois, rural notables, industrialists or independent workers, a clientele structured by economic, political or cultural networks. Mostly constituted of private buildings, the architectural production of Barbaud and Bauhain includes both traditional typologies and programmatic innovations. The architects demonstrate their mastery of historical models as well as their knowledge of contemporary production. The work of Barbaud and Bauhain reveals a rich architectural palette between materiality and aesthetics. Not neglecting the constructive aspects, between tried and tested techniques and new systems, they constantly sought the aesthetic expression able to satisfy the character of each program. The interior decoration is treated according to the domestic stylistic eclecticism typical of the period, while including the features of modern comfort. Finally, their collaboration with the sculptors is exemplary in the field of ornamentation and of statuary.

It's possible to comprehend the architectural space as something that requires a statement that, despite the non-verbal, can emanate meanings through visual signs and their relations of affection, that are realized between the subjects and spaces inhabited. Housing in that context seems to be more conducive to the "trigging" of the emotional and "signics relationships , because it can operate as a kind of subject, in a way that shapes some human behavior through the habits that are developed day after day with the intuit of living. With these settings, certain questions become unavoidable, such as the areas like: would housing be much more than the "whole" building: the structure and use of materials? What role do they play in the lives of human beings, regardless of their living conditions? How housing has been valued in the contemporary period? With this approach, the work on screen suggests a reflection on the various forms of contemporary living, considering the symbolic dimension of space as one of the parameters and criteria for foundation analysis and discussions that will be shown here. To this end, it was defined as an object of study, the various ways of living of the maceioense society. Through an empirical research was possible to find elements similar to these forms of life, leveraged in Maceió-AL, and from this, it outlined what it is believed to be a mean to what today is characterized as housing. / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Alagoas / É possível compreender o espaço arquitetônico como algo que pressupõe uma comunicação, que apesar de não-verbal, consegue emanar significados e significações, através de seus signos visuais e das relações de afetividade que se concretizam entre os sujeitos e os espaços habitados. A moradia, nessa contextualização, parece ser o recinto mais propício para o desencadear dessas relações afetivas e sígnicas; pois pode operar como uma espécie de sujeito, na medida em que moldam alguns comportamentos humanos, através dos hábitos que se desenvolvem dia após dia no âmbito do morar. Com essas colocações, alguns questionamentos tornam-se inevitáveis, tais como: Seriam os espaços de moradia muito mais do que o todo edificado: estrutura e emprego de materiais? Qual o papel que eles desempenham na vida dos seres humanos, independente das suas condições de vida? Como a moradia vem sendo valorada na contemporaneidade? Nesta abordagem, o trabalho em tela sugere uma reflexão acerca das diversas formas de morar da contemporaneidade, considerando a dimensão simbólica dos espaços como um dos parâmetros e critérios de fundamento das análises e discussões que aqui serão postas. Para tal, definiu-se como objeto de estudo, os diferentes morar da sociedade maceioense. Através de uma pesquisa empírica foi possível, portanto, encontrar elementos semelhantes entre essas formas de viver, levantadas em Maceió, e a partir disto, delineou-se aquilo que se acredita ser uma significação para o que hoje se caracteriza como moradia.

The common areas of contemporary vertical multifamily buildings have increasing amount of leisure environments. This may be a response to the demands of the consumer society, whose new needs that arise at all times require new merchandise that convert to new needs and desires. The real estate market works with the attributes of real estate in search of sales consolidation, especially those related to the style and quality of life desired by buyers. Media operates the sign value selling dreams, lifestyle, leisure, healthy environment, peace, security, prestige, nobility, exclusive and happiness. What does the real estate market offer as leisure environments in vertical buildings multifamily? The objective of this master’s dissertation is to characterize the extent and configuration of leisure environments and leisure areas located in common areas of multifamily vertical buildings in the city of Maceio / AL. As an object of study, were selected 31 buildings of seven construction companies operating in the city, delivered or launched over the period from 2010 to 2015, through portfolios available on the internet. The buildings were separated in three groups, according to the area of their housing units (HU), using as basis the Sales Speed Index (IVV), provided by SINDUSCON-AL: GROUPING A (8 buildings and 3 condos) - HU to 70m²; GROUNPING B (8 buildings and 1 condominium) – HU 51m² to 150m²; and GROUNPING C (10 buildings and 1 condominium) - HU above 101m². The leisure environments found were grouped in four groups: children, teen, adult and shared. It was found that adults and shared environments, occur throughout the sample, most often for fitness space and parties room or gourmet space. It was found that most leisure environments are located on ground floor / pilotis of the buildings, and there are also environments on the roof floor and on the mezzanine and occasionally underground floor. There are five types of location and spatial organization for leisure areas of multifamily vertical buildings: TYPE 1 - Leisure area on the ground floor / pilotis with the adult pool environment; TYPE 2 - Leisure area on the ground floor / pilotis without pool environment; TYPE 3 – Leisure area on the ground floor / pilotis and mezzanine; TYPE 4 - Leisure area in the ground floor / pilotis and roof floor; TYPE 5 - Leisure area type club. It was found that leisure index, total leisure area divided by the likely number of residents per building, has increased average, according to the increase in the area of housing units in buildings belonging to each grouping: GROUNPING A - 0,54m²/resident; GROUNPING B - 1,06m²/resident; and GROUNPING C - 1,11m²/resident. The fact that all the buildings researched having leisure areas, regardless of the range area of housing units, points to a contemporary tendency to offer to this typology, is for use by residents, or to be sold as symbol of status and happiness. / As áreas comuns dos edifícios verticais multifamiliares contemporâneos apresentam quantidade cada vez maior de ambientes de lazer. Essa pode ser uma resposta às demandas da sociedade de consumo, cujas novas necessidades que surgem a todo instante exigem novas mercadorias que se convertem em novas necessidades e desejos. O mercado imobiliário trabalha com os atributos dos imóveis em busca da consolidação das vendas, destacando-se aqueles relacionados com o estilo e a qualidade de vida desejados pelos compradores. A mídia opera com o valor de signo vendendo sonhos, estilo de vida, lazer, ambiente saudável, sossego, segurança, prestígio, nobreza, exclusividade e felicidade. O que o mercado imobiliário oferece como ambientes de lazer nos edifícios verticais multifamiliares? O objetivo dessa dissertação de mestrado é caracterizar a abrangência e a configuração dos ambientes e das áreas de lazer localizadas nas áreas comuns dos edifícios verticais multifamiliares, na cidade de Maceió/AL. Selecionaram-se, como objeto de estudo, 31 edifícios de sete construtoras que atuam na cidade, entregues ou em lançamento no período de 2010 até 2015, por meio de portfólios disponibilizados na internet. Separaram-se esses edifícios em 3 grupamentos, de acordo com a área de suas unidades habitacionais (UH), utilizando-se como base o Índice de Velocidade de Vendas (IVV), disponibilizado pelo SINDUSCON-AL: GRUPAMENTO A (8 edifícios e 3 condomínios) – UH até 70m²; GRUPAMENTO B (8 edifícios e 1 condomínio) – UH de 51m² até 150m²; e GRUPAMENTO C (10 edifícios e 1 condomínio) – UH acima de 101m². Agruparam-se os ambientes de lazer encontrados em quatro grupos: infantil, juvenil, adulto e compartilhado. Verificou-se que os ambientes adultos e compartilhados, ocorrem em toda a mostra, com maior frequência para espaço fitness e salão de festas ou espaço gourmet. Constatou-se que a maioria dos ambientes de lazer se localiza no pavimento pilotis/térreo dos edifícios, havendo também ambientes na cobertura e no mezanino e ocasionalmente no subsolo. Identificaram-se 5 tipos de localização e organização espacial para as áreas de lazer dos edifícios verticais multifamiliares: TIPO 1 - Área de lazer no pavimento térreo/pilotis com o ambiente piscina adulto; TIPO 2 - Área de lazer no pavimento térreo/pilotis sem piscina; TIPO 3 - Área de lazer no pavimento térreo/pilotis e no mezanino; TIPO 4 - Área de lazer nos pavimentos térreo/pilotis e cobertura; TIPO 5 – área de lazer tipo clube. Verificou-se que o índice de lazer, área de lazer total dividido pelo número provável de moradores por edifício, possui média crescente, de acordo com o aumento da área das unidades habitacionais dos edifícios pertencentes a cada grupamento: GRUPAMENTO A – 0,54m²/morador; GRUPAMENTO B – 1,06m²/morador; e GRUPAMENTO C – 1,11m²/morador. O fato de todos os edifícios pesquisados possuírem áreas de lazer, independente da faixa de área das unidades habitacionais, aponta para uma tendência contemporânea de oferta para essa tipologia, seja para utilização pelos moradores, ou para ser vendida como símbolo de status e felicidade.