Even more novel to the English speaker than the fact that foreign words should represent a problem at all are the frequent, often concerted reactions against them in Germany from the seventeenth century on. These reactions - attempts to eliminate borrowed words and replace them with German expressions - have been relatively little studied and the references in histories of language usually apply to the baroque <u>Sprachgesellschaften</u> and one or two individual purists. No detailed general survey of German purism is available, there is no bibliography on the subject, and the contribution of the purists has not been fully assessed. This study is intended as a preliminary step towards meeting these needs and offers a critical, fully documented account of purism in the hundred years between 1789 and 1889. This period begins with J.H. Campe, the most important German purist, who was the first to approach the question systematically and in great detail, and ends with the Berlin Declaration of 1889 objecting to the policies of the newly founded <u>Allgemeiner Deutscher Sprachverein</u>. The <u>Sprachverein</u> has fully documented its own history and achievements, but for the rest only Campe and F.L. Jahn have been studied critically. I have sought to investigate who the purists were, how they approached language, why they considered purism necessary, what foreign words they rejected, how they tried to replace them, and to give an account of their activity.

The problem of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the use of a mechanical pacing device in improving the typewriting skills of students in intermediate and advanced typewriting classes at the college level.

SUMMARY: The focus of my thesis is spelling of y after ambiguous consonants, or specified words. This is one of the most challenging Czech grammar topics that are presently taught in elementary schools. My thesis maps over view of specified words and early didactics and compares those with current didactics methods as well as proposes innovation to current teaching practices. I outline my experience, show opportunities for work with mistakes and create election of didactic games. I track children's opinion on this subject as well as teacher's opinions of my teaching innovate on proposals. I also compare knowledge of school children based on grade levels and implementation of current curriculum. Finally, I provide an overview of current materials related to this topic that are currently available from a variety of publishers.

L'acquisition des représentations orthographiques et phonologiques en anglais langue seconde (L2) chez des francophones (élèves en classe de 6ème et de 4ème, étudiants universitaires) était examinée dans ce travail. La technique d'amorçage masqué permettait de révéler la précision du codage orthographique lexical, après seulement deux années d'acquisition de l'anglais, et ce, indépendamment de la typicalité orthographique des mots (étude 1). Des éléments en faveur d'un accès au lexique non-sélectif à la langue étaient observés : un effet inhibiteur des mots cognates émergeait chez des élèves de 4ème dans une tâche de décision lexicale (étude 2). De plus, des expériences mettant en jeu l'effet d'amorçage orthographique inter-langue relevaien de la compétition lexicale inter-langue chez le groupe le plus compétent uniquement (étude 3). Un surprenant effet facilitateur en tâche de décision lexicale pour les mots L2 dont l'orthographe était partagée entre les deux langues, par rapport aux mots dont l'orthographe était spécifique de la L2, signalait l'influence de la typicalité orthographique en reconnaissance visuelle de mots en L2 (étude 4). Le codage graphémique semblait fonctionnel après quelques mois d'acquisition de la L2, bien que des différences émergeaient entre les différents groupes de niveaux au sujet de la typicalité orthographique des graphèmes (étude 5). Enfin, une co-activation des correspondances écrit-oral de chaque langue était mise en évidence chez ces apprenants L2 (étude 6) ainsi que l'influence des correspondances de la L1 sur la reconnaissance de mots en L2 (étude 7) / Orthographic and phonological coding during second language (L2) learning in a school context was examined in the present work. Masked priming techniques revealed that lexical orthographic representations were finely_tuned after only two years of acquisition and that this coding was comparable for words of varying orthographic typically (study 1). Evidence in favour of language non-selectivity during lexical access was uncovered : a cognate inhibition effect emerged in grade 8 for lexical decision (study 2). In addition, tests of cross-language orthographic neighbourhood effects using masked priming revealed cross-language lexical competition in the highest proficiency group only (study 3). Intriguing evidence of facilitation effects in lexical decision for L2 words whose orthography was shared across languages compared to words whose orthography was L2-specific signalled the influence of orthographic typicality during L2 visual word recognition (study 4). Grapheme coding was also shown to be functional after only a few months of L2 learning, though differences emerged across proficiency levels in relation to the orthographic typicality of graphemes (study 5). Finally, evidence was found for the parallel activation of print-to-sound correspondences from both languages in young L2 learners (study 6) and for the influence of first language correspondences on L2 visual word recognition (study 7)

Student Number : 9311414P - MA research report - School of Literature and Language Studies - Faculty of Humanities / This research report compares the translations of terminology used by radio and television to designate specific concepts. It examines the different strategies adopted by television in the translation of specific terms on the one hand and compares them with those adopted by radio and other. Terms are grouped into two categories; (1) phrasal terms in the source language and (2) established words in the source language. The study examines the semantic shifts in meaning in the translation versions of each of the terms discussed. In studying the patterns of term formation adopted my media, the study focuses on the three approaches by Sager (1990) in the creation of new designations. The first focuses on the use of existing resources, the second on the modification of resources and the third on the creation of totally new linguistic entities. The study challenges the theoretical terminological principle that one designation corresponds to one concept and uses television and radio translations to substantiate this argument. The research is qualitative and does not make any general conclusion about term usage on radio and television. It does however compare the strategies employed by each medium and makes certain recommendations concerning future translations on radio and television.

Orientador: Gladis Massini-Cagliari / Banca: Maria Helena de Moura Neves / Banca: John Robert Schmitz / Resumo: O objetivo principal desta Dissertação de Mestrado é analisar a pronúncia de anglicismos - palavras ou expressões inglesas usadas em outras línguas - por falantes de Português Brasileiro (doravante PB), com vistas à exploração da questão da adaptação destas palavras à língua de chegada, no nível fonológico, para uma posterior discussão da naturalidade de tais palavras ou expressões quando pronunciadas no contexto de PB. Como córpus, foram considerados anglicismos ainda não adaptados graficamente ao PB. A fonte é uma coletânea de textos extraídos de seções da popular revista Veja, do período de janeiro a junho de 2005. Nesse córpus, 290 diferentes termos foram encontrados, totalizando 1326 ocorrências. Pediu-se a dois falantes de PB que lessem em voz alta 50 frases selecionadas dentre os artigos considerados. Cada frase selecionada contém um dos 50 anglicismos mais recorrentes no córpus, retiradas dos artigos da revista em questão. A leitura foi gravada, e a partir das gravações foram feitas as transcrições fonética e fonologica da realização dos sujeitos para os anglicismos selecionados. A partir das transcrições realizadas, foi possível fazer análises fonológicas dos padrões fonéticos produzidos em uma perspectiva não-linear, comparando a pronúncia padrão das palavras em Inglês Americano (IA) com as pronúncias produzidas pelos dois sujeitos em PB. Após essa análise comparativa, foi feito um levantamento dos processos fonológicos utilizados pelos falantes de PB ao pronunciar tais palavras e adaptá-las ao seu sistema fonológico: inserção de vogal epentética /e/ (realizada como [i]) para desfazer onsets complexos e codas simples ou complexas não licenciadas em PB e conseqüente mudança da estrutura silábica da palavra; alteração do posicionamento do acento; vocalização de /l/ em posição de coda... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The aim of this dissertation is to analyze Brazilian Portuguese (hereafter BP) speakers’ pronunciation of Anglicisms, i.e. English words or expressions used in other languages, in order to study how these words are adapted to the target language at a phonological level. Such analysis will serve to discuss the nature of these words or phrases when they are pronounced in the BP context. The corpus comprises Anglicisms which have not yet been graphically adapted to BP. The source is a collection of text extracts from the popular magazine, ‘Veja’, covering the period January to June, 2005. Within this corpus, 290 terms were identified, accounting for a total of 1,326 occurrences. Two speakers of BP were requested to read aloud some 50 sentences, each of which was selected from the sample magazine texts. The samples were selected on the basis that they contained 50 of the most frequently occurring Anglicisms. The reading was recorded so that the subjects’ pronunciation might be transcribed, both phonetically and phonologically. Based on these same transcriptions, it was possible to analyze phonologically the phonetic patterns in a non-linear approach, comparing the standard American pronunciation of such words with the subjects’ BP pronunciation. Following this comparative analysis, it was possible to identify the phonological processes employed by the BP speakers when pronouncing the said words and adapting them to their phonological system. Notable elements included the following: the addition of an epenthetic vowel /e/, (pronounced [i]), in order to break down complex onsets or simple or complex codas which are non-licensed in BP and the consequent change in the syllabic structure of the word; change in the position of word stress; vocalization of /l/ in the coda of syllables; nasalization of vowels followed by nasal consonants; deletion of plosive consonants in the coda of the end of words... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Function words are known to be shorter than content words. I investigate the function words BE and HAVE (with its content word homonym) and show that more reduction, operationalized as word shortening or contraction, is found in some grammaticalized meanings of these words. The difference between the words’ uses cannot be attributed to differences in frequency or semantic weight. Instead I argue that these words are often shortened and reduced when they occur in constructions in which they are highly predictable. This suggests that particular grammaticalized uses of a word are stored with their own exemplar clouds of context-specific phonetic realizations. The phonetics of any instance of a word are then jointly determined by the exemplar cloud for that word and the particular context. A given instance of an auxiliary can be reduced either because it is predictable in the current context or because that use of the auxiliary usually occurs in predictable contexts. The effects cannot be attributed to frequency or semantic weight. The present study compares function word production in the speech of school-aged children and their caregivers and in inter-adult speech. The effects of predictability in context and average predictability across contexts are replicated across the datasets. However, I find that as children get older their function words shorten relative to content words, even when controlling for increasing speech rate, showing that as their language experience increases they spend less time where it is not needed for comprehensibility. Caregivers spend less time on function words with older children than younger children, suggesting that they expect function words to be more difficult for younger interlocutors to decode than for older interlocutors. Additionally, while adults use either word shortening or contraction to increase the efficiency of speech, children tend to either use contraction and word shortening or neither until age seven, where they start to use one strategy or the other like adults. Young children with better vocabulary employ an adult-like strategy earlier, suggesting earlier onset of efficient yet effective speech behavior, namely allocating less signal to function words when they are especially easy for the listener to decode.

No estudo fonológico experimental descrito nesta dissertação, buscamos testar a capacidade dos falantes de português de reconhecerem as palavras a partir de fragmentos iniciais com informações baseadas no acento lexical. Para tanto, realizamos um teste em que palavras segmentadas da língua portuguesa eram apresentadas aos sujeitos os quais deveriam escolher entre palavras pertencentes a três padrões acentuais - tônica/átona, átona/tônica, átona/átona - a qual julgavam pertencer a seqüência de som ouvida. Os resultados do teste revelaram que os sujeitos são capazes de reconhecer uma palavra com base em seus segmentos iniciais e informações sobre o acento lexical. O padrão átona/átona, nomeado PP, apresentou o maior índice de julgamentos errados, 46%, dos quais, a maioria, favorece o padrão átona/tônica. Os parâmetros acústicos que marcam o português foram observados e não apresentaram justificativa para os erros de PP, o que nos leva a concluir que a escolha dos sujeitos seja norteada pelo padrão acentual do português, o paroxítono. / In the experimental phonological research described in this dissertation, we aimed at testing the Portuguese speakers\' ability to recognize words from its initial fragments with information based on the lexical stress. Considering this goal, we \"administered\" a test in which segmented words from Portuguese language were presented to the subjects who had to choose it among three initial stressed patterns - stressed/unstressed, unstressed/stressed, unstressed/unstressed. The choice was done according to the judgment of the sequence of sounds heard by the subjects. The test results revealed that the subjects are able to recognize a word on the basis of its initial segments and information about the lexical stress. The pattern unstressed/unstressed, named PP, presented a higher index of amiss judgment, 46%, the greatest part of the erroneous PP judgment favors the pattern unstressed/stressed. The acoustic parameters that represents Portuguese stress were observed and did not present justification for the errors of PP. Therefore, we could conclude that the choices made by the subjects were leaded by the Portuguese stressed pattern, the paroxítono.

This dissertation focuses on the analysis of James MacMillan’s Seven Last Words from the Cross (1993) and Stabat Mater (2016). Building on the technical analysis, issues of practical application for those who wish to rehearse and perform these works are discussed. Presentation of musical examples, a review of literature, and personal interviews were conducted with MacMillan in preparation of this document. The first chapters provide an introduction to MacMillan, biographical events surrounding the two works, and historical context of each genre. The third chapter then engages with the four main aspects that define MacMillan’s compositional style: the incorporation of Scottish folk music, influence of his Catholic faith, passion to engage with social issues, and balance between conservative and modernist techniques. These four aspects will be examined historically, how they relate to one another, and their role in MacMillan’s music. The fourth and fifth chapters deal with the direct analysis of the Seven Last Words from the Cross and the Stabat Mater. The chapters are structured in a fashion similar to how MacMillan composed both works—starting with the text, developing the structure, crafting important and symbolic musical gestures, and outlining additional compositional techniques. The sixth chapter takes on the analysis of the music and applies it to practical applications one should consider when rehearsing and performing these works. Finally, the conclusion discusses the social relevance of the music and places both compositions in a broader culturally context.

No estudo fonológico experimental descrito nesta dissertação, buscamos testar a capacidade dos falantes de português de reconhecerem as palavras a partir de fragmentos iniciais com informações baseadas no acento lexical. Para tanto, realizamos um teste em que palavras segmentadas da língua portuguesa eram apresentadas aos sujeitos os quais deveriam escolher entre palavras pertencentes a três padrões acentuais - tônica/átona, átona/tônica, átona/átona - a qual julgavam pertencer a seqüência de som ouvida. Os resultados do teste revelaram que os sujeitos são capazes de reconhecer uma palavra com base em seus segmentos iniciais e informações sobre o acento lexical. O padrão átona/átona, nomeado PP, apresentou o maior índice de julgamentos errados, 46%, dos quais, a maioria, favorece o padrão átona/tônica. Os parâmetros acústicos que marcam o português foram observados e não apresentaram justificativa para os erros de PP, o que nos leva a concluir que a escolha dos sujeitos seja norteada pelo padrão acentual do português, o paroxítono. / In the experimental phonological research described in this dissertation, we aimed at testing the Portuguese speakers\' ability to recognize words from its initial fragments with information based on the lexical stress. Considering this goal, we \"administered\" a test in which segmented words from Portuguese language were presented to the subjects who had to choose it among three initial stressed patterns - stressed/unstressed, unstressed/stressed, unstressed/unstressed. The choice was done according to the judgment of the sequence of sounds heard by the subjects. The test results revealed that the subjects are able to recognize a word on the basis of its initial segments and information about the lexical stress. The pattern unstressed/unstressed, named PP, presented a higher index of amiss judgment, 46%, the greatest part of the erroneous PP judgment favors the pattern unstressed/stressed. The acoustic parameters that represents Portuguese stress were observed and did not present justification for the errors of PP. Therefore, we could conclude that the choices made by the subjects were leaded by the Portuguese stressed pattern, the paroxítono.