Introdução: Parada Cardiorrespiratória (PCR) é uma emergência médica, quando ocorrer fora do ambiente hospitalar, o imediato atendimento à vítima é vital. A imediata Reanimação Cardiopulmonar (RCP), no ambiente extra-hospitalar é muito importante. A denominação aeroespacial reúne ambiente aéreo (cabine de aeronaves pressurizadas, altitude) e, espacial (ambiente com microgravidade, flutuação). No ambiente aéreo, importa a condição hipobárica e a hipóxia resultante. Quanto ao ambiente espacial, importa a condição de microgravidade e a incapacidade de exercer força e peso, como na superfície terrestre. Estes, e outros aspectos da RCP aeroespacial, são abordados no presente estudo. Objetivos: Ambiente aéreo: avaliar a qualidade do ar expirado, por um socorrista, durante RCP, em ambiente hipobárico, e, avaliar a suplementação de oxigênio para o socorrista, como forma de correção da mistura gasosa expirada, na altitude. Ambiente espacial: avaliar a eficácia de uma nova posição para RCP, por um só indivíduo, sem auxílio, na microgravidade. Materiais e Métodos: Utilizou-se uma câmara hipobárica, para a simulação da altitude, no ambiente aéreo. A RCP foi avaliada ao nível do mar e na altitude de 8.000 pés. Vôos parabólicos foram utilizados para a simulação de microgravidade. Um manequim foi o modelo de PCR em ambos os ambientes. No ambiente aéreo, avaliou-se a oferta de oxigênio expirada (boca-a-boca), pelo socorrista à vítima. Em microgravidade foi avaliada a efetividade da posição estudada, abraço da vítima com as pernas e o uso das mesmas, como apoio para a RCP, através da profundidade (mm), e freqüência (por minuto), das compressões torácicas e, da ventilação (volume de ar em mililitros). Resultados: Pressão de oxigênio cai de +108,3 mmHg (nível do mar), para +72,3 mmHg (8.000 pés). Com suplementação o valor é +108,0 mmHg. RCP em microgravidade: + 41,3 mm, + 80,2 /min, (sem ventilação). Massagem + ventilação (+ 44,0 mm, + 68,3 /min, + 491,0 ml de ar). Conclusões: Existe importante redução na oferta de oxigênio, à vítima de PCR, em altitude de 8.000 pés. Suplementação de oxigênio ao socorrista, 4 litros/minuto, por óculos nasal, pode corrigir esta redução. A posição proposta, para o ambiente espacial, deve ser considerada com uma possibilidade de RCP na microgravidade. / Introduction: Cardiac arrest (CA) is a medical emergency, and when occurring outside the hospital environment, immediate victim’s assistance is vital. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) at the extra-hospital environment is very important. Aerospace denomination joins an aerial environment (pressurized airplane cabins, altitude), and space (microgravity environment, floating). Within the aerial environment, hypobaric condition and resulting hypoxia do matter. Considering the space environment, microgravity condition and the inability to exert force and weight such as at the surface level, are important. Those and other aspects of aerospace CPR are approached in this present study. Objectives: Aerial environment: To evaluate the quality of exhaled air from the practitioner, during CPR within a hypobaric environment, and to assess supplemental oxygen offer to the practitioner as a form of correcting the exhaled gas mixture at altitude. Space environment: To assess the efficacy of a new CPR position, for a sole, unassisted individual at microgravity. Material and Methods: A hypobaric chamber for aerial environment altitude simulation was employed. CPR was assessed at sea level and at the altitude of 8,000 feet. Parabolic flights were employed for microgravity simulation. A CPR manikin was the model for both environments. At the aerial environment, exhaled (mouth-to-mouth) oxygen offer by the practitioner to the victim was assessed. In microgravity, the effectiveness of the studied position, which consisted of securing the victim with the legs and using them for CPR restraint, was evaluated by depth (millimeters), and frequency (per minute) of chest compressions, and ventilation (air volume in milliliters). Results: Oxygen pressure falls from ± 108.3 mmHg (at sea level) to ± 72.3 mmHg (8,000 feet). With supplementation, the value is ± 108.0 mmHg. CPR in microgravity: ± 41.3 mm, ± 80.2/minute (without ventilation). Massage + ventilation (± 44.0 mm, ± 68.3/minute, ± 491.0 ml of air). Conclusions: There is an important reduction of oxygen offer to the CPR victim at the altitude of 8,000 feet. Oxygen supplementation to the medic assistant at 4 liters/minute through nasal cannulae may correct such reduction. The proposed position for the spatial environment should be considered as a possibility for CPR at microgravity.

L'objectif de cette thèse est d'étudier les différents régimes d'ébullition transitoires rencontrés lors de la mise en froid d'un tube chauffé par un écoulement interne de fluide. Le dispositif expérimental LORETA a été conçu pour réaliser des expériences au sol en écoulement vertical ascendant et en microgravité lors de vols paraboliques. L'effet du débit, de la température du liquide et du niveau de gravité dans les différents régimes d'ébullition a pu être clairement mis en évidence. Une dégradation des transferts thermiques en microgravité est observée, en particulier lors de l'ébullition en film. Une modélisation basée sur la résolution des équations du modèle à deux fluides permet la prédiction pour les deux niveaux de gravité. L'ensemble de la courbe d'ébullition a put être modélisée par des lois adaptées de la littérature. L'utilisation de ces lois pour des fluides cryogéniques semble raisonnable, au vu de la comparaison avec quelques données de la bibliographie. / The objective of this thesis is to study the boiling regimes encountered during the transient cooling of a heated tube by an internal fluid flow. The experimental apparatus LORETA was designed for experiments on ground in vertical upward flow and on microgravity during parabolic flights. The effect of flow rate, liquid temperature and level of gravity in different boiling regimes has been clearly shown. A decrease of heat transfer in microgravity is observed, especially during film boiling. Models based on solving equations of two-fluid model allow the prediction for the two levels of gravity. The entire boiling curve could be modeled by modified laws of literature. The use of these laws for cryogenic fluids seems reasonable, given the comparison with some data from the bibliography.

A manutenção do metabolismo mineral normal dos ossos é um resultado de vários fatores inclusive as solicitações mecânicas que são aplicadas aos ossos pelas contrações musculares e força da gravidade. O propósito desta investigação foi estudar um modelo de suspensão de rato pela cauda que simulasse assim as alterações esqueléticas que podem acontecer em um ambiente de microgravidade. O modelo foi analisado em termos de tolerância do animal e os efeitos sobre a resistência mecânica do complexo tíbia-fíbula. Após a realização do ensaio de flexão em três pontos foram obtidos os principais parâmetros mecânicos (carga e deflexão no limite máximo, carga e deflexão no limite elástico, rigidez e resiliência). Foram utilizadas cinqüenta e três ratas fêmeas, distribuídas em quatro grupos conforme o período de suspensão (controle, 7, 14 e 21 dias). O modelo de suspensão mostrou-se eficaz com boa adaptação dos animais e promoveu um enfraquecimento significativo nos ossos principalmente no período de 21 dias / The maintenance of the normal metabolism of minerals in bone is a result of several factors including the mechanical demands that are applied to the bones by the muscle contractions and gravity force. The purpose of this investigation was to study a model of tail suspension of the rat thus simulating the skeletal alterations that may occur in a microgravity environment. The model was analyzed in terms of animal tolerance and the ensuing effects on the mechanical resistance of the tibiofibular complex. After a three-point bending test in flexion the main mechanical parameters were obtained, (load and deflection at the ultimate limit, load and deflection at the yielding point, stiffness and resilience). Fifty-three adult female rats were used and distributed in four groups according to the length of time in suspension (control, 7, 14 and 21 days). The model of suspension was efficient with well adaptation of the animals and caused a significative weakness of bones mainly in the 21 day period

<div>As space exploration continues to accelerate, various cooling applications follow suit. Refrigeration and freezing of biological samples, astronaut food as well as electronics cooling and air-conditioning are necessary and demand increased capacity. In the past, these demands have been met by thermoelectric cooling or cryogenic cycles, which are easily adapted to a microgravity environment but have a relatively low efficiency in the refrigeration and freezing temperature range. A number of studies have investigated the development of higher efficiency vapor compression cycles for spacecraft, which would have the benefit of a smaller mass penalty due to the reduced power consumption. Despite notable research efforts during the 1990s, the number of vapor compression coolers that have operated in microgravity until today is small and their performance was insufficient to provide confidence into the technology for microgravity applications. Related experimental research has decreased since the 2000s.<br></div><div><br></div><div>For this dissertation, all vapor compression cycles (VCC) that have operated in microgravity according to the open literature were reviewed with their applications, compressor types and reported issues. Suggested design tools were summarized with a focus on gravity independence criteria for two-phase flow. For the most effective increase of the technology readiness level, simple but systematic experiments regarding the stability of VCCs against orientation and gravity changes were prioritized in this dissertation. An important goal of the research was the continuous operation and start-up of vapor compression cycles on parabolic flights, experiments that have not been reported in the open literature. Two separate test stands were built and flown on four parabolic flights, totaling 122 parabolas for each experiment.<br></div><div><br></div><div>The parabolic flight experiments were prepared with extensive ground-based testing. Multiple anomalies were encountered during the pursuit of continuous vapor compression cycle operation through a rotation of 360 degrees, including liquid flooding of the compressor. Systematic inclination testing was conducted with two different cycle configurations and a wide range of operating conditions. A strong correlation was found between the relative stability of the heat source heat transfer rate and the refrigerant mass flux for an inclination procedure with angle changes once every 2 minutes.<br></div><div><br></div><div>The parabolic flights exposed the test stand to quickly alternating hyper and microgravity. The evaporation temperature reacted to the different gravity levels with fluctuations that stretched on average 2.2 K from the maximum to minimum temperature measured during one set of parabolas. Changes of the evaporator inlet flow regime as a function of gravity were observed visually and the low-side pressure and mass flow rate sometimes oscillated in microgravity. The cycle responses induced by ground-based inclination testing were typically stronger than changes caused by the parabolic flight maneuvers for relatively low mass flow rates. Overall, the parabolic flight maneuvers were not detrimental to the cycle operation. <br></div><div><br></div><div>The second test stand was dedicated to liquid flooding observations at cycle start-up. Different flow regimes were observed in microgravity during testing with a transparent evaporator but the absence of gravity did not significantly alter the general time-based flooding quantifiers.<br></div><div><br></div><div>Design recommendations are drawn from the research where possible and summarized at the end of the dissertation. Selected data, code, pictures and videos were released together with this dissertation(Brendel, 2021)<br></div>

The focus of this thesis is development of an electronic subsystem for reduced gravity impact simulator. The research part of this thesis firstly covers methods used for simulation of microgravity or reduced gravity and compares them. Another part of research focuses on three selected potential approaches to creating the electronic subsystem for this device. The second, practical, part of this thesis describes the design and development of the electronic subsystem. The foundation of the electronic subsystem is a control unit which has been developed on the basis of an STMicroelectronics microcontroller. Using the control unit, the electronic subsystem measures pressure, position, acceleration and force in the system. Another task of the control unit is control of a stepper motor. Integration of individual elements into the electronic subsystem is described both in terms of software and hardware. Furthermore, a graphic user interface program for PC has been developed as a means to interact with the system. In the final part of the thesis, the operation of the electronic subsystem is described and lastly, the electronic subsystem is evaluated.

No description available.

No description available.

Cette thèse traite de la compensation magnétique de pesanteur. Tout d’abord, des expériences de lévitation magnétique de fluides sont interprétées à l’aide d’un potentiel magnéto-gravitationnel SL. Puis, l’utilisation d’une méthode générale d’analyse de la force magnétique grâce aux harmoniques du champ magnétique est développée. Elle souligne l’importance et le rôle de chacun des trois premiers harmoniques du champ magnétique sur les configurations de forces résultantes inhérentes à la compensation magnétique de pesanteur. En géométrie cylindrique (invariante par translation) diverses combinaisons de forces d’origines magnétique, gravitationnelle et centrifuge offrent des perspectives nouvelles pour la lévitation magnétique. Une combinaison judicieuse des forces magnétiques et centrifuges permet de compenser exactement la pesanteur sur des matériaux diamagnétiques. En géométrie axisymétrique (invariante par rotation), le dimensionnement de stations de lévitation d’oxygène, techniquement réalisables (NbTi@4,2K), est présenté. Ces stations permettent de léviter des volumes d’oxygène supérieurs à 1 litre avec des inhomogénéités inférieures à 1%. La constitution de ces stations rend possible les variations spatiales et temporelles des configurations d’accélérations résultantes. Enfin, la compensation magnétique dynamique de gravité, à l’aide d’une station de lévitation réelle, est étudiée afin de simuler des phases d’accélération ou de décélération d’engins spatiaux / The thesis deals with magnetic gravity compensation. First of all magnetic levitation experiments are explained with the help of a magneto-gravitational potential SL. Next, a general analysis method of the magnetic force is developed which employs magnetic field harmonics. The method underlines both the significance and role of the first three magnetic field harmonics on the resulting forces inherent in magnetic gravity compensation. In cylindrical geometry – with translational invariance – various combination of magnetic, gravitational and centrifugal forces open new possibilities for the magnetic levitation. A suitable combination of both magnetic and centrifugal forces allows exactly compensating gravity on diamagnetic materials. In axisymmetric geometry – with rotational invariance – designs of feasible oxygen magnetic levitation stations are introduced (NbTi@4,2K). Levitation of oxygen volumes more than one litre with inhomogeneities less than 1% can be accomplished within these magnetic levitation facilities. The constitution of the stations makes possible both spatial and temporal variations of the resulting acceleration configurations. At last the dynamic magnetic compensation of gravity with a real coil system is studied so as to simulate both acceleration and deceleration of spaceships

Afin de clarifier et caractériser les mécanismes fondamentaux de formation des réseaux étendus cellulaires et dendritiques en régime diffusif, des expériences de solidification dirigée permettant l’observation in situ en temps réel de l’interface solide-liquide d’un alliage transparent ont été réalisées dans l’instrument « DECLIC-DSI» à bord de la Station Spatiale Internationale. Des procédures spécifiques d'analyse d'images ont été développées pour caractériser les réseaux et extraire des données de référence à comparer aux modèles théoriques ou numériques. Les mécanismes d’évolution et de sélection de l'espacement primaire sont décrits et reliés à la courbure macroscopique de l'interface qui apparait comme un paramètre important de la dynamique de réseau. L’obtention de réseaux homogènes étendus nous a permis d'observer des instabilités secondaires du régime cellulaire pour la première fois dans des systèmes tridimensionnels: Oscillation et multiplet structure. Nos analyses mettent en évidence l'absence de cohérence globale de l’oscillation, exceptée dans des zones localement ordonnées dans lesquelles les oscillations de cellules voisines peuvent être synchronisées. Dans une autre gamme de paramètres de contrôle, la formation de multiplets -autre type d'instabilité secondaire- a été observée. La structure et la dynamique de ces multiplets est décrite. Enfin, des essais comparatifs ont été réalisés au sol, pour les mêmes paramètres de croissance, afin de clarifier l'influence de la convection. Les différences entre les expériences au sol et en microgravité, en particulier concernant l'espacement primaire, sont reliées à l'amplitude de la convection. / To clarify and characterize the fundamental physical mechanisms active in the formation of three-dimensional (3D) arrays of cells and dendrites, in situ monitoring of series of experiments on a transparent alloy was carried out under low gravity in the DECLIC-DSI on-board the International Space Station. Image analysis procedures have been developed to characterize the patterns and get benchmark data to compare with theoretical or numerical modelling. The mechanisms of primary spacing evolution and selection are described and related to the macroscopic interface curvature that appeared to be a critical parameter. The extended homogeneous patterns obtained in microgravity enabled us to observe secondary instabilities of the cellular pattern for the very first time in 3D patterns: cell oscillation and multiplet structure. Our analyses highlight the absence of global coherence of cell oscillations, except in locally ordered areas where synchronization of neighbor cells may happen. In another range of control parameters, another type of secondary instability has been identified that corresponds to multiplet formation; the structure and dynamics of those multiplets are also described. Finally, comparative experiments have been performed on ground with similar growth parameters to point out the influence of convection. The differences between ground and microgravity results, especially regarding the primary spacing, are related to fluid flow magnitude.

Dans ce mémoire, nous présentons l'étude d'un senseur inertiel à ondes de matière embarqué dans un avion effectuant des vols paraboliques.Une source laser bi-fréquence robuste et compacte permettant de refroidir et d'interroger simultanément des atomes de 87Rb et 39K a été développée. Elle est basée sur des lasers télécom asservis sur un peigne de fréquences optique et doublés en fréquence. L'utilisation de composants optiques fibrés permet de rendre le système intrinsèquement résistant aux vibrations et aux fluctuations thermiques. Le dispositif a été validé en vol par l'obtention d'un double piège magnéto-optique.Nous avons utilisé la source laser pour faire fonctionner un interféromètre à atomes froids de 87Rb dans l'avion. Un accéléromètre mécanique auxiliaire permet d'augmenter la dynamique du capteur atomique et d'enregistrer des franges d'interférences malgré le niveau élevé des fluctuations d'accélération. Le senseur hybride ainsi réalisé a une résolution de 4.10-3 m.s-2.Hz-1/2, environ 100 fois plus faible que le niveau des vibrations dans l'avion.Dans la perspective de réaliser un test du principe d'équivalence en microgravité avec des atomes froids, nous étudions enfin de manière théorique le fonctionnement d'un interféromètre différentiel et nous intéressons à l'influence de certains effets systématiques. / In this thesis, we report on the study of a matter-wave inertial sensor, operated in an airplane carrying out parabolic flights.We have developped a compact and robust dual-wavelength laser source to cool and interrogate 87Rb and 39K atoms. It is based on frequency-doubled telecom lasers locked on a femtosecond optical frequency comb. The use of fibered optical components makes the setup intrinsically immune to vibrations and thermal fluctuations. The laser source was validated in flight by obtaining a double-species magneto-optical trap.We have used the source to carry out airborne measurements with an atom interferometer operating with cold 87Rb atoms. An auxiliary mechanical accelerometer makes it possible to increase the atomic sensor's dynamic range, and to record interference fringes despite the high level of acceleration fluctuations. This hybrid sensor has a resolution of 4.10-3 m.s-2.Hz-1/2, which is approximately 100 times lower than the typical vibration level in the plane.In the perspective of testing the equivalence principle with cold atoms in microgravity, we finally theoretically study the operation of a differential interferometer and investigate the influence of some systematic effects.