C’est dans un contexte d’instabilité politique que François Duvalier assuma la présidence de la République d’Haïti en septembre 1957. Le nouveau chef d’État, qui finit par instaurer une dictature autoritaire (après 1964) et héréditaire (après 1971), s’empressa de justifier sa victoire aux urnes comme l’édifice d’une nouvelle Haïti régénérée par l’entremise de son leadership. Dans les faits, les presque trente ans de la gouvernance duvaliériste furent surtout ponctués par la violence étatique. Des nombreuses retombées de cette dictature, l’une d’entre elles fut bien la création de diverses communautés diasporiques haïtiennes à l’étranger, notamment à Montréal, au Québec, pendant la seconde tranche du XXe siècle. Malgré le constat souvent peu reluisant qui est fait de l’époque duvaliériste par de nombreux spécialistes, les Haïtiens, en Haïti comme à l’étranger, demeurent partagés quant à leur examen de cette gouvernance autoritaire. En nous penchant plus spécifiquement sur le cas des ressortissants haïtiano-québécois à Montréal, et en prenant pour intervalle d’analyse la période comprise entre 1964 et 2014, cette thèse a voulu s’interroger sur la mémoire collective du duvaliérisme tissée au sein de cette population. Aussi, en mettant en exergue l’analyse de documents manuscrits et l’enquête orale, notre recherche fait état de la manière dont, dans différentes conjonctures historiques entre le Québec et Haïti, cette population, marquée par son hétérogénéité, a articulé diverses visions de la dictature en Haïti. Ce travail s’inspire particulièrement du concept de « mémoire emblématique » développé par l’historien Steve Stern (2004) dans sa trilogie sur le Chili post-Pinochet afin de traiter de différents « camps » de mémoire. Notre propre thèse suggère que les discours et les mémoires du duvaliérisme façonnés au sein de cette communauté révèlent, dans un premier temps, que la pensée entourant le régime ne suivit pas une trajectoire linéaire et s’inscrivit plutôt dans un projet plus ample où diverses conceptualisations du pouvoir duvaliériste et sa place dans l’histoire d’Haïti furent remises en question. Dans un second temps, elle démontre que la manière de saisir le duvaliérisme connut une certaine évolution au fil du temps pour s’adapter aux nouvelles réalités politiques en Haïti et au Québec. Sur les traces de ces visions compliquées du duvaliérisme, cette thèse illustre surtout comment c’est souvent à la lumière de l’actualité politique mouvementée d’Haïti avec la fracture post-1986 que l’époque duvaliériste est interprétée. / Political instability in Haiti provided an important backdrop to the election of François Duvalier in September 1957. The new head of state, who soon established an authoritarian dictatorship (notably after 1964) and a hereditary regime (after 1971), justified both his victory and presidency trough a messianic message around the creation of a new Haiti. In the end, the duvalierist regime, stretching close to thirty years, was mostly a period marred by state-sponsored violence. Of the many repercussions of the dictatorship the creation of various Haitian diasporic communities, notably in Montreal, Quebec, during the second half of the 20th century remains one of the most notable. Despite the often critical tone employed by most specialists to make sense of the Duvalier period, Haitians, in Haiti and abroad, have remained divided in their assessment of the authoritarian regime. This doctoral thesis locates the emergence and creation of different collective memory scripts within diasporic communities by focusing on the particular case of the Haitian diaspora in Montreal between 1964 and 2014. By combining an analysis of “traditional” written documents and through the examination oral interviews, this research explores how, at different historical junctures between Quebec and Haiti, this population, marked by its heterogeneity, articulated different visions of the dictatorship in Haiti. This thesis was particularly inspired by the concept of “emblematic memory” advanced by the historian Steve Stern (2004) in his book trilogy which investigated different “memory camps” in post-Pinochet Chile. Our own research contends that the discourses and memories of Duvalierism that were forged within the Haitian diaspora in Quebec did not follow a linear trajectory and fell within a larger project where various conceptualizations of Duvalierist power and its place in Haiti’s national history were contested. It also shows that the very way in which many have understood duvalierism has evolved over time to adapt to new political realities in Haiti and in Quebec. Ultimately, it suggests that any reading of duvalierism, positive or negative, is always located within a broader appreciation (critic) of post-1986 Haiti.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Family Studies and Human Services / Karen S. Myers-Bowman / The purpose of this study was to conduct a phenomenological inquiry into the impact HIV/AIDS-related stigma has on People Living with HIV/AIDS (PLHA) and their family members in Ghana and the overall relationship family members have with PLHA. The study explored the concept of stigma in the Ghanaian context, ways in which it is expressed, factors influencing HIV- related stigma and its consequences on both PLHA and their family members. Strategies that PLHA and their family members consider for effective HIV- related stigma prevention were also explored. The study further explored some of the gender- biased nature of HIV- related stigma in Ghana. Data was gathered qualitatively through interviews with five PLHA and their discordant family members. Interviews were transcribed and translated into English, coded and analyzed. After inductively establishing themes and categories, final confirmatory analysis was deductively established, by using the Bronfenbrenner’s ecological model and Symbolic interaction theory to affirm the authenticity and appropriateness of the inductive content analysis. The study found that HIV- related stigma begins with serostatus disclosure. Stigma is manifested in myriad contexts including the family, community, healthcare institutions and gender. The major factors influencing stigma are insufficient knowledge of HIV transmission, fear and misconception of HIV created by the media, cultural and religious factors as well as poverty. Family members experienced similar stigma as PLHA, such as loss of jobs, loss of social network, loss of identity and self stigma. However extreme impacts such as suicidal thoughts were only experienced by PLHA. The impact of HIV- related stigma is worst for women because of beliefs and values relating to gender- role expectations. While women accept and support their husbands when they have HIV/AIDS, women are often neglected and abandoned by their husbands. To address this stigma, participants suggested house to house education, financial support from the government, revision of educational content especially discontinuation of negative images of HIV/AIDS used by the media. Implications for this study in the areas of research, practice and policy are provided.