O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a microarquitetura, caracterizando a rede de canais e o sistema lacunocanalicular, e também, as propriedades biomecânicas, do osso cortical de ratos Wistar tratados com Ácido Zoledrônico. Vinte e um ratos machos foram divididos da seguinte forma: 12 animais alocados no grupo de animais submetidos ao experimento no quarto mês de idade e 9 alocados no grupo de animais submetidos ao experimento no nono mês de idade. Dentro destes grupos, os mesmos foram divididos em grupos controle e teste, sendo que no grupo teste os animais receberam três doses, no esquema de 7,5 g/kg, semanalmente. Após o uso da medicação, três animais foram eutanasiados nos respectivos períodos, após a última dose: 14 dias, 42 dias e 75 dias. Todos os animais tiveram suas mandíbulas, tíbias e fêmures dissecados. As tíbias e mandíbulas foram descalcificadas e processadas para inclusão em parafina, enquanto que, os fêmures foram armazenados para os testes biomecânicos. Imagens histológicas digitalizadas, provenientes das mandíbulas e tíbias, foram analisadas utilizando o processo de segmentação interativa, acessando as características da microarquitetura da rede de canais. O processo de reconstrução tridimensional, para caracterização do sistema lacunocanalicular, foi realizado nos cortes seriados proveniente das tíbias. Os fêmures foram analisados com os ensaios de microdureza, compressão e flexão em três pontos. Os resultados revelaram que a microarquitetura da rede de canais não foi alterada nas mandíbulas, no entanto, nas tíbias, houve diferença significante apenas nos animais de 4 meses de idade, nos quesitos área dos canais (p 0.0031), desvio-padrão da área (p 0.0338), perímetro dos canais (p 0.0068), desvio padrão do perímetro (p 0.0297) e porcentagem de matriz (p 0.0235). Os testes biomecânicos revelaram resultados que indicavam uma melhora nas características analisadas, que foi correlacionada apenas com o aumento da idade e não com o uso do ácido zoledrônico. A visualização tridimensional possibilitou analisar a distribuição dos osteócitos e dos canais, caracterizando o sistema lacunocanalicular, e constatou-se que nos animais de 4 meses o uso da droga causou uma descontinuidade na estabilidade da distribuição dos osteócitos. Conclui-se que o ácido zoledrônico não interferiu na microarquitetura da rede de canais do osso cortical das mandíbulas, enquanto que nas tíbias, nos animais jovens, houve uma modificação na microarquitetura e no sistema lacunocanalicular, revelando uma topologia mais heterogênea quando comparadas ao grupo controle. As propriedades biomecânicas não sofreram alterações quanto ao uso da droga, sendo evidenciada melhora nos parâmetros analisados relacionada apenas ao aumento de idade nos animais. / The aim of this study was to evaluate the microstructure, characterizing the bone channels network and the lacunocanalicular system, also, the biomechanical properties of the cortical bone of Wistar rats treated with Zoledronic Acid. Twenty-one male rats were separated as follows: 4-month-old (12 animals) and 9 month-old (9 animals). For each age they were divided in control and test group, and the test group received a 7.5 g/kg dose of the drug, once a week, for 3 weeks. In the 4 month-old test group they were euthanized at 14, 42 and 75 days after the drug injection and in the 9-month-old test group they were sacrificed at 14 and 75 days after medication. All animals had their mandible, tibia and femur dissected, and then, the mandible and tibia were decalcified and embedded in paraffin, and, the femur were stored for mechanical tests. Histological images were analyzed through developed algorithms using the SCILAB mathematical environment, getting percentage of bone matrix, ROI areas, ROI perimeters, their standard deviations and Lacunarity, as well, the images were accessed and processed to tridimensional visualization, to characterize the lacunocanalicular system. The femurs were analyzed by microhardness, three point bending and compression testing. The results revealed that the bone channels network in the mandible was not affected by the drug, whereas the tibia in the 4-month-old animals revealed a statistical difference between control and test groups, with the test group revealing more heterogeneity in the channels topography, as seen in results of bone matrix (p=0.0235), ROI area (p=0.0031), ROI area standard-deviation (p=0.0338), ROI perimeter (p=0.0068) and ROI perimeter standard-deviation (p=0.0297). The biomechanical tests showed an increased in strength, and that this event was age-related and not depending on the use of the drug. The tridimensional visualization allowed to analyze the osteocyte distribution in relation to the channels position, characterizing the lacunocanalicular system, and, it was found that the 4-month-old animals the drug caused a discontinuity in the stability of osteocyte distribution. In conclusion, the zoledronic acid not interfere in the bone channels network in the cortical bone of the mandible, however, in the tibia of the young animals, theres been an alteration in bone channels network and in the lacunocanalicular system, revealing more heterogeneity in the topography in these animals. The biomechanical properties were not altered after the use of the drugs, and the increased in strength being age-related.

Two Systems were designed. The first permits tunable on-demand softening of a hydrogel network. The second permits reversible on demand ligand exchange within a hydrogel network. Both means were shown to be cytocompatible and their uses demonstrated in cell culture of mesenchymal stem cells and 3T3 fibroblast cells.

<p>Emotional regulation is how people manage their emotions especially anxiety, anger, and frustration, which are all negative emotions. It is critical to health, academic achievement, and work performance to have proper emotion regulation skills. In order to facilitate participants to manage emotions, we developed a series of training programs by using HTC^© Vive^TM headset and Neuracle. The HTC Vive is to improve immersion in presence to lead to more effective training, and the Neuracle is using Electroencephalography (EEG) techniques for reading user’s brainwave signals which provide real time input for the training programs. We focused on analyzing if emotion, which was reflected in brainwave signals, had changes when participants were exposed to positive/negative stimuli. The testing results indicated that there were noticeable changes in brainwave signals to stimuli. The findings from the testing provide a solid foundation to use brainwave signals as real-time input in our game development for improving emotion regulation skills in the future. </p>

As claudicações são a principal causa de encaminhamento de equinos aos médicos veterinários e uma das maiores causas de encaminhamento destes animais aos hospitais de referência; sendo as fraturas, especialmente aquelas de ossos longos e articulares, as que têm menor índice de sucesso devido ao prognóstico reservado e alto custo do tratamento; entendendo como sucesso o retorno do animal à função ou manutenção da qualidade de vida. A articulação interfalangeana proximal (AIP) dos equinos é clinicamente importante devido à apresentação frequente de claudicação, com lesões que comprometem a vida esportiva e função do equino. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi comparar biomecanicamente as características de duas técnicas de artrodese da AIP em equinos, utilizando-se placa de compressão dinâmica (DCP) de 4.5mm e três orifícios em combinação com dois parafusos corticais transarticulares de 5.5mm oblíquos inseridos pela técnica de tração (lag screw) e placa em &#34;Y\" de compressão bloqueada (LCP) de 5,0mm e sete orifícios, com parafusos bloquados unicorticais e um parafuso cortical de 4.5mm oblíquo transarticular inserido no orifício central da placa, pela técnica de parafuso de tração. Foram utilizadas doze peças anatômicas de membros anteriores de equinos, das quais foi isolada a porção distal do membro desde a primeira falange até o casco. Uma vez preparadas as peças, cada par foi sorteado randomicamente para cada um dos dois grupos. Os modelos experimentais foram submetidos a ensaios biomecânicos de compressão axial em ciclo único até a sua falha. O tipo de falha ocorrida na placa, nos parafusos ou nos ossos foi avaliado, assim como a força à qual ocorreram estas falhas. Não houve diferença estatística significativa entre os grupos DCP e Y-LCP, nas variáveis rigidez e força máxima, quando submetidas a compressão axial até sua falha. Mesmo não havendo diferença entre as duas técnicas cirúrgicas na variável rigidez, a técnica Y-LCP possibilitou um procedimento menos invasivo e com menor tempo cirúrgico. Conclui-se que, as propriedades biomecânicas das duas técnicas de fixação (DCP e Y-LCP) são semelhantes nas condições testadas. / Lameness is the main cause of sport horses\' owners consulting equine veterinarians and one of the highest cause to send these animals to the reference hospitals. Long bones and joint fractures have the lesser rate of success, consequence of the hight cost of the treatment and poor prognosis. Understanding as success the return of the horse to previous athletic performance or at least to have useful life. The proximal interphalangeal joint (PIPJ) is clinically important because the injuries that involve it may threaten the horses sport life or its usefulness. The objective of this study was to compare the biomechanical properties of two PIPJ arthrodesis techniques using 4.5mm dynamic compression plate (DCP) in conjunction with two oblique abaxial transarticular 5.5mm cortical screws inserted in lag fashion and 5.0mm Y locking compression plate (Y-LCP) with unicortical locking screws and one axial transarticular 4.5mm cortex screw inserted in lag fashion through the midle plate hole. It was used twelve cadaveric adult equine forelimbs from the first phalanx to the foot. After full-limb preparations, each forelimb pair was randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups. Constructs were submited to axial compression single cycle to failure biomechanical testing. The failure of the screws, plate or bone, and the force at wich it happened was evaluated. There were no significant differences in construct stiffness or max force when loaded to failure, between the DCP and Y-LCP treatment groups. Even though there was no construct stiffness diffrences between the two techniques, the Y-LCP technique provided the possibility of a less invasive procedure with a shorter surgical time. In conclusion, the biomechanical properties of both fixation techniques (DCP and Y-LCP) are equivalent under the test conditions used.

Os equinos são animais que, quando adultos, apresentam elevado peso corpóreo e ossos bastante resistentes para sustentar esse peso. Dessa forma, para que ocorra fratura nos ossos do cavalo é necessário um trauma de elevada energia resultando em fraturas cominutivas, que podem formar falhas ósseas impedindo o contato entre os fragmentos ósseos, o que compromete a estabilidade e resistência da osteossíntese. Devido à complexidade desse tipo de fraturas e aos implantes disponíveis apresentarem baixa resistência para o uso nessa espécie e devido a seu comportamento, o tratamento de fraturas em equinos apresenta baixos índices de sucesso. Dessa maneira, o uso de um material osteocondutor com resistência mecânica para o preenchimento dessas falhas poderia elevar a resistência da osteossíntese, levando a melhores índices de sucesso na correção dessas fraturas. O presente estudo teve como objetivo a avaliação biomecânica em laboratório de dois biomateriais substitutos ósseos no preenchimento de falha óssea. Para isso foram utilizados 30 ossos terceiro metacarpiano de equinos que foram submetidos a osteossíntese com placa LCP em sua face dorsal e criada uma falha óssea transversal completa de um centímetro na diáfise média. Dez dessas peças foram submetidas a ensaios biomecânicos não destrutivos até a carga de 1000N, onde foram avaliadas a rigidez, as deformações da peça inteira, da placa e do osso individualmente em diferentes regiões. As outras 20 dessas peças foram submetidas a ensaios destrutivos, onde foram avaliadas a carga e deformação suportada no limite elástico e no ponto de ruptura. Dessa forma, pôde-se observar que houve aumento na rigidez de 699,39N/mm para 2905,38N/mm e 4274,93N/mm devido ao preenchimento da falha com poliuretana de mamona e quitosana, respectivamente. A peça inteira teve sua deformação diminuída de 1,73mm para 0,5mm e 0,35 com carga de 1000N, devido ao preenchimento da falha com poliuretana de mamona e quitosana, respectivamente. A placa teve sua deformação diminuída de 2260,64&micro;d para 320,25&micro;d pelo preenchimento da falha com poliuretana de mamona e para 89,88&micro;d com o preenchimento com quitosana durante a aplicação de 1000N. O osso próximo à falha sofreu maiores deformações tanto com poliuretana de mamona quanto com quitosana, contudo não apresentou maiores deformações em região distante da falha. A peça inteira teve aumento da carga suportada em seu limite elástico de 1008N para 8804N apenas com o preenchimento da falha com quitosana. A peça inteira teve sua deformação diminuída de 1,64mm para 1,26 no limite elástico apenas devido ao preenchimento da falha poliuretana de mamona. A peça inteira teve aumento da força suportada no momento de ruptura de 1660N para 15187N e 11012N com o preenchimento da falha com poliuretana de mamona e quitosana, respectivamente. A peça inteira teve sua deformação máxima no ponto de ruptura diminuída de 5,4mm para 2,16mm apenas com o preenchimento da falha com quitosana. / Adult horses are heavy animals equipped with bones strong enough to support their body weight. High energy trauma is required to produce comminuted fractures, where bone loss may prevent proper fracture reduction and compromise osteosynthesis resistance and stability. In horses, aside from behavioural issues, low success rates associated with comminuted fracture resolution may be due to the complexity of such fractures or the low resistance of bone implants. Therefore, osteoconductive biomaterials with good mechanical resistance would potentially benefit treatment outcomes. This ex vivo study evaluated the biomechanical behaviour of two bone surrogate biomaterials in experimental third metacarpal fractures in horses. Thirty equine third metacarpal bone specimens were submitted to dorsal LCP (locking compression plate) osteosynthesis following creation of a transverse 1 cm wide middiaphiseal defect. Defects were filled either with Ricinus communis polyurethane or calcium phosphate cement-chitosan composite. Ten specimens were submitted to non-destructive biomechanical testing under 1000N maximum load; construct stiffness, construct deformation and isolated deformation of LCP and third metacarpal bone in different regions were evaluated. The remaining 20 specimens were submitted to destructive biomechanical testing; maximum load and deformation within the elastic limit, and to failure were documented. Bone defect repair with RCP or CPC-chitosan composite increased construct stiffness from 699,39N/mm to 2905.38N/mm and 4274.93N/mm and decreased construct deformation under 1000N from 1.73mm to 0,5mm and 0.35 respectively. LCP deformation under 1000N decreased from 2260.64d to 320.25&micro;d and from 2260.64&micro;d to 89.88d following filling of the bone defect with RCP or CPC-chitosan composite respectively. Bone deformation around the defect increased following treatment with RCP or CPC-chitosan composite. However bone deformation away from the defect remained unchanged. Maximum load within the elastic limit increased from 1008N to 8804N when the experimental defect was filled with chitosan composite. Conversely, construct deformation within the elastic limit decreased from 1.64mm to 1.26mm following treatment with RCP. Maximum load to construct failure increased from 1660N to 15187N and 11012N following bone defect repair with RCP or calcium phosphate cement-chitosan composite respectively. However, construct maximum deformation decreased from 5.4mm to 2.16mm when calcium phosphate cement-chitosan composite was used.

Um dos fatores que podem contribuir para as lesões na articulação do joelho é a incapacidade do indivíduo em manter durante atividades funcionais, um bom alinhamento entre os segmentos corporais tais como tronco, quadril e joelho. Na maioria das vezes o aumento do valgo dinâmico de joelho é apontado como um fator etiológico de lesões nessa articulação e sua identificação precoceé importante, bem como de outros fatores biomecânicos. Os testes funcionais para avaliação do valgo são importantes ferramentas para analisar o alinhamento dinâmico entre os segmentos corporais, porém ainda não há na literatura subsídios cinesiológicos que comparem a amplitude articular do joelho, quadril e tronco nas principais tarefas funcionais e utilizadas na prática clínica. Da mesma forma, a relação da cinemática desses segmentos com o torque dos músculos estabilizadores do quadril e joelho ainda é controverso. Objetivos: Comparar os valores angulares dados pela cinemática de tronco, quadril e joelho em cinco diferentes tarefas funcionais utilizadas para avaliação do valgo dinâmicoe correlacionar com o pico de torque de joelho e quadril. Materiais e Métodos: 30 voluntários saudáveis sem historia de dor ou disfunção em membros inferiores, de ambos os sexos (15 homens e 15 mulheres) com idade de 18 a 35 anos realizaram os testes de força muscular isométrica para todos os grupos musculares de joelho e quadril utilizando o Dinamômetro isocinéticoBiodex®. Entre 3 a 7 dias após o teste de força muscular foi realizada a análise cinemática de tronco, quadril e joelho utilizando o Sistema VICON (Centennial, CO, EUA) durante a realização de cinco diferentes tarefas funcionais para avaliação do valgo dinâmico de joelho, sendo elas: descida de degrau, singlelegstepdown, agachamento unipodal, aterrissagem unipodal, drop vertical jump. Resultados: A tarefa dedrop vertical jump apresentou os maiores valores de pico de valgo(média: 20,1º p<=0,04), rotação interna de joelho(média: 9,7º p<=0,003), flexão de quadril(média: 38,8º p<=0,001) e menores valores de rotação de tronco (média: 0,07º p<=0,009). A tarefa de single legstepdown apresentou maiores valores de flexão de tronco (média: 10,2º p<=0,002) em relação às outras tarefas funcionais. Foi observada uma correlação negativa e fraca do pico de torque de rotadores externos de quadril e inclinação ipsilateral de tronco(R= - 0,36; p=0,049) na tarefa de descida de degrau. Não houve evidências de correlação entre o pico de torque de abdutores, adutores, rotadores internos,rotadores externos, flexores, extensores de quadril e flexores e extensores de joelho com a cinemática de joelho, quadril e tronco nas tarefas funcionais de agachamento unipodal, aterrissagem unipodal, drop vertical jump e singlelegstepdown. Conclusão:A compreensão das variáveis cinesiológicas de joelho, quadril e troncoé fundamental para direcionar o clínico na escolha do teste funcional para avaliação do valgo dinâmico.Todas as tarefas analisadas são efetivas para avaliar o valgo dinâmico, porém adrop vertical jumpparece demandar mais estratégias de joelho e quadril, e a tarefasingle legstepdown apresentou maiores alterações cinesiológicasde tronco. Além disso, o pico de torque de quadril e joelho não exerceu influência no desempenho dos testes em indivíduos saudáveis / One of the factors that can contribute to injuries in the knee joint is the individual\'s inability to maintain an alignment between the body segments such as trunk, hip and knee during functional activities. Most of the time the dynamic knee valgus has been suggested as an etiologic factor that contributefor this joint injuries and early identification along with biomechanical factors associated with knee joint injuries is important. The functional tests for knee valgus evaluation are important tools for assessing the dynamic alignment between body segments, but there is no kinesiological subsidies in the literature that compare knee, hip and trunk in most of the described functional tasks used in the clinical practice and their relationship with the hip and knee strengthin healthy subjects. This study aimsto compare the angle values by the trunk, hip and knee kinematics in five different functional tasks used to evaluate the dynamic valgus and correlate this with the muscle\'s torque of the hip and knee. A sample of 30 healthy volunteers (15 men and 15 women) aged 18 to 35, with no history of pain or dysfunction in the lower limbs, performed a isometric muscle strength tests for all theknee and hip groups muscles using an isokinetic dynamometer Biodex®. Between 3 and 7 days after the muscle strength testing trunk, hip and knee kinematic analysis was performedduring five different functional tasks for evaluating the dynamic knee valgus using the Vicon system (Centennial, CO, USA).The functional tests were: stair descent, single-leg step down, single leg squat, single leg landing, drop vertical jump. ANOVA repeated measures was used to verify the differencesin the tasks for knee, hip and trunk kinematics and Pearson\'s correlation was used to verify correlations between hip and knee muscle\'s torque and knee, hip and trunk kinematics. The drop vertical jump task showed the highest peak values of valgus (average: 20.1º p<=0,04), internal rotation of the knee (average: 9,7º p<=0,003), hip flexion (mean: 38,8º p<=0,001) and lower trunk rotation values (mean 0,07º p<=0,009). The single leg step down task showed greater trunk flexion values (mean: 10,2º p<=0,002) in relation to all functional tasks. It was observed a negative and weak correlation of thehip external rotators torque and ipsilateral trunk lean (R = - 0.36, p = 0.049) in stair descent task. There was no evidence of correlation between peak torque of the hip abductors, adductors, internal rotators, external rotators, flexors and extensors and flexors, extensors of the knee with knee, hip and trunk kinematics in the single leg squat, landing, drop vertical jump and single-leg step down. For choosing a functional task to evaluate the dynamic valgus is crucial to the clinicians understand the kinesiological variables of knee, hip and trunk. All assessed tasks are effective to evaluate the dynamic knee valgus, although the drop vertical jump task requires more adjustments in the knee and hip, and the single leg step down task has higher kinesiological changes in the trunk.In addition, knee and hip peak of torque had no influence on the performance of the tests in healthy individuals

O presente estudo, através de metodologia sistematizada envolvendo testes eletrodiagnósticos e avaliações dinâmicas da marcha, objetivou analisar e interpretar parâmetros biomecânicos e eletrofisiológicos relacionadas à neuropatia diabética durante a marcha. Analisou e interpretou-se parâmetros temporais, de distribuição da pressão plantar e força reação do solo, adquiridos através de um equipamento específico para tal fim para três grupos experimentais. Analisou-se parâmetros da eletrofisiologia indicadores de respostas somato-sensoriais: cronaxia sensitiva e tolerância à dor em regiões anatomicamente determinadas da superfície plantar. Com tais parâmetros, buscou-se definir os padrões da marcha de indivíduos neuropatas ou não, para intervir de forma mais complexa na descrição e interpretação da doença. Investigou-se relações de dependência entre as variáveis dinâmicas e as eletrofisiológicas como forma de entender outros fatores intervenientes na etiologia das lesões decorrentes, bem como nas alterações compensatórias dinâmicas na marcha desses pacientes, alterações essas que são bilaterais e necessárias para a adaptação devido ao déficit sensorial decorrente da neuropatia. Apesar de não ter sido observada correlação entre estas variáveis, vale ressaltar que esse relacionamento torna-se cada vez mais importante para a compreensão da doença e interpretação de suas diferentes respostas adaptativas na avaliação do comportamento da marcha humana / The purpose of this study is to investigate electrophysiological parameters related to diabetic neuropathy and biomechanical parameters during gait, by systemized methodology, including electrodiagnostic tests and dynamic gait evaluation. We have analysed temporal aspects during stance phase, plantar pressure distribution, and ground reaction forces, acquired by an specific equipment in three experimental groups. We also have studied electrophysiological parameters related to somatic sensorial responses, like sensitive cronaxie and pain tolerance threshold, in some specific anatomical areas of plantar surface. Within these parameters, we searched for defined gait patterns in neuropathic diabetic patients, as well as in diabetic patients without neuropathy, to intervene in a more complex description and interpretation of the disease. We also looked for some relations of dependency between dynamic and electrophysiological variables as a contribution to the better undestanding of the disease ethiology and dynamic compensatory mechanisms in pathological gait. These compensatory mechanisms are usually bilateral, because it is a way of adapting to the sensorial deficit due to the neuropathy. Although there are no observed correlation between these variables, it is good to emphasize that such relationship becomes gradually more important to the understanding of the disease and the interpretation of its different adaptative reactions in human locomotion

Foi realizado estudo experimental, utilizando-se vértebra de suínos, para o estudo da influência da técnica de perfuração do pedículo vertebral na resistência ao arrancamento dos implantes. A técnica de perfuração com broca seguida de macheamento do canal pedicular (técnica 1) foi individualmente comparada com as demais: perfuração com broca sem macheamento do canal pedicular (técnica 2), perfuração com fio de Kirschner com macheamento do canal pedicular (técnica 3), perfuração com sonda sem macheamento do canal pedicular (técnica 4). Três grupos experimentais foram utilizados de acordo com a preparação do orifício. O grupo I comparou a técnica 1 com a técnica 2, no qual foi estudado a influência do macheamento no canal do pedículo. O grupo II comparou a técnica 1 com a técnica 3, no qual foi estudado a influência no modo de preparo do orifício utilizando fio de Kirschner. O grupo III comparou a técnica 1 com a técnica 4, no qual foi estudado a influência da utilização da sonda no preparo do orifício. O resultados da comparação da técnica. de perfuração do orifício de acordo com os parâmetros estudados (carga máxima de arrancamento, rigidez, carga no limite de proporcionalidade, deslocamento máximo e deslocamento no limite de proporcionalidade), mostraram que não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre as diferentes técnicas utilizadas para o preparo dos orifícios do pedículo vertebral na resistência ao arrancamento dos implantes. / An experimental study was conducted on swme vertebrae to investigate the effect of the technique of vertebral pedicle perforation on the pullout resistance of the implants. The technique of perforation with a burr followed by tapping of the pedicular canal (technique 1) was individually compared to the remaining ones, i.e., perforation with a burr without tapping of the pedicular canal (technique 2), perforation with a Kirschner wire with tapping of the pedicular canal (technique 3), and perforation with a probe without tapping of the pedicular canal (technique 4). Three experimental groups were used according to orifice preparation. Group I was used to compare technique 1 to technique 2, with a study of the effect of tapping on the pedicular canal. Group II was used to compare technique 1 with technique 3, with a study of the effect of mode of orifice preparation using a Kirschner wire. Group III was used to compare technique 1 to technique 4, with a study of the effect of the use of a probe for orifice preparation. Comparison of the techniques of orifice preparation according to the parameters studied (maximum pullout load, stiffness, load in the proportionality limit, maximum dislocation, and dislocation in the proportionality limit) showed no statistically significant difference between the various techniques used for preparation of the orifices of the vertebral pedicle, in terms of their effect on the pullout resistance of the implants.

Chu Pak-Keung. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 78-88). / Text in English; abstracts in English and Chinese; questionnaire in Chinese. / Chu Pak-Keung. / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.I / ABSTRACT --- p.II / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.V / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.IX / LIST OF TABLES --- p.XIII / INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / BACKGROUND OF STUDY --- p.1 / KINEMATICS OF CYCLING --- p.2 / PEDALLING RATE OPTIMIZATION --- p.2 / DIFFERENT FORMS OF CYCLING OPTIMIZATION --- p.2 / FROM EXPERIMENT TO PRACTICE --- p.3 / RESEARCH PROBLEMS --- p.3 / IMPORTANCE OF CADENCE IN CYCLING --- p.3 / MODIFICATION OF CYCLING TECHNIQUE --- p.5 / PURPOSES OF STUDY --- p.5 / SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY --- p.6 / HYPOTHESES --- p.7 / DEFINITION OF TERMS AND OPERATIONAL VARIABLES --- p.7 / DELIMITATIONS AND LIMITATIONS --- p.9 / DELIMITATIONS --- p.9 / LIMITATIONS --- p.9 / REVIEW OF LITERATURE --- p.11 / METHODS OF CADENCE OPTIMIZATION --- p.11 / ENERGY PRODUCTION AND EFFICIENCY --- p.11 / BIOMECHANICAL OPTIMIZATION ESTIMATES --- p.13 / PERCEIVED EXERTION --- p.16 / CHOICE OF OPTIMIZATION METHOD --- p.17 / MUSCLE FATIGUE --- p.18 / CONCEPT OF FATIGUE --- p.18 / FATIGUE CATEGORIES --- p.19 / DETECTION OF MUSCLE FATIGUE BY INTEGRATED EMG --- p.20 / NEUROMUSCULAR FATIGUE OF WORKING MUSCLE DURING CYCLING EXERCISE --- p.23 / FEEDBACK TRAINING --- p.24 / ROLE OF FEEDBACK IN SKILL ACQUISITION --- p.24 / KNOWLEDGE OF RESULTS --- p.24 / SELECTION OF BIOMECHANICAL VARIABLE FOR FEEDBACK --- p.25 / AUGMENTED FEEDBACK IN CYCLING TRAINING --- p.26 / RETENTION --- p.26 / SUMMARY OF REVIEW --- p.29 / METHODOLOGY --- p.32 / DESIGN --- p.32 / SUBJECTS --- p.33 / PROTOCOL --- p.34 / OPTIMAL CADENCE DETERMINATION --- p.34 / AUGMENTED FEEDBACK ASSESSMENT --- p.34 / 10 DAY TRAINING SCHEDULE --- p.35 / INSTRUMENTATION --- p.38 / MEASUREMENT OF EMG --- p.41 / DATA ANALYSIS --- p.43 / RESULTS --- p.46 / SUBJECT V02Max RESULT --- p.46 / IEMG SLOPE OF SUBJECTS --- p.47 / POST-TEST AND RETENTION TEST IN AUGMENTED FEEDBACK TRAINING --- p.50 / TIME PERCENTAGE OF CADENCE ERROR DEVIATED FROM OPTIMAL CADENCE --- p.50 / DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CONTROL AND EXPERIMENT GROUP ACROSS DIFFERENT CADENCE ERRORS --- p.53 / DISTRIBUTION OF TIME PERCENTAGE OF DIFFERENT CADENCE ERRORS --- p.54 / STABILITY IN THE VARIABILITY OF CADENCE --- p.55 / PERFORMANCE IN ACQUISITION PHASE --- p.59 / TIME PERCENTAGE OF CADENCE ERROR DEVIATED FROM OPTIMAL CADENCE --- p.60 / DISTRIBUTION OF TIME PERCENTAGE OF CADENCE ERROR DURING ACQUISITION PHASE --- p.62 / STABILITY IN THE VARIABILITY OF CADENCE --- p.64 / SUMMARY OF RESULT FINDINGS --- p.66 / DISCUSSION --- p.67 / OPTIMAL CADENCE OF SUBJECTS --- p.67 / IEMG SLOPE OF SUBJECTS --- p.67 / POST-TEST AND RETENTION TEST IN AUGMENTED FEEDBACK TRAINING --- p.69 / TIME PERCENTAGE OF CADENCE ERROR DEVIATED FROM OPTIMAL CADENCE BY MORE THAN ZERO RPM --- p.70 / "TIME PERCENTAGE OF CADENCE ERROR DEVIATED FROM OPTIMAL CADENCE BY MORE THAN ONE, TWO AND THREE RPM" --- p.70 / TIME PERCENTAGE OF CADENCE ERROR DEVIATED FROM OPTIMAL CADENCE BY MORE THAN FOUR RPM --- p.71 / STABILITY IN THE VARIABILITY OF CADENCE --- p.72 / ACQUISITION PHASE OF AUGMENTED FEEDBACK TRAINING --- p.73 / "TIME PERCENTAGE OF CADENCE ERROR DEVIATED FROM OPTIMAL CADENCE BY MORE THAN ZERO, ONE, TWO AND THREE RPM" --- p.73 / STABILITY IN THE VARIABILITY OF CADENCE --- p.74 / CONCLUSIONS --- p.76 / RECOMMENDATIONS --- p.77 / REFERENCES --- p.78 / APPENDIXES --- p.89 / INFORMED CONSENT FORM --- p.90 / PAR-Q FORM --- p.91 / YMCA SUBMAXIMAL CYCLE ERGOMETER TEST --- p.92 / IEMG GRAPHS --- p.93

by Luk tze Chung. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 105-111). / Text in English; abstract also in Chinese. / by Luk tze Chung. / Chapter Chapter One --- Introduction / Chapter 1.1 --- Background --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Work station design --- p.2 / Chapter 1.3 --- Method of study --- p.4 / Chapter 1.4 --- Purpose of study --- p.5 / Chapter 1.5 --- Variables definition --- p.5 / Chapter 1.6 --- Hypotheses --- p.6 / Chapter 1.7 --- Significance of study --- p.6 / Chapter Chapter Two --- Literature Review / Chapter 2.1 --- Biomechanical study on ergonomics problems --- p.7 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Ergonomics --- p.7 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Biomechanics --- p.7 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Force and torque --- p.8 / Chapter 2.1.3.1 --- Lever systems --- p.8 / Chapter 2.1.3.2 --- Torque and moment --- p.8 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- Biomechanics of the back --- p.9 / Chapter 2.1.5 --- Shoulder biomechanics --- p.10 / Chapter 2.2 --- Manual lifting --- p.12 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Manual handling and musculoskeletal problems --- p.12 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Strategies for reducing manual handling injuries --- p.13 / Chapter 2.3 --- Method of analysis in ergonomics problems --- p.13 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Electromyography --- p.13 / Chapter 2.3.1.1 --- Neurophysiology --- p.13 / Chapter 2.3.1.2 --- Electromyography in biomechanics --- p.14 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Motion analysis --- p.16 / Chapter 2.3.2.1 --- Direct measurement techniques --- p.16 / Chapter 2.3.2.2 --- Indirect measurement using imaging techniques --- p.17 / Chapter 2.4 --- Summary --- p.18 / Chapter Chapter Three --- Method / Chapter 3.1 --- Subjects --- p.19 / Chapter 3.2 --- Position of EMG electrodes --- p.20 / Chapter 3.3 --- Electromyography (EMG) --- p.23 / Chapter 3.4 --- Normalization of EMG --- p.24 / Chapter 3.5 --- Force platform --- p.31 / Chapter 3.6 --- Motion analysis system --- p.33 / Chapter 3.7 --- Calibration of instrument --- p.39 / Chapter 3.7.1 --- EMG --- p.39 / Chapter 3.7.2 --- Force platform --- p.40 / Chapter 3.7.3 --- Motion analysis system --- p.40 / Chapter 3.7.3.1 --- Calibration of displacement and velocity --- p.40 / Chapter 2.7.3.2 --- Calibration of acceleration --- p.40 / Chapter 3.8 --- Work station design --- p.41 / Chapter 3.9 --- Procedure --- p.42 / Chapter 3.10 --- Data analysis --- p.46 / Chapter Chapter Four --- Results / Chapter 4.1 --- EMG data analysis --- p.47 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- MVC testing results --- p.47 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Results of ANOVA test --- p.48 / Chapter 4.1.2.1 --- Class level information --- p.48 / Chapter 4.1.2.2 --- ANOVA results --- p.49 / Chapter 4.1.2.3 --- Post Hoc test --- p.53 / Chapter 4.2 --- Motion analysis --- p.63 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Parameters in motion analysis --- p.63 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Results of ANOVA test --- p.63 / Chapter 4.2.2.1 --- Post Hoc test --- p.68 / Chapter 4.3 --- Force platform data analysis --- p.84 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Parameters in force platform data analysis --- p.84 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Result of ANOVA test --- p.84 / Chapter 4.3.2.1 --- Post Hoc test --- p.85 / Chapter 4.4 --- Results of correlation --- p.89 / Chapter Chapter Five --- Discussion and Conclusions / Chapter 5.1 --- EMG signal --- p.90 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- MVC test --- p.90 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- Results of ANOVA in EMG signal --- p.91 / Chapter 5.1.2.1 --- Cervical erector spinae --- p.91 / Chapter 5.1.2.2 --- Trapezius pars descendens --- p.92 / Chapter 5.1.2.3 --- Infraspinatus --- p.93 / Chapter 5.1.2.4 --- Lumbar erector spinae --- p.94 / Chapter 5.2 --- Motion analysis --- p.95 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Posture --- p.95 / Chapter 5.2.1.1 --- Absolute thigh angle --- p.96 / Chapter 5.2.1.2 --- Absolute arm angle --- p.96 / Chapter 5.2.1.3 --- Absolute chest and abdomen angle --- p.97 / Chapter 5.2.1.4 --- Absolute neck angle --- p.97 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Force produced by spinae muscle --- p.98 / Chapter 5.3 --- Ground reaction force analysis --- p.99 / Chapter 5.4 --- Correlation analysis --- p.99 / Chapter 5.5 --- Differences between workers and students --- p.100 / Chapter 5.5.1 --- Muscle activity --- p.100 / Chapter 5.5.2 --- Posture . --- p.100 / Chapter 5.6 --- Conclusions --- p.101 / Chapter 5.7 --- Recommendations --- p.102 / References --- p.105 / Appendix --- p.112