Do you have trouble spelling everyday words? Is your spell check on overdrive? Well, this easy-to-use dictionary is just what you need! Organized with speed and convenience in mind, it gives you instant access to the correct spellings of more than 12,500 words. Also provided are quick tips and memory tricks, like: Help yourself get the spelling of their right by thinking of the phrase ?their heirlooms.? Most words ending in a ?seed? sound are spelled ?-cede? or ?-ceed,? but one word ends in ?-sede.? You could say the rule for spelling this word supersedes the other rules. No matter what you’re working on, you can be confident that your good writing won’t be marred by bad spelling. This book takes away the guesswork and helps you make a good impression! / https://dc.etsu.edu/alumni_books/1026/thumbnail.jpg

Thesis (M.A. (African Languages)) -- University of Limpopo, 2012 / The title of the research topic is Tsenguluso ya maipfi ane a khou ngalangala kha Tshivenḓa. A multilingual society as South Africa compels a variety of communities to interact with one another. This impacts on languages as well. Tshivenḓa has not escaped this phenomenon as it constantly adopts many words from its sister languages and English in order to cope with the demands of modernity. The study would like to examine this phenomenon as a way of trying to establish the advantages and disadvantages of phasing out what might be termed archaic words and adopting new terms

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If an individual speaks more than one language, there are always at least two ways of verbalising any thought to be expressed. The bilingual speaker must then have a means of ensuring that their utterances are produced in the desired language. However, prominent models of speech production are based almost exclusively on monolingual considerations and require substantial modification to account for bilingual production. A particularly important feature to be explained is the way bilinguals control the language of speech production: for instance, preventing interference from the unintended language, and switching from one language to another. One recent model draws a parallel between bilinguals??? control of their linguistic system and the control of cognitive tasks more generally. The first two experiments reported in this thesis explore the validity of this model by comparing bilingual language switching with a monolingual switching task, as well as to the broader task-switching literature. Switch costs did not conform to the predictions of the task-set inhibition hypothesis in either experiment, as the ???paradoxical??? asymmetry of switch costs was not replicated and some conditions showed benefits, rather than costs, for switching between languages or tasks. Further experiments combined picture naming with negative priming and semantic competitor priming paradigms to examine the role of inhibitory and competitive processes in bilingual lexical selection. Each experiment was also conducted in a parallel monolingual version. Very little negative priming was evident when speaking the second language, but the effects of interlingual cognate status were pronounced. There were some indications of cross-language competition at the level of lexical selection: participants appeared unable to suppress the irrelevant language, even when doing so would make the task easier. Across all the experiments, there was no evidence for global inhibition of the language-not-in-use during speech production. Overall results were characterised by a remarkable flexibility in the mechanisms of bilingual control. A striking dissociation emerged between the patterns of results for cognate and non-cognate items, which was reflected throughout the series of experiments and implicates qualitative differences in the way these lexical items are represented and interconnected.

This thesis has aimed to set out the classification and word production of foreign-inspired Chinese terms (FICT) within the language system of modern Chinese. FICT refers to a group of vocabulary items in Chinese as a recipient language, where formation is motivated by foreign entities or concepts and designated by some foreign words, but no established foreign elements are in fact transferred from the donor language. The thesis establishes a group of terms identified as a particular category of Chinese borrowings according to the motivation of word production, concerning human bodily perception and cognition experience of foreign entities or concepts. Chinese borrowing is categorized as four types: phonic loans, semantic loans, loan blends and FICT, based on the motivation of sound, form and meaning of foreign words, and sensory perception and cognition of foreign entities and concepts. Cognitive semantics, adopted as an approach in the thesis, is a study of mind and its relationship with embodied experience and culture. Employing language as a key methodological tool for uncovering conceptual organization and structure, this study explores the methods of FICT word production, such as sensory perceptual and metaphorical production in terms of principles of cognitive semantics within the Chinese language system. The various types of Chinese borrowings are analysed in terms of the theory of categorization, and FICT in particular are examined under the semantic model proposed here. It is hoped that the thesis is able to open a new approach to the investigation of Chinese loan words and the process of FICT word production within cognitive semantics. / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

D / Naming pictures of polysyllabic words (three or more syllables (PSWs)) seems to provide speech pathologists with information about communication status not necessarily present when naming pictures of short words (monosyllabic words (MSWs) and di-syllabic words (DSWs)). Typically developing children and children with speech, language and literacy impairments err on PSWs even when short words are accurate. In this study, typical behaviour of PSW production was delimited and a model of PSW acquisition was developed because if erroneous PSWs mark impairment, then circumscribing the tolerances of them in typically developing speech is necessary to differentiate it from impairment. A proportional stratified, cluster sampling procedure was used to locate 354 children, aged 3;0 to 7;11 years, of whom 283 met the selection criteria, including normal hearing, language and cognition. All English phonemes were repeatedly sampled in 166 words, elicited through picture naming, that were varied for syllable number, stress and shape. Syllable, age and interaction effects were present with more mismatches in PSWs than in short words, decreasing with increasing age. Mismatches were captured in five a priori patterns of deletions, additions and reordering of syllables and segments in words as well as alterations of consonants or vowels in words that preserved the phonotactic shape. However, as all five patterns were word-specific, each affecting a core group of words containing PSWs and DSWs, the syllable effect was modified. It appeared to be a proxy for a complex interaction between segmental and prosodic features common to the core words that included non-final weak syllables, within-word consonant sequences that required labial-velar movements, velar and sonorant sounds and sounds that shared place or manner features, severally or together. The production changes conformed to the predictions of the model of PSW acquisition. These changes reflected alterations in the phonological representation, motor planning and motor execution skills aspects of the speech processing system. The phonological representation, changing from holistic to fine-grained, was argued as the key change because information for motor planning and execution was liberated that culminated in increased accuracy. If children’s productions of the PSWs used in this study exceed the tolerances defined in this thesis, impairment may be indicated. Future research is needed to determine that possibility.

Jenny Holzer has not always held her present post as a reigning figure in the world of contemporary art. When juxtaposed with the simplicity of her first text series, Truisms (1977), her recent work is increasingly more complex. Yet clearly there are qualities which have remained vital to the core aspects of Holzer?s concepts regarding art, particularly that it is intended to be seen by many, pondered over, and deciphered by the general public. She has proven herself capable of exhibiting work in a wide variety of mediums so as to address more acutely an extensive array of cultural issues. In order to remain true to her ideals while adjusting to new spaces and an ever shifting social landscape, Holzer has retained, above all, a devotion to utilizing clear, direct language. Other details in Holzer?s imagery have changed: simple black and white texts printed on posters led to more complex textual displays which employed light, color, and other various mediums (such as marble, skin, and bone, to name a few). Audiences have been winnowed away to a more select group of ?art? cognoscenti who seek out her texts, rather than the original street viewers who were caught abruptly off guard by the appearance of Holzer?s texts in public places. Rather than authoring her own texts, Holzer now also culls writings from various poets or utilizes documents from government archives; installations have grown more intricate and complex as they have moved from outdoor to gallery and museum spaces. Nonetheless, Holzer still elicits reactions to her work today that are as strong as the feelings borne towards her early works. In fact, some of these newer projects may even be more emotionally difficult to bear, as they continue to engender dialogues about issues most viewers would rather ignore because of their uncomfortable nature. This paper serves to explore the ways in which Holzer?s work has successfully matured, addresses the mechanisms by which her texts achieve their potency, and enumerates the similarities and differences between the various series Holzer has created through her career up to her Redaction Paintings (2005-2007).

Sustainability is a growing trend and companies are increasingly engaging sustainability in their core business strategy. One example of how this is manifested is through the development of products that are  labelled as energy-efficient. There is a lack of insights into how consumers perceive and gain benefits from such sustainable products, particularly so regarding the nonfunctional and non-economical benefits and into how culture influences those benefits. The purpose of this study is to investigate consumer perceived non-functional and non-economical benefits that are associated  with energy-efficient products,  in order to gain a deeper understanding on how the Swedish compared to the Thai culture influence consumers perception of energy efficient products within the home appliance industry. The literature review regarding the  symbolic meaning of products concludes that the most relevant perceived benefits of products includes emotional-, self-expressiveness-, and social benefits. A cross-cultural quantitative study performed in Sweden and Thailand determines that culture influences consumers understanding of products and thereby influence their perceived benefit from energyefficient home appliances. How culture influences consumer perceived benefits depends on the characteristics of the different cultural dimensions established by Hofstede (2010), involving: power distance, masculinity, individualism, uncertainty avoidance, and long-term orientation.

This thesis concerns infinite words over finite alphabets. It contributes to two topics in this area: critical exponents and stabilizers. Let w be a right-infinite word defined over a finite alphabet. The critical exponent of w is the supremum of the set of exponents r such that w contains an r-power as a subword. Most of the thesis (Chapters 3 through 7) is devoted to critical exponents. Chapter 3 is a survey of previous research on critical exponents and repetitions in morphic words. In Chapter 4 we prove that every real number greater than 1 is the critical exponent of some right-infinite word over some finite alphabet. Our proof is constructive. In Chapter 5 we characterize critical exponents of pure morphic words generated by uniform binary morphisms. We also give an explicit formula to compute these critical exponents, based on a well-defined prefix of the infinite word. In Chapter 6 we generalize our results to pure morphic words generated by non-erasing morphisms over any finite alphabet. We prove that critical exponents of such words are algebraic, of a degree bounded by the alphabet size. Under certain conditions, our proof implies an algorithm for computing the critical exponent. We demonstrate our method by computing the critical exponent of some families of infinite words. In particular, in Chapter 7 we compute the critical exponent of the Arshon word of order n for n ≥ 3. The stabilizer of an infinite word w defined over a finite alphabet Σ is the set of morphisms f: Σ*→Σ* that fix w. In Chapter 8 we study various problems related to stabilizers and their generators. We show that over a binary alphabet, there exist stabilizers with at least n generators for all n. Over a ternary alphabet, the monoid of morphisms generating a given infinite word by iteration can be infinitely generated, even when the word is generated by iterating an invertible primitive morphism. Stabilizers of strict epistandard words are cyclic when non-trivial, while stabilizers of ultimately strict epistandard words are always non-trivial. For this latter family of words, we give a characterization of stabilizer elements. We conclude with a list of open problems, including a new problem that has not been addressed yet: the D0L repetition threshold.

In 1912 Axel Thue sparked the study of combinatorics on words when he showed that the Thue-Morse sequence contains no overlaps, that is, factors of the form ayaya. Since then many interesting properties of sequences began to be discovered and studied. In this thesis, we consider a class of infinite sequences generated by automata, called the k-automatic sequences. In particular, we present a logical theory in which many properties of k-automatic sequences can be expressed as predicates and we show that such predicates are decidable. Our main contribution is the implementation of a theorem prover capable of practically characterizing many commonly sought-after properties of k-automatic sequences. We showcase a panoply of results achieved using our method. We give new explicit descriptions of the recurrence and appearance functions of a list of well-known k-automatic sequences. We define a related function, called the condensation function, and give explicit descriptions for it as well. We re-affirm known results on the critical exponent of some sequences and determine it for others where it was previously unknown. On the more theoretical side, we show that the subword complexity p(n) of k-automatic sequences is k-synchronized, i.e., the language of pairs (n, p(n)) (expressed in base k) is accepted by an automaton. Furthermore, we prove that the Lyndon factorization of k-automatic sequences is also k-automatic and explicitly compute the factorization for several sequences. Finally, we show that while the number of unbordered factors of length n is not k-synchronized, it is k-regular.