Les sondes dures apparaissent comme l'un des sujets les plus excitant de la Physique des hautes énergies. Les mécanismes de production des quarkonia (mésons formés par l'état lié quark-antiquark charmé ou beau) dans les collisions hadroniques sont particulièrement intéressants. La suppression du J/ψ et des autres charmonia a été prédites comme l'une des signatures de la formation du Plasma de Quark et de Gluons (PQG), suppression déjà observée au SPS et au RHIC. De nombreuses études de la suppression des charmonia ont également été menées au LHC. Cependant, d'autres effets sont susceptibles de modifier la production de charmonia sans requérir la formation d'un QGP. Ces effets, inhérents aux collisions impliquant des noyaux, sont appelés effets nucléaires froids ou CNM («Cold Nuclear Matter»). Ils peuvent être étudiés dans les collisions p-Pb. Cette thèse est dédiée à l'analyse de la production de J/ψ dans les collisions p-Pb collisions à une énergie dans le centre de masse de 5.02 TeV par paire de nucléon au LHC. La production de J/ψ est étudiée en fonction de l'impulsion transverse, de la rapidité et de l'activité de la collision. Ces résultats apportent une contribution significative dans la compréhension des effets CNM et dans l'établissement d'une référence pour l'interprétation de la production de J/ψ dans les collisions Pb-Pb. / Hard probes represent one of the hottest topics of the modern high energy physics. The production mechanism of quarkonia (mesons composed of a charm or beauty quark and its antiquark) in hadronic collisions is of particular interest. The suppression of J/ψ and other charmonium states was predicted as one of the first signatures of the Quark Gluon Plasma (QGP) formation and was seen at RHIC and SPS. It was also studied at the LHC in Pb-Pb collisions. However, other effects can affect the charmonium production in Pb-Pb collisions without the presence of the QGP. These effects are inherent to the use of nuclei and are called «Cold Nuclear Matter» (CNM) effects. They can be studied in p-Pb collisions. This thesis is dedicated to the studies of J/ψ production in p-Pb collisions at the LHC at a center of mass energy of 5.02 TeV per nucleon pair. J/ψ production is studied as a function of transverse momentum, rapidity and event activity. These results represent a significant step to better understanding of the CNM effects and to the establishment of a reference for J/ψ production in Pb-Pb collisions.

Les collisions d’ions lourds au LHC permettent l’étude des propriétés de la matière nucléaire soumise à des conditions extrêmes de température et densité d’énergie où on assisterait à la formation du Plasma de Quarks et Gluons (QGP). La mesure des saveurs lourdes ouvertes (charme et beauté) est particulièrement intéressante pour l’étude des propriétés du QGP. L’étude des collisions d’ions lourds au LHC nécessite aussi la mesure des collisions pp et p–Pb. Les collisions p-Pb permettent en particulier d’étudier les effets nucléaire froids et d’interpréter les effets nucléaires chauds observés dans les collisions Pb–Pb. Cette thèse est dédiée à l’étude de la production des saveurs lourdes ouvertes via les muons simples dans les collisions p–Pb à √8NN = 5.02 TeV aux rapidités avant et arrière avec le détecteur ALICE au LHC. La référence pp est estimée à partir des mesures pp à √8 = 2.76 TeV et 7 TeV et utilisant des calculs pQCD pour l’extrapolation à √8 = 5.02 TeV. Les mesures du facteur de modification nucléaire (RpPb) et du rapport des sections efficaces aux rapidités avant et arrière indiquent que les effets nucléaires froids sont faibles sur tout le domaine en impulsion transverse (pT) aux rapidités avant (RpPb ≈ 1). Aux rapidités arrière, le facteur de modification nucléaire est sensiblement plus grand que un dans la région 2 < pT < 4 GeV/c. Les résultats confirment que la forte suppression des taux de production des muons issus du charme et de la beauté mesurée dans les collisions centrales Pb–Pb est due au milieu dense et chaud. Le facteur de modification nucléaire et le rapport des sections efficaces aux rapidités avant et arrière sont aussi mesurés en fonction de la centralité dans les collisions p-Pb. Le facteur de modification nucléaire reste compatible avec l’unité à grand pT dans les collisions centrales. / The LHC heavy-ion physics program aims at investigating the properties of strongly-interacting matter in extreme conditions of temperature and energy density where the Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP) is formed. In high-energy heavy-ion collisions, heavy quarks (charm and beauty) are regarded as efficient probes of the properties of the QGP. The heavy-ion physics program requires also the study of proton-proton (pp) and proton-nucleus (p–Pb) collisions. The study of p–Pb collisions is used to investigate cold nuclear matter effects and to validate and quantify hot nuclear matter effects which are observed in nucleus-nucleus (Pb–Pb) collisions. This thesis work is devoted to the study of open heavy-flavour production at forward and backward rapidity via single muons in p–Pb collisions at √8NN = 5.02 TeV with the ALICE experiment at the LHC. The pp reference using available measurements at 2.76 and 7 TeV and a pQCD-driven method for the scaling to 5.02 TeV is estimated. The measurements of the nuclear modification factor (RpPb) at forward and backward rapidity and forward-to-backward ratio in p–Pb collisions, indicate that cold nuclear matter effects are small over the whole transverse momentum (pT) region at forward rapidity (RpPb compatible with unity within uncertainties). In the backward rapidity, the nuclear modification factor deviates from unity in the intermediate pT region (2 < pT < 4 GeV/c). These results confirm that the strong suppression measured at high pT in central Pb–Pb collisions is due to final-state effects induced by the hot and dense nuclear medium. The results of the nuclear modification factor and forward-to-backward ratio as a function of centrality in p–Pb collisions are discussed. Even in central collisions, the nuclear modification factor is compatible with unity at high pT.

Magmas graníticos peraluminosos são gerados por meio da anatexia de rochas crustais em cinturões orogênicos continentais. Os granitos do Cinturão Ribeira Central são relacionados a processos orogênicos de convergência de blocos litosféricos, durante o Neoproterozoico. O Batólito Serra das Araras é um corpo granítico, tabular e peraluminoso localizado no Domínio Paraíba do Sul, região sudoeste no estado do Rio de Janeiro - Brasil. O corpo é alongado na direção NE-SW e sua deformação foi gerada pela atividade de zonas de cisalhamento dúcteis de movimentação preferencial destral, que também controlaram o alojamento do magma granítico. O presente trabalho visa a caracterizar o Batólito Serra das Araras com base em dados de petrografia, de geoquímica de rocha total, de química mineral (EPMA) e de geocronologia U-Pb e LuHf (LA-ICP-MS) em grãos de zircão. Três amostras representativas foram analizadas para obtenção das idades U-Pb de cristalização e de metamorfismo. Essas amostras são compostas de granitos com matriz protomilonítica com muscovita, biotita e granada, um dique sienogranítico com 15-30 cm de espessura e um enclade de quartzo diorito. O plagioclásio possui composição entre oligoclásio (An16) e andesina (An38) e possui núcleos mais enriquecidos em anortita. Todas as amostras apresentam fases ricas em almandina com bordas levemente enriquecidas em manganês, produto do metamorfismo de médio a baixo grau. Os dados isotópicos U-Pb em grãos de zircão revelaram que o magmatismo granítico cristalizou-se ca. 595 Ma e foi gerado no mesmo evento tectono-termal Ediacarano que gerou granitos tipo-I e tipo-S de caráter pós-colisional no Domínio Embu/Paraíba do Sul. Os dados isotópicos de Lu-Hf indicam a reciclagem de crosta juvenil do Riaciano-Orosiriano e de crosta continental do Orosiriano como fontes do protólito metassedimentar do Batólito Serra das Araras. A composição contrastante do enclave de quartzo diorito (amostra SA-06), de caráter metaluminoso e com valores menos degativos de \'\'épsilon\'Hf IND.t\' (entre -5,7 and -8,1), sugere o envolvimento marginal de fontes orto-derivadas da crosta inferior. As idades de cristalização e a composição do batólito indicam que seu magmatismo é correlacionável com granitos peraluminosos do Domínio Embu e do Orógeno Araçuaí. / Peraluminous granitic magmas are produced by anatexis of crustal rocks in continental orogenic belts. Orogenic granites of Central Ribeira Belt are correlated with the collision of lithospheric blocks during Neoproterozoic. The Serra das Araras Batholith is a tabular granitic body of peraluminous composition located at Paraíba do Sul Domain, southwestwards of Rio de Janeiro state - Brazil. The body is elongated at NE-SW direction and its deformation was produced by ductile shear zones with dextral movement component, which has also controlled magma emplacement. The aim of this study is to characterize the Serra das Araras Batholith and to provide petrography, whole-rock geochemistry (major and trace elements), mineral chemistry (EPMA) and combined LA-ICP-MS U-Pb and Lu-Hf isotopic analyses in zircon grains. Three representative samples were analyzed for isotopic determination in order to obtain crystallization and metamorphic U-Pb ages. These samples are composed of monzogranite with protomylonitic texture; a 15-30 cm thick syenogranite dyke and a biotite-hornblende quartz diorite enclave. Plagioclase is Andesine and Oligoclase (An16-38). Anorthite contents display a progressive zoning with rims having lower contents than cores. All samples exhibit almandine-rich phases, with slightly Mg-rich cores and Mn-rich rims, produced by metamorphism of medium to low grade. Zircon U-Pb isotopic data reveal that the batholith was emplaced ca. 595 Ma and was generated at the same middle-Ediacaran tectono-thermal event that generated voluminous I-type and S-type granitoids of post-collisional character at Embu/Paraíba do Sul Domain. Lu-Hf isotopic data suggest that late-Rhyacian to Orosian juvenile and continental crust have been sources of metasedimentary protoliths of Serra das Araras Batholith. The contrasting composition of the quartzdiorite enclave (sample SA-06), of metaluminous character and less negative \'\'épsilon\'Hf IND.t\' values (between - 5.7 and -8.1), suggests a marginal involvement of ortho-derived igneous rocks of the lower crust. The crystallization ages of the granites are coeval with peraluminous granites of Embu Domain and of Araçuaí Belt.

Magmas graníticos peraluminosos são gerados por meio da anatexia de rochas crustais em cinturões orogênicos continentais. Os granitos do Cinturão Ribeira Central são relacionados a processos orogênicos de convergência de blocos litosféricos, durante o Neoproterozoico. O Batólito Serra das Araras é um corpo granítico, tabular e peraluminoso localizado no Domínio Paraíba do Sul, região sudoeste no estado do Rio de Janeiro - Brasil. O corpo é alongado na direção NE-SW e sua deformação foi gerada pela atividade de zonas de cisalhamento dúcteis de movimentação preferencial destral, que também controlaram o alojamento do magma granítico. O presente trabalho visa a caracterizar o Batólito Serra das Araras com base em dados de petrografia, de geoquímica de rocha total, de química mineral (EPMA) e de geocronologia U-Pb e LuHf (LA-ICP-MS) em grãos de zircão. Três amostras representativas foram analizadas para obtenção das idades U-Pb de cristalização e de metamorfismo. Essas amostras são compostas de granitos com matriz protomilonítica com muscovita, biotita e granada, um dique sienogranítico com 15-30 cm de espessura e um enclade de quartzo diorito. O plagioclásio possui composição entre oligoclásio (An16) e andesina (An38) e possui núcleos mais enriquecidos em anortita. Todas as amostras apresentam fases ricas em almandina com bordas levemente enriquecidas em manganês, produto do metamorfismo de médio a baixo grau. Os dados isotópicos U-Pb em grãos de zircão revelaram que o magmatismo granítico cristalizou-se ca. 595 Ma e foi gerado no mesmo evento tectono-termal Ediacarano que gerou granitos tipo-I e tipo-S de caráter pós-colisional no Domínio Embu/Paraíba do Sul. Os dados isotópicos de Lu-Hf indicam a reciclagem de crosta juvenil do Riaciano-Orosiriano e de crosta continental do Orosiriano como fontes do protólito metassedimentar do Batólito Serra das Araras. A composição contrastante do enclave de quartzo diorito (amostra SA-06), de caráter metaluminoso e com valores menos degativos de \'\'épsilon\'Hf IND.t\' (entre -5,7 and -8,1), sugere o envolvimento marginal de fontes orto-derivadas da crosta inferior. As idades de cristalização e a composição do batólito indicam que seu magmatismo é correlacionável com granitos peraluminosos do Domínio Embu e do Orógeno Araçuaí. / Peraluminous granitic magmas are produced by anatexis of crustal rocks in continental orogenic belts. Orogenic granites of Central Ribeira Belt are correlated with the collision of lithospheric blocks during Neoproterozoic. The Serra das Araras Batholith is a tabular granitic body of peraluminous composition located at Paraíba do Sul Domain, southwestwards of Rio de Janeiro state - Brazil. The body is elongated at NE-SW direction and its deformation was produced by ductile shear zones with dextral movement component, which has also controlled magma emplacement. The aim of this study is to characterize the Serra das Araras Batholith and to provide petrography, whole-rock geochemistry (major and trace elements), mineral chemistry (EPMA) and combined LA-ICP-MS U-Pb and Lu-Hf isotopic analyses in zircon grains. Three representative samples were analyzed for isotopic determination in order to obtain crystallization and metamorphic U-Pb ages. These samples are composed of monzogranite with protomylonitic texture; a 15-30 cm thick syenogranite dyke and a biotite-hornblende quartz diorite enclave. Plagioclase is Andesine and Oligoclase (An16-38). Anorthite contents display a progressive zoning with rims having lower contents than cores. All samples exhibit almandine-rich phases, with slightly Mg-rich cores and Mn-rich rims, produced by metamorphism of medium to low grade. Zircon U-Pb isotopic data reveal that the batholith was emplaced ca. 595 Ma and was generated at the same middle-Ediacaran tectono-thermal event that generated voluminous I-type and S-type granitoids of post-collisional character at Embu/Paraíba do Sul Domain. Lu-Hf isotopic data suggest that late-Rhyacian to Orosian juvenile and continental crust have been sources of metasedimentary protoliths of Serra das Araras Batholith. The contrasting composition of the quartzdiorite enclave (sample SA-06), of metaluminous character and less negative \'\'épsilon\'Hf IND.t\' values (between - 5.7 and -8.1), suggests a marginal involvement of ortho-derived igneous rocks of the lower crust. The crystallization ages of the granites are coeval with peraluminous granites of Embu Domain and of Araçuaí Belt.

La haute densité d’énergie atteinte au Large Hadron Collider (LHC) au CERN permet une production abondante de sondes dures, telles que quarkonia, jets à haute impulsion transverse (p_T) et bosons vecteurs (W, Z), qui sont produits lors de la collision partonique initiale. Les bosons vecteur se désintègrent avant la formation du Plasma de Quark et de Gluons (PQG), une phase déconfinée de la matière, qui peut être produite lors de collisions d’ions lourds ultra-relativistes. Les leptons issus de la désintégration des bosons électrofaibles ne sont pas sensibles à l’interaction forte avec le PQG. Pour ces raisons les bosons électrofaibles fournissent une référence pour l’étude des modifications induites par le milieu sur les sondes colorées.La production de bosons W en collisions pp à √s=8 TeV et en collisions p-Pb à √s_NN=5.02 TeV est mesurée dans le canal de désintégration muonique au LHC avec le détecteur ALICE. En collision pp, la gamme de rapidité couverte par la mesure est -4<y_cms<-2.5. En collision p-Pb, la différence d’énergie entre le proton et l’ ion plomb donne lieu à un décalage en rapidité. En inversant la direction des faisceaux, il est possible de couvrir les régions de rapidité -4.46<y_cms<-2.96 et 2.03<y_cms<3.53. Les résultats présentés dans cette thèse consistent dans la mesure de la section efficace de la production de muons avec pT>10GeV/c issus de la désintégration des bosons W+ et W-. La mesure de l’asymétrie de charge, définie comme la différence des taux de production des muons positifs et négatifs divisée par leur somme, est également effectuée. Les résultats sont comparés avec des calculs théoriques obtenus avec ou sans tenir compte des modifications des fonctions de distribution partonique dans les noyaux. La production du boson W est aussi étudiée en fonction de la centralité des collisions : nous observons que, dans les erreurs expérimentales, la section efficace des muons issus de la désintégration du boson W est proportionnelle aux nombre de collisions binaires entre les nucléons. / The high collision energies available at the LHC allow for an abundant production of hard probes, such as quarkonia, high-p_T jets and vector bosons (W, Z), which are produced in initial hard parton scattering processes. The latter decay before the formation of the Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP), which is a deconfined phase of QCD matter produced in high-energy heavy-ion collisions. Their leptonic decay products do not interact strongly with the QGP. Thus electroweak bosons introduce a way for benchmarking in-medium modifications to coloured probes. The production of W-boson in pp collisions at √s=8 TeV and p-Pb collisions at √s_NN=5.02 TeV are measured via the muonic decay channel at the LHC with the ALICE detector. In pp collisions the rapidity covered by the measurement is -4<y_cms<-2.5. In p-Pb collisions, on the other hand, the different energies of the proton and lead ion give rise to a rapidity shift. By exchanging the direction of the beams, it is possible to cover the rapidity ranges -4.46<y_cms<-2.96 and 2.03<y_cms<3.53. The production cross section and charge asymmetry of muons from W-boson decays with p^μT>10 GeV/c are determined. The results are compared to theoretical calculations both with and without including the nPDFs. The W-boson production is also studied as a function of the collision centrality: the cross section of muons from W-boson decays is found to scale with the average number of binary nucleon-nucleon collisions with uncertainties.