The main topic of this thesis is combinatorics on words. The field of combinatorics on words dates back at least to the beginning of the 20th century when Axel Thue constructed an infinite squarefree sequence over a ternary alphabet. From this celebrated result also emerged the subfield of repetition in words which is the main focus of this thesis. One basic tool in the study of repetition in words is the iteration of morphisms. In Chapter 1, we introduce this tool among other basic notions. In Chapter 2, we see applications of iterated morphisms in several examples. The second half of the chapter contains a survey of results concerning Dejean's conjecture. In Chapter 3, we generalize Dejean's conjecture to circular factors. We see several applications of iterated morphism in this chapter. We continue our study of repetition in words in Chapter 4, where we study the length of the shortest repetition-free word in regular languages. Finally, in Chapter 5, we conclude by presenting a number of open problems.

The main topic of this thesis is combinatorics on words. The field of combinatorics on words dates back at least to the beginning of the 20th century when Axel Thue constructed an infinite squarefree sequence over a ternary alphabet. From this celebrated result also emerged the subfield of repetition in words which is the main focus of this thesis. One basic tool in the study of repetition in words is the iteration of morphisms. In Chapter 1, we introduce this tool among other basic notions. In Chapter 2, we see applications of iterated morphisms in several examples. The second half of the chapter contains a survey of results concerning Dejean's conjecture. In Chapter 3, we generalize Dejean's conjecture to circular factors. We see several applications of iterated morphism in this chapter. We continue our study of repetition in words in Chapter 4, where we study the length of the shortest repetition-free word in regular languages. Finally, in Chapter 5, we conclude by presenting a number of open problems.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of two free throw shooting methods, the Ed Palubinskas Method (PM) and the Free Shoot Method (FSM), and their ability to improve free throw shooting accuracy. The experimental group, using the PM, and the control group, using the FSM, shot the same amount of free throws over a 13 week period. Subjects were 33 male intermediate basketball students at Brigham Young University. Subjects in both groups shot 26 free throws twice a week. Subjects were tested once every other week by shooting and recording the amount made out of nine attempts. There was no significant improvement for trials for both groups over the 13 weeks (F=1.583, p=.154). There was also no significant difference between groups (F=.445, p=.510) nor any interaction between groups (F=.642, p=.696). There was no significant difference in free throw shooting accuracy between the PM and FSM for the selected groups.

Introdução: o envelhecimento está associado a perdas cardiorrespiratórias e neuromusculares, que estão relacionadas com quedas, hospitalizações e perda da independência funcional. O treinamento concorrente (TC) já está estabelecido como a melhor ferramenta para combater estes declínios e, portanto, deve-se entender a melhor forma de prescrever este treinamento. Com relação a parte neuromuscular do TC, o uso de repetições máximas (RM) vem sendo questionado sobre sua eficácia e, em idosos, ainda não existem estudos abordando este tema. Objetivo: investigar possíveis diferenças nas adaptações neuromusculares à execução ou não execução de repetições máximas nos exercícios de força, explorando também o uso do volume equalizado (número de repetições igualadas com as repetições máximas), durante o TC em homens idosos. Materiais e métodos: o estudo contou com 12 semanas de TC feito duas vezes na semana; 32 homens idosos foram randomizados para um dos três diferentes grupos: grupo com repetições máximas (GRM); grupo com repetições submáximas (GRNM), que trabalhava com 50% do volume do GRM; e um grupo que trabalhava com volume equalizado (GRNMVE), ou seja, mesmo volume do GRM, porém com ausência de séries chegando até a falha concêntrica. As variáveis analisadas foram o 1RM (kg) no exercício LG e EJ, CIVM dos extensores de joelho direito no dinamômetro isocinético, na qual foram avaliados: PTIso, TPT nos intervalos 0-50, 0100 e 0-250 m.s e EMG (μV) do músculo RF e VL, desempenho de saltos CMJ e SJ, avaliados no tapete de saltos e EM do quadríceps por US. A análise estatística dos dados está apresentada em média e DP. Todas as análises foram feitas no software SPSS 21.0, com nível de significância de  < 0,05 para todas as variáveis. O TE, que foi calculado pela diferença na média pré e pós treinamento da variável dividido pelo DP pré treinamento. Resultados: todos os grupos incrementaram seus valores de base para o período pós treinamento. Para a força máxima, 1RM LG e EJ incrementaram em todos grupos (p < 0,05 e p < 0,001, respectivamente), sem diferenças entre eles (ganhos ~50% e ~30% para LG e EJ, respectivamente). O PTIso teve incrementos, mas não significativos, (p = 0,072; incrementos de 5 – 15%). Para a TPT 0-50m.s (p=0,066) não teve ganhos significativos, porém os intervalos da TPT 0-100 (p=0,027; ganhos ~15%) e TPT 0-250m.s (p<0,05; ganhos~12%) foram significativos para todos os grupos. Para o desempenho de saltos, o CMJ teve uma tendência significativa (p=0,056; ganhos de 3-12%) e o SJ teve incrementos significativos (p<0,05; ganhos ~15%), para todos os grupos, sem diferenças entre os grupos. Para os valores de EMG RF e EMG VL (p>0,05 para ambos), não houve incremento em todos os grupos. Para os valores de EM, todos os grupos aumentaram seus valores, sem diferenças entre os grupos, de modo significativo (p<0,05), com exceção ao VI, que não teve ganhos significativos (VI: p= 0,85), sem diferenças entre os grupos. Para o somatório do quadríceps, todos os grupos incrementaram seus valores significativamente (p<0,05; ganhos de 2-10%), sem diferenças entre os grupos. Para a tensão específica, todos os grupos incrementaram seus valores significativamente (p< 0,001; ganhos de 11-29%), sem diferenças entre eles. Conclusões: o uso de repetições máximas no treino de força (TF), dentro do contexto do TC, em idosos, não é necessário, já que não foi observada vantagem no GRM. Mesmo um menor volume de treinamento foi capaz de induzir a mesma magnitude de adaptações. / Introduction: aging is associated with cardiorespiratory and neuromuscular losses, which are related to falls, hospitalizations, and loss of functional independency. Concurrent training (CT) is already established to be the best form to fight these declines and, therefore, it is necessary to understand the best way to prescribe these type of training. Regarding the neuromuscular part from the CT, the use of repetitions maximum (RM) is being questioned about it’s efficacy and, in elderly, this them has not yet been approached. Objective: investigate the possible differences in the neuromuscular adaptations due to the execution of maximum repetitions in strength training, also exploring the use of equalized volume, during the CT in elderly men. Materials and methods: the study accounted with 12 weeks of CT, done twice a week; 32 male elderly were randomized into one of the three groups: one protocol using RM, referred by the GRM initials; another protocol using 50% of the volume from the GRM, referred by the GRNM initials; and the last protocol using the same volume from the GRM, but with more series to equalize the total volume, without reaching concentric failure, referred by the initials GRNMVE. The analyzed variables were 1RM (kg) for the LG and EJ exercises, MIVC of the knee extensors, in which were computed: PTIso, RFD at the 0-50, 0-100 and 0-250 m.s intervals and the EMG (μV) from RF and VL muscles. Jump’s performance from the CMJ and SJ, at the jump’s carpet, MT done by US. All the data are presented in media and ST. all the analyzes were made in the SPSS software, version 21.0, with the significance level set at  < 0,05 for all variables. The EF was calculated by the difference between the means from pre to post training, divided by the pre training SD. Results: all groups increased their values from baseline to post training. For maximum strength, 1RM LG and EJ increased in all groups (p<0,05 e p<0,001, respectively), without differences between them (gains ~50% and ~30% for LG e EJ, respectively). PTIso increased their values, but without significance (p = 0,072; gains from 5 to 15%). For RFD 0-50 m.s, there were no significative gains (p=0,066), but there significant gains for the intervals RFD 0-100m.s (p=0,027; ganhos ~15%) RFD 0-250 m.s (p<0,05; ganhos~12%) for all groups. For the jump’s performance, the CMJ had a trend towards signifcance (p=0,056; increases from 3 to 12%) and SJ had significant gains (p<0,05; ganhos ~15%), for all grops, with no difference between them.For thw EMG RF e EMG VL values, there was no difference found (p>0,05 for both) in any group. For the MT values, all groups increased their baseline values for all muscles (p<0,05), except for VI, that showed no significative gains (VI: p= 0,85), with no difference between the groups. For the total quadriceps MT, all groups increased their values (p<0,05; gains from 2 to 10%), without any group differences. Fot the MQ quality values, all groups increased their baseline values (p< 0,001; gains from 11 to 29%), with no difference between them. Conclusions: the use of RM on the ST, inside the context of CT, in elderly, is not necessary, because it was not noted an advantage for the GRM. Even a smaller volume of training was able to induce the same magnitude adaptations.

This thesis concerns infinite words over finite alphabets. It contributes to two topics in this area: critical exponents and stabilizers. Let w be a right-infinite word defined over a finite alphabet. The critical exponent of w is the supremum of the set of exponents r such that w contains an r-power as a subword. Most of the thesis (Chapters 3 through 7) is devoted to critical exponents. Chapter 3 is a survey of previous research on critical exponents and repetitions in morphic words. In Chapter 4 we prove that every real number greater than 1 is the critical exponent of some right-infinite word over some finite alphabet. Our proof is constructive. In Chapter 5 we characterize critical exponents of pure morphic words generated by uniform binary morphisms. We also give an explicit formula to compute these critical exponents, based on a well-defined prefix of the infinite word. In Chapter 6 we generalize our results to pure morphic words generated by non-erasing morphisms over any finite alphabet. We prove that critical exponents of such words are algebraic, of a degree bounded by the alphabet size. Under certain conditions, our proof implies an algorithm for computing the critical exponent. We demonstrate our method by computing the critical exponent of some families of infinite words. In particular, in Chapter 7 we compute the critical exponent of the Arshon word of order n for n ≥ 3. The stabilizer of an infinite word w defined over a finite alphabet Σ is the set of morphisms f: Σ*→Σ* that fix w. In Chapter 8 we study various problems related to stabilizers and their generators. We show that over a binary alphabet, there exist stabilizers with at least n generators for all n. Over a ternary alphabet, the monoid of morphisms generating a given infinite word by iteration can be infinitely generated, even when the word is generated by iterating an invertible primitive morphism. Stabilizers of strict epistandard words are cyclic when non-trivial, while stabilizers of ultimately strict epistandard words are always non-trivial. For this latter family of words, we give a characterization of stabilizer elements. We conclude with a list of open problems, including a new problem that has not been addressed yet: the D0L repetition threshold.

This thesis concerns infinite words over finite alphabets. It contributes to two topics in this area: critical exponents and stabilizers. Let w be a right-infinite word defined over a finite alphabet. The critical exponent of w is the supremum of the set of exponents r such that w contains an r-power as a subword. Most of the thesis (Chapters 3 through 7) is devoted to critical exponents. Chapter 3 is a survey of previous research on critical exponents and repetitions in morphic words. In Chapter 4 we prove that every real number greater than 1 is the critical exponent of some right-infinite word over some finite alphabet. Our proof is constructive. In Chapter 5 we characterize critical exponents of pure morphic words generated by uniform binary morphisms. We also give an explicit formula to compute these critical exponents, based on a well-defined prefix of the infinite word. In Chapter 6 we generalize our results to pure morphic words generated by non-erasing morphisms over any finite alphabet. We prove that critical exponents of such words are algebraic, of a degree bounded by the alphabet size. Under certain conditions, our proof implies an algorithm for computing the critical exponent. We demonstrate our method by computing the critical exponent of some families of infinite words. In particular, in Chapter 7 we compute the critical exponent of the Arshon word of order n for n ≥ 3. The stabilizer of an infinite word w defined over a finite alphabet Σ is the set of morphisms f: Σ*→Σ* that fix w. In Chapter 8 we study various problems related to stabilizers and their generators. We show that over a binary alphabet, there exist stabilizers with at least n generators for all n. Over a ternary alphabet, the monoid of morphisms generating a given infinite word by iteration can be infinitely generated, even when the word is generated by iterating an invertible primitive morphism. Stabilizers of strict epistandard words are cyclic when non-trivial, while stabilizers of ultimately strict epistandard words are always non-trivial. For this latter family of words, we give a characterization of stabilizer elements. We conclude with a list of open problems, including a new problem that has not been addressed yet: the D0L repetition threshold.

Introdução: o envelhecimento está associado a perdas cardiorrespiratórias e neuromusculares, que estão relacionadas com quedas, hospitalizações e perda da independência funcional. O treinamento concorrente (TC) já está estabelecido como a melhor ferramenta para combater estes declínios e, portanto, deve-se entender a melhor forma de prescrever este treinamento. Com relação a parte neuromuscular do TC, o uso de repetições máximas (RM) vem sendo questionado sobre sua eficácia e, em idosos, ainda não existem estudos abordando este tema. Objetivo: investigar possíveis diferenças nas adaptações neuromusculares à execução ou não execução de repetições máximas nos exercícios de força, explorando também o uso do volume equalizado (número de repetições igualadas com as repetições máximas), durante o TC em homens idosos. Materiais e métodos: o estudo contou com 12 semanas de TC feito duas vezes na semana; 32 homens idosos foram randomizados para um dos três diferentes grupos: grupo com repetições máximas (GRM); grupo com repetições submáximas (GRNM), que trabalhava com 50% do volume do GRM; e um grupo que trabalhava com volume equalizado (GRNMVE), ou seja, mesmo volume do GRM, porém com ausência de séries chegando até a falha concêntrica. As variáveis analisadas foram o 1RM (kg) no exercício LG e EJ, CIVM dos extensores de joelho direito no dinamômetro isocinético, na qual foram avaliados: PTIso, TPT nos intervalos 0-50, 0100 e 0-250 m.s e EMG (μV) do músculo RF e VL, desempenho de saltos CMJ e SJ, avaliados no tapete de saltos e EM do quadríceps por US. A análise estatística dos dados está apresentada em média e DP. Todas as análises foram feitas no software SPSS 21.0, com nível de significância de  < 0,05 para todas as variáveis. O TE, que foi calculado pela diferença na média pré e pós treinamento da variável dividido pelo DP pré treinamento. Resultados: todos os grupos incrementaram seus valores de base para o período pós treinamento. Para a força máxima, 1RM LG e EJ incrementaram em todos grupos (p < 0,05 e p < 0,001, respectivamente), sem diferenças entre eles (ganhos ~50% e ~30% para LG e EJ, respectivamente). O PTIso teve incrementos, mas não significativos, (p = 0,072; incrementos de 5 – 15%). Para a TPT 0-50m.s (p=0,066) não teve ganhos significativos, porém os intervalos da TPT 0-100 (p=0,027; ganhos ~15%) e TPT 0-250m.s (p<0,05; ganhos~12%) foram significativos para todos os grupos. Para o desempenho de saltos, o CMJ teve uma tendência significativa (p=0,056; ganhos de 3-12%) e o SJ teve incrementos significativos (p<0,05; ganhos ~15%), para todos os grupos, sem diferenças entre os grupos. Para os valores de EMG RF e EMG VL (p>0,05 para ambos), não houve incremento em todos os grupos. Para os valores de EM, todos os grupos aumentaram seus valores, sem diferenças entre os grupos, de modo significativo (p<0,05), com exceção ao VI, que não teve ganhos significativos (VI: p= 0,85), sem diferenças entre os grupos. Para o somatório do quadríceps, todos os grupos incrementaram seus valores significativamente (p<0,05; ganhos de 2-10%), sem diferenças entre os grupos. Para a tensão específica, todos os grupos incrementaram seus valores significativamente (p< 0,001; ganhos de 11-29%), sem diferenças entre eles. Conclusões: o uso de repetições máximas no treino de força (TF), dentro do contexto do TC, em idosos, não é necessário, já que não foi observada vantagem no GRM. Mesmo um menor volume de treinamento foi capaz de induzir a mesma magnitude de adaptações. / Introduction: aging is associated with cardiorespiratory and neuromuscular losses, which are related to falls, hospitalizations, and loss of functional independency. Concurrent training (CT) is already established to be the best form to fight these declines and, therefore, it is necessary to understand the best way to prescribe these type of training. Regarding the neuromuscular part from the CT, the use of repetitions maximum (RM) is being questioned about it’s efficacy and, in elderly, this them has not yet been approached. Objective: investigate the possible differences in the neuromuscular adaptations due to the execution of maximum repetitions in strength training, also exploring the use of equalized volume, during the CT in elderly men. Materials and methods: the study accounted with 12 weeks of CT, done twice a week; 32 male elderly were randomized into one of the three groups: one protocol using RM, referred by the GRM initials; another protocol using 50% of the volume from the GRM, referred by the GRNM initials; and the last protocol using the same volume from the GRM, but with more series to equalize the total volume, without reaching concentric failure, referred by the initials GRNMVE. The analyzed variables were 1RM (kg) for the LG and EJ exercises, MIVC of the knee extensors, in which were computed: PTIso, RFD at the 0-50, 0-100 and 0-250 m.s intervals and the EMG (μV) from RF and VL muscles. Jump’s performance from the CMJ and SJ, at the jump’s carpet, MT done by US. All the data are presented in media and ST. all the analyzes were made in the SPSS software, version 21.0, with the significance level set at  < 0,05 for all variables. The EF was calculated by the difference between the means from pre to post training, divided by the pre training SD. Results: all groups increased their values from baseline to post training. For maximum strength, 1RM LG and EJ increased in all groups (p<0,05 e p<0,001, respectively), without differences between them (gains ~50% and ~30% for LG e EJ, respectively). PTIso increased their values, but without significance (p = 0,072; gains from 5 to 15%). For RFD 0-50 m.s, there were no significative gains (p=0,066), but there significant gains for the intervals RFD 0-100m.s (p=0,027; ganhos ~15%) RFD 0-250 m.s (p<0,05; ganhos~12%) for all groups. For the jump’s performance, the CMJ had a trend towards signifcance (p=0,056; increases from 3 to 12%) and SJ had significant gains (p<0,05; ganhos ~15%), for all grops, with no difference between them.For thw EMG RF e EMG VL values, there was no difference found (p>0,05 for both) in any group. For the MT values, all groups increased their baseline values for all muscles (p<0,05), except for VI, that showed no significative gains (VI: p= 0,85), with no difference between the groups. For the total quadriceps MT, all groups increased their values (p<0,05; gains from 2 to 10%), without any group differences. Fot the MQ quality values, all groups increased their baseline values (p< 0,001; gains from 11 to 29%), with no difference between them. Conclusions: the use of RM on the ST, inside the context of CT, in elderly, is not necessary, because it was not noted an advantage for the GRM. Even a smaller volume of training was able to induce the same magnitude adaptations.

Introdução: o envelhecimento está associado a perdas cardiorrespiratórias e neuromusculares, que estão relacionadas com quedas, hospitalizações e perda da independência funcional. O treinamento concorrente (TC) já está estabelecido como a melhor ferramenta para combater estes declínios e, portanto, deve-se entender a melhor forma de prescrever este treinamento. Com relação a parte neuromuscular do TC, o uso de repetições máximas (RM) vem sendo questionado sobre sua eficácia e, em idosos, ainda não existem estudos abordando este tema. Objetivo: investigar possíveis diferenças nas adaptações neuromusculares à execução ou não execução de repetições máximas nos exercícios de força, explorando também o uso do volume equalizado (número de repetições igualadas com as repetições máximas), durante o TC em homens idosos. Materiais e métodos: o estudo contou com 12 semanas de TC feito duas vezes na semana; 32 homens idosos foram randomizados para um dos três diferentes grupos: grupo com repetições máximas (GRM); grupo com repetições submáximas (GRNM), que trabalhava com 50% do volume do GRM; e um grupo que trabalhava com volume equalizado (GRNMVE), ou seja, mesmo volume do GRM, porém com ausência de séries chegando até a falha concêntrica. As variáveis analisadas foram o 1RM (kg) no exercício LG e EJ, CIVM dos extensores de joelho direito no dinamômetro isocinético, na qual foram avaliados: PTIso, TPT nos intervalos 0-50, 0100 e 0-250 m.s e EMG (μV) do músculo RF e VL, desempenho de saltos CMJ e SJ, avaliados no tapete de saltos e EM do quadríceps por US. A análise estatística dos dados está apresentada em média e DP. Todas as análises foram feitas no software SPSS 21.0, com nível de significância de  < 0,05 para todas as variáveis. O TE, que foi calculado pela diferença na média pré e pós treinamento da variável dividido pelo DP pré treinamento. Resultados: todos os grupos incrementaram seus valores de base para o período pós treinamento. Para a força máxima, 1RM LG e EJ incrementaram em todos grupos (p < 0,05 e p < 0,001, respectivamente), sem diferenças entre eles (ganhos ~50% e ~30% para LG e EJ, respectivamente). O PTIso teve incrementos, mas não significativos, (p = 0,072; incrementos de 5 – 15%). Para a TPT 0-50m.s (p=0,066) não teve ganhos significativos, porém os intervalos da TPT 0-100 (p=0,027; ganhos ~15%) e TPT 0-250m.s (p<0,05; ganhos~12%) foram significativos para todos os grupos. Para o desempenho de saltos, o CMJ teve uma tendência significativa (p=0,056; ganhos de 3-12%) e o SJ teve incrementos significativos (p<0,05; ganhos ~15%), para todos os grupos, sem diferenças entre os grupos. Para os valores de EMG RF e EMG VL (p>0,05 para ambos), não houve incremento em todos os grupos. Para os valores de EM, todos os grupos aumentaram seus valores, sem diferenças entre os grupos, de modo significativo (p<0,05), com exceção ao VI, que não teve ganhos significativos (VI: p= 0,85), sem diferenças entre os grupos. Para o somatório do quadríceps, todos os grupos incrementaram seus valores significativamente (p<0,05; ganhos de 2-10%), sem diferenças entre os grupos. Para a tensão específica, todos os grupos incrementaram seus valores significativamente (p< 0,001; ganhos de 11-29%), sem diferenças entre eles. Conclusões: o uso de repetições máximas no treino de força (TF), dentro do contexto do TC, em idosos, não é necessário, já que não foi observada vantagem no GRM. Mesmo um menor volume de treinamento foi capaz de induzir a mesma magnitude de adaptações. / Introduction: aging is associated with cardiorespiratory and neuromuscular losses, which are related to falls, hospitalizations, and loss of functional independency. Concurrent training (CT) is already established to be the best form to fight these declines and, therefore, it is necessary to understand the best way to prescribe these type of training. Regarding the neuromuscular part from the CT, the use of repetitions maximum (RM) is being questioned about it’s efficacy and, in elderly, this them has not yet been approached. Objective: investigate the possible differences in the neuromuscular adaptations due to the execution of maximum repetitions in strength training, also exploring the use of equalized volume, during the CT in elderly men. Materials and methods: the study accounted with 12 weeks of CT, done twice a week; 32 male elderly were randomized into one of the three groups: one protocol using RM, referred by the GRM initials; another protocol using 50% of the volume from the GRM, referred by the GRNM initials; and the last protocol using the same volume from the GRM, but with more series to equalize the total volume, without reaching concentric failure, referred by the initials GRNMVE. The analyzed variables were 1RM (kg) for the LG and EJ exercises, MIVC of the knee extensors, in which were computed: PTIso, RFD at the 0-50, 0-100 and 0-250 m.s intervals and the EMG (μV) from RF and VL muscles. Jump’s performance from the CMJ and SJ, at the jump’s carpet, MT done by US. All the data are presented in media and ST. all the analyzes were made in the SPSS software, version 21.0, with the significance level set at  < 0,05 for all variables. The EF was calculated by the difference between the means from pre to post training, divided by the pre training SD. Results: all groups increased their values from baseline to post training. For maximum strength, 1RM LG and EJ increased in all groups (p<0,05 e p<0,001, respectively), without differences between them (gains ~50% and ~30% for LG e EJ, respectively). PTIso increased their values, but without significance (p = 0,072; gains from 5 to 15%). For RFD 0-50 m.s, there were no significative gains (p=0,066), but there significant gains for the intervals RFD 0-100m.s (p=0,027; ganhos ~15%) RFD 0-250 m.s (p<0,05; ganhos~12%) for all groups. For the jump’s performance, the CMJ had a trend towards signifcance (p=0,056; increases from 3 to 12%) and SJ had significant gains (p<0,05; ganhos ~15%), for all grops, with no difference between them.For thw EMG RF e EMG VL values, there was no difference found (p>0,05 for both) in any group. For the MT values, all groups increased their baseline values for all muscles (p<0,05), except for VI, that showed no significative gains (VI: p= 0,85), with no difference between the groups. For the total quadriceps MT, all groups increased their values (p<0,05; gains from 2 to 10%), without any group differences. Fot the MQ quality values, all groups increased their baseline values (p< 0,001; gains from 11 to 29%), with no difference between them. Conclusions: the use of RM on the ST, inside the context of CT, in elderly, is not necessary, because it was not noted an advantage for the GRM. Even a smaller volume of training was able to induce the same magnitude adaptations.

This study investigated the use of electromyographic feedback in regulating the frequency of part-word repetitions. Two adult stutterers, one female (Subject A) and one male (Subject B) were employed. The frequency of part-word repetitions during baserate, EMG uV raising, and EMG uV lowering conditions was assessed for Subject B. As hypothesized, results indicate that there was a notable decline in the frequency of part-word repetitions during the EMG uV lowering sessions. However, contrary to the second hypothesis, (i.e. that an increase in EMG uV would correspond with an increase in part-word repetitions) there was also a decline in the frequency of part-word repetitions during the EMG raising sessions.

No description available.