A proposta dessa dissertação é analisar a criação da Justiça Eleitoral em 1932 e avaliar seu impacto nas eleições para a Assembleia Nacional Constituinte de 1934. Na primeira parte destacamos a importância das instituições eleitorais para a competição política, buscando enquadrar o tema, na literatura sobre a governança eleitoral. Em um segundo momento, passamos para a análise contextual dos antecedentes da criação da Justiça Eleitoral no Brasil e as mudanças empreendidas com o Código de 1932. Já na terceira parte, o objetivo é olhar para o funcionamento da Justiça Eleitoral, através dos Boletins Eleitorais, durante as eleições que elegeram a Constituinte de 1934 incluindo o desempenho do TSE, como última instância decisória. Neste trabalho mostramos que a Justiça Eleitoral funcionou através de um desenho institucional centralizado no TSE e sua criação não evitou a influência do governo no processo eleitoral. / The propose of this dissertation is to analyze the creation of the Electoral Justice in 1932 and evaluate its impact on the election for the Constituency Assembly of 1934. In the first part we turn our attention to the importance of the electoral institutions for political competition, aiming to link the theme with the literature about electoral governance. In second place, we analyze the contextual antecedents of the Electoral Justice and the changes inserted at the Electoral Code of 1932. In the third part, the goal is to look at the running of the Electoral Court, through the Electoral Bulletins, during elections to the Constituent Assembly elected in 1933 - including the performance of the TSE, as the final decision-maker. In this text we show that the Electoral Justice ran through a centralized institutional design in the TSE and its creation has not prevented the government\'s influence in the electoral process.

Esse trabalho busca apresentar os principais estudos, teorias e métodos de pesquisa da subdisciplina geografia eleitoral, desde os primeiros estudos de mapeamento eleitoral de André Siegfried, na França, e Frederick Turner, no EUA, até a perspectiva de análise eleitoral baseada nos lugares, de John Agnew. Em um segundo momento, discutimos os estudos sobre a influência do contexto no comportamento eleitoral. Argumentamos que os indivíduos do ponto de vista contextual seriam influenciados em dois níveis: por suas redes sociais de contato e de comunicação política, e pelo contexto geográfico ao seu redor, onde ocorrem as práticas sociais cotidianas. Na parte empírica do trabalho, usamos a técnica estatística de análise fatorial para identificar os períodos de mudança e estabilidade nos padrões espaciais de votação das eleições presidenciais de 1989 a 2014. Encontramos um período de estabilidade (voto normal) de 2006 a 2014, com uma clivagem regional norte/sul entre PT e PSDB. Por fim, a partir da hipótese que a mobilidade espacial e as redes de interação social modulariam a influência do contexto no comportamento eleitoral discutimos os resultados de uma análise de dados de surveys, aplicados na cidade de São Paulo em 2016. / This work seeks to present the main studies, theories, and research methods of the Electoral Geography subdiscipline, from the André Siegfrieds first studies of electoral mapping in France, the Frederick Turners in the United States, to the John Agnews place based electoral analysis perspective. After that, we discuss the studies about the context influence on electoral behaviour. We argue that, from the contextual point of view, individual electoral behaviour would be influenced on two levels: by its social networks of contacts and political communication, and by its surrounding geographical context, where everyday social interactions occur. In the empirical section of our work, we use the factorial analysis statistical technique to identify the periods of change and stability of spatial patterns during the presidential elections from 1989 to 2014. We find a stability period (normal vote) from 2006 to 2014, with a North-South regional cleavage between PT party and PSDB party. Finally, through the hypothesis that spatial mobility and networks of social interaction modulate contexts influence on electoral behaviour, we discuss the results of an analysis of data from a survey held in São Paulo city in 2016.

Trente sept années après l'appel « aux urnes l'Afrique ! Élections et pouvoirs en Afrique noire », lancé par les chercheurs du Centre d'études d'Afrique Noire (CEAN) de Bordeaux, l'organisation des processus électoraux s'est développée et profondément enracinée dans la culture sociopolitique des systèmes politiques des États africains. L'élection s'est dès lors constituée comme la clé de voûte de tout système représentatif et entraîne la problématique de la consolidation de la démocratie et de l'État de droit. Malgré l'existence de nombreux travaux sur l'élection, le contentieux électoral demeure assez complexe et constitue encore de nos jours un facteur de tension et de crises postélectorales dans plusieurs États africains. L'organisation d'une procédure contentieuse en matière électorale participe dès lors à l'objectif de garantir aux citoyens la pleine jouissance de leur souveraineté. Elle obéit à la mise en place d'un mécanisme adéquat et simplifié, qui favorise l'accès des justiciables aux juges électoraux. La procédure contentieuse telle qu'organisée au Cameroun comporte à l'évidence plusieurs éléments qui favorisent la garantie des droits civils et politiques des citoyens. Elle s'avère insuffisante et inefficace face à l'office d'un juge électoral englouti par des contraintes tant sociopolitiques que professionnelles, d'où la nécessité de procéder à un réaménagement profond visant la garantie des droits civils et politiques des citoyens par l'efficacité de l'office du juge électoral et partant, la consolidation de la démocratie représentative. / In 1979, the African study Center of Bordeaux, launched a new initiative about voting in Africa. Thirty seven years later, the organization of electoral processes has been substantially developed and is now deeply rooted in african political systems. Consequently, electing the people political representatives is now a cornerstone of decision-making processes of African political systems, leading to the enhancement of democracy issues and basic State rights struggles (or political power struggles), which assume/require a strong involvement of citizens. Regardless of intensive research activities about those issues, electoral disputes resolution remains a serious concern in Africa, potentially leading to post-election crises and violence, as well as long term conflicts in some African countries. Such a litigation process requires an adequate and simplified electoral conflict resolution mechanism, helping the involved parties to easily have access to the electoral court. The electoral litigation process in Cameroon has several positive elements ensuring civic and political rights to citizens. However, this process seems to suffer a lack, because the election judge is facing numerous virtual political and socio-political constraints. Therefore it becomes evident that, there is a need for a deep refitting of the law in order to better protect people's rights by improving the efficiency of the election judge, subsequently enhancing the Cameroonian representative democracy system.

Esse trabalho busca apresentar os principais estudos, teorias e métodos de pesquisa da subdisciplina geografia eleitoral, desde os primeiros estudos de mapeamento eleitoral de André Siegfried, na França, e Frederick Turner, no EUA, até a perspectiva de análise eleitoral baseada nos lugares, de John Agnew. Em um segundo momento, discutimos os estudos sobre a influência do contexto no comportamento eleitoral. Argumentamos que os indivíduos do ponto de vista contextual seriam influenciados em dois níveis: por suas redes sociais de contato e de comunicação política, e pelo contexto geográfico ao seu redor, onde ocorrem as práticas sociais cotidianas. Na parte empírica do trabalho, usamos a técnica estatística de análise fatorial para identificar os períodos de mudança e estabilidade nos padrões espaciais de votação das eleições presidenciais de 1989 a 2014. Encontramos um período de estabilidade (voto normal) de 2006 a 2014, com uma clivagem regional norte/sul entre PT e PSDB. Por fim, a partir da hipótese que a mobilidade espacial e as redes de interação social modulariam a influência do contexto no comportamento eleitoral discutimos os resultados de uma análise de dados de surveys, aplicados na cidade de São Paulo em 2016. / This work seeks to present the main studies, theories, and research methods of the Electoral Geography subdiscipline, from the André Siegfrieds first studies of electoral mapping in France, the Frederick Turners in the United States, to the John Agnews place based electoral analysis perspective. After that, we discuss the studies about the context influence on electoral behaviour. We argue that, from the contextual point of view, individual electoral behaviour would be influenced on two levels: by its social networks of contacts and political communication, and by its surrounding geographical context, where everyday social interactions occur. In the empirical section of our work, we use the factorial analysis statistical technique to identify the periods of change and stability of spatial patterns during the presidential elections from 1989 to 2014. We find a stability period (normal vote) from 2006 to 2014, with a North-South regional cleavage between PT party and PSDB party. Finally, through the hypothesis that spatial mobility and networks of social interaction modulate contexts influence on electoral behaviour, we discuss the results of an analysis of data from a survey held in São Paulo city in 2016.

This diploma thesis researches the stance of czech political parties to reform of the electoral systém. The goal of the paper is to find out what form of electoral systém is prefered by each political party. The paper itself is divided into three parts. The first part is analysis of electoral systems, which should serve as theretical foundations for next parts of the thesis. In the second part the author analyses electoral reforms in Czech republic and in Czechoslovakia after the year 1989. The third part is research, for which the author states three hypotheses, which are absed on work of Maurice Duverger and Giovanni Sartori. The first hypothesis assumes, that big parties favour majority voting, or certain form of proportional system which favours big parties. Second hypothesis puts emphasis on smaller political parties. The author thinks, that small political parties will favour proportional system in its current form, or in that kind of form which favours small parties. The third hypothesis assumes, that small political parties, which were not elected into the House of representatives will advocate for banning or at least reducing of the electoral threshold. These hypotheses are confronted with data. Data was collected via interviews and surveys with party members and representatives.

A proposta dessa dissertação é analisar a criação da Justiça Eleitoral em 1932 e avaliar seu impacto nas eleições para a Assembleia Nacional Constituinte de 1934. Na primeira parte destacamos a importância das instituições eleitorais para a competição política, buscando enquadrar o tema, na literatura sobre a governança eleitoral. Em um segundo momento, passamos para a análise contextual dos antecedentes da criação da Justiça Eleitoral no Brasil e as mudanças empreendidas com o Código de 1932. Já na terceira parte, o objetivo é olhar para o funcionamento da Justiça Eleitoral, através dos Boletins Eleitorais, durante as eleições que elegeram a Constituinte de 1934 incluindo o desempenho do TSE, como última instância decisória. Neste trabalho mostramos que a Justiça Eleitoral funcionou através de um desenho institucional centralizado no TSE e sua criação não evitou a influência do governo no processo eleitoral. / The propose of this dissertation is to analyze the creation of the Electoral Justice in 1932 and evaluate its impact on the election for the Constituency Assembly of 1934. In the first part we turn our attention to the importance of the electoral institutions for political competition, aiming to link the theme with the literature about electoral governance. In second place, we analyze the contextual antecedents of the Electoral Justice and the changes inserted at the Electoral Code of 1932. In the third part, the goal is to look at the running of the Electoral Court, through the Electoral Bulletins, during elections to the Constituent Assembly elected in 1933 - including the performance of the TSE, as the final decision-maker. In this text we show that the Electoral Justice ran through a centralized institutional design in the TSE and its creation has not prevented the government\'s influence in the electoral process.

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No description available.

This thesis seeks to explain the organisational, programmatic and ideological renewal of the French Parti Socialiste (PS), employed as a test case to examine the veracity of the 'crisis of social democracy' literature. Chapter I reviews the crisis of social democracy literature, introducing a framework for the analysis of social democracy in general, and the PS in particular. Chapter 2 establishes the historical and institutional context of PS development. Chapter 3 demonstrates how organisational changes have altered the opportunity structures of the key actors, crucially affecting how the party articulates its electoral and policy strategy. Chapter 4 explores PS electoral strategists' attempts to resolve problems posed by the fragmentation of homogenous electoral blocs of support, increasing electoral volatility, and the competitive challenge of new parties. Chapter 5 analyses PS ideological evolution in the 1990s in the context of the collapse of 'actual existing socialism', the exhaustion of traditional social democratic means, the enforced peaceful co-existence with the new market orthodoxy, and the increasing relevance of supra-national co-ordination for social democracy. In Chapter 6 we will explore the implications of globalisation for social democracy. The thesis rejects the 'hyperglobal' interpretation of the relationship between social democracy and globalisation, which asserts that national economies are now subsumed into a 'borderless world', within which social democracy is an historically exhausted project. Analysis of the development and implementation of the PS's macro-economic policy, job creation policy, labour market policies, and 'structural adjustment' policies, such as the shift towards a 35 hour week, demonstrate enduring social democratic policy activism. Chapter 7 presents a comparative political economic analysis of the economic strategies of the PS and the British Labour Party which further illustrates the potential for social democratic policy activism. Finally, the conclusion summarises and draws together the arguments.

Tesis para optar al grado de Magister en Comunicación Política / La contienda electoral de marzo 2012 para la elección de Diputados celebrada en El Salvador estuvo marcada por la implementación de un cambio al sistema electoral que varió la forma de elegir a los diputados. Los ciudadanos salvadoreños pasaron así de emitir un voto por una lista partidaria cerrada, donde ellos no podían tener injerencia en el orden ni en los nombres de los candidatos, a sufragar directamente por el candidato de su preferencia. Este cambio introducirá más que una variación en la forma en que se eligen los representantes, también altera el poder de los partidos sobre sus candidatos y la injerencia que las colectividades tengan en las campañas electorales que se realicen, las cuales ahora descansarán en los propios postulantes. Así, la nueva forma de elección facilitó a los candidatos mayor libertad para implementar nuevas estrategias en la campaña electoral. Y, por otro lado, esta reforma traslada a los ciudadanos, y no a los partidos, la decisión respecto a quiénes serán los diputados que los representarán en la legislatura 2012-2015. Todo lo anterior repercutirá en la forma en que los postulantes realizaron su campaña electoral y en los procesos de negociación al interior de sus partidos. Con la fórmula electoral anterior, las campañas electorales las realizaban los partidos y los candidatos debían negociar al interior de su colectividad el lugar que ocupaban en la lista; cuanto más arriba, más posibilidades tenían de resultar electos. Con la nueva fórmula, las negociaciones al interior del partido serán determinantes para quedar incluido en la lista electoral y el lugar que se ocupará en la misma, pero la elección no queda definida ahí, sino en el desempeño que cada candidato tenga en la conquista del voto. Por lo mismo, una vez resuelta la elección, el diputado no le debe el escaño únicamente al partido, sino –principalmente- a sus votantes. La presente investigación aspira a determinar el impacto que ha tenido la reforma electoral en la forma en que los propios candidatos enfrentaron su campaña 2012, tanto en su organización como en los procesos de comunicación política involucrados en los ámbitos intrapartidarios y en el contacto con el ciudadano a quien le están solicitando el voto. Lo anterior se realizará a través de un estudio de caso donde se analizarán las campañas realizadas por los candidatos a diputado del partido político Alianza Republicana Nacionalista (ARENA), durante los comicios efectuados en los años 2009 y 2012 en El Salvador, con el fin de realizar un análisis comparativo entre ambas contienda electorales. Con este objetivo, se procederá a construir un marco teórico desde el cual se estudiará el fenómeno antes identificado y se elaborarán las categorías para su posterior análisis. Una vez realizado lo anterior, se recolectarán y procesarán los materiales de campaña de postulantes a un escaño en las últimas dos elecciones salvadoreñas. La información obtenida por esta vía será complementada por una serie de entrevistas realizadas a una muestra significativa de candidatos, la que hará posible describir cómo percibieron