La recherche explore le rapport à l’école et aux savoirs scolaires de jeunes d’origine haïtienne en contexte scolaire défavorisé. Considérant des trajectoires contrastées d’élèves en réussite scolaire, d’élèves vulnérables et de jeunes décrocheurs, elle examine les processus qui concourent à la réussite socioscolaire des uns et à la moindre réussite des autres en interrogeant le sens que les jeunes accordent à l’école et à l’acte d’apprendre. La recherche documente par ailleurs la manière dont ce sens s’est construit dans la trajectoire socioscolaire depuis la maternelle. Cette approche basée sur des entretiens approfondis à caractère biographique permet d'avoir des hypothèses explicatives sur un résiduel non expliqué par les recherches quantitatives. Elle bonifie aussi la perspective de Charlot (2001) jugée trop centrée sur l'élève (Thésée, 2003). L’élève est au centre de la démarche, mais son rapport aux savoirs scolaires est analysé à travers l’exploration de la trajectoire de socialisation scolaire, familiale et communautaire et en croisant les regards des jeunes, des parents, enseignants et autres personnes significatives sur cette trajectoire. Selon les résultats de notre recherche, le rapport à l’école et aux savoirs scolaires semble plus complexe et critique chez les élèves en réussite qui identifient la valeur formative, qualifiante et socialisante de l’école. Ces derniers se mobilisent fortement dans leur apprentissage. En comparaison, les élèves en difficulté mettent plutôt l’accent sur la socialisation et la qualification et ils font preuve d’une moindre mobilisation scolaire. Certains d’entre eux se rapprochent des jeunes décrocheurs avec un rapport aux savoirs de non-sens et de désengagement. Mais au-delà de ces grandes lignes, le rapport à l’école et aux savoirs scolaires se décline différemment d’un jeune à l’autre, suivant des caractéristiques personnelles, familiales et sociales spécifiques et suivant le savoir/apprentissage scolaire considéré et son mode de transmission par l’enseignant. Les résultats de la recherche mettent en évidence le rôle d’acteur de l’élève dans son apprentissage, mais aussi celui des principaux contextes dans lesquels il évolue. L’école est particulièrement interpellée. Les élèves dénoncent la forme scolaire scripturale, perçue monotone lourde et rigide, et certaines pratiques enseignantes qui ne favorisent pas l’apprentissage (Fabre, 2007 ; Pépin, 1994). Les familles sont aussi interpellées quant à leurs valeurs, pratiques et cohésion. Enfin, la recherche souligne l’influence du réseau des pairs et des milieux communautaires. Apprendre et réussir à l’école se révèlent un enjeu individuel et social qui implique une mobilisation collective. / The research explores the relationship with school and with scholastic knowledge of young native Haitians in disadvantage academic context. Considering some contrasting trajectories of students academically successful, vulnerable students, and students who dropout, it examines the processes that contribute to socio-academic achievement among the first group and to less successful outcomes among the latter two groups by exploring the meaning that these youths attach to school and to the act of learning. The research also documents the way this meaning is constructed in the youths’ socio-academic pathways. This approach, based on in-depth biographical interviews, generated explanatory hypotheses regarding a residual variance that remained unexplained by quantitative studies. It also enhances Charlot’s perspective (2001), which has been considered overly student-centred (Thésée, 2003). While the student is at the centre of this approach, his/her relationship with academic knowledge is analyzed by exploring the pathway of academic, family and community-based socialization. It examines these in terms of the perspective of the youths themselves as well as that of parents, teachers and other significant people involved in this trajectory. The results indicate that these youths’ relationship with school and with academic knowledge appears to be more complex and more critical among students who succeed academically and who recognize the value of school for developing skills, acquiring qualifications and socializing. These students actively engage in their learning. In contrast, students who experience difficulties put greater emphasis on socialization and qualifications and put less effort into their schooling. Their relationship with academic knowledge, similarly to that of youths who drop out of school, is sometimes characterized by a lack of meaning and disengagement. However, beyond these broader tendencies, the youths’ relationship with school and with academic knowledge plays out differently for each youth depending on specific personal, family and social characteristics, the academic knowledge considered, and the way teachers transmit this knowledge. Lastly, the results highlights the student’s role as an actor in this process, as well as the active role played by the main environments in which the student moves. The school is particularly challenged. Students denounce the scriptural scholastic form, perceived monotonous, heavy and rigid. Besides, according to them, some teaching practices do not promote learning (Fabre, 2007; Pépin, 1994). The research also highlights the importance of values, practices and cohesion, of the family. Finally, the research emphasizes the influence of the network of peers and community settings. Learning and succeeding in school emerge as an individual and social challenge that involves collective mobilization.

Les manuels d’histoire ont souvent fait l’objet d’analyses concernant leur contenu et leur qualité, mais rarement leurs usages en classe. Cette thèse vise à décrire et analyser comment des enseignants d’histoire du Québec au secondaire utilisent le manuel et toute autre ressource didactique. Le problème consiste à mieux connaître ce qui se passe en classe depuis l’implantation de la réforme curriculaire, en 2001, et comment les conceptions des enseignants influencent leurs pratiques en lien avec l’exercice de la méthode historique. Ce travail décrit des pratiques enseignantes selon leur intervention éducative, les ressources didactiques utilisées et l’activité de l’élève en classe. Pour ce faire, la collecte de données est réalisée au travers d’un sondage en ligne (n= 81), d’observations en classe et d’entrevues (n=8) avec les participants. Les enseignants d’histoire utilisent souvent le manuel, mais leur intervention n’est pas structurée par son contenu ou ses exercices. Les cahiers d’exercices ou le récit de l’enseignant semblent structurer principalement leurs interventions. En fait, leurs conceptions sur l’enseignement et l’apprentissage en histoire déterminent le plus souvent l’usage du manuel et des autres ressources didactiques d’une manière traditionnelle ou d’une manière qui exerce authentiquement la méthode historique. Afin de décrire ces différents usages, la thèse propose une typologie qui distingue les différentes modalités mises en place afin d’utiliser les ressources didactiques et exercer la méthode historique. Trois principaux types sont énoncés : intensif, extensif et critique. Un quatrième type a été ajouté afin de mieux nuancer les différentes pratiques enseignantes rencontrées : extensif-méthodique. Ce dernier type s’explique par une pratique enseignante qui concilie les types extensif et critique selon les besoins de l’enseignant. La thèse souligne la persistance de pratiques transmissives et magistrocentrées qui limitent un exercice authentique de la méthode historique, alors que le curriculum vise un enseignement constructiviste et que plus de ressources sont disponibles pour les enseignants. / History textbooks are mainly analyzed for their content and quality but not for their real use in classrooms. This thesis aims to describe and analyze how high school history teachers in Quebec use textbooks and other instructional resources. The issue is to know what is going on into classrooms since the new curriculum is in effect and how teachers’ beliefs influence their practices related to the development of historical method skills. This work describes the teaching practices according to their educational intervention, learning resources used and the student’s activities during class. The data was collected with an online survey (n= 81), classroom observations and interviews (n= 8) with the participants. Teachers often use textbooks, but are not automatically led by its content or exercises. Workbooks or teacher’s narrative seem to mainly structure their interventions. Yet, the belief system about teaching and learning history more specifically leads teachers to use textbooks in a traditional way or in a way that fosters historical method. To describe these various uses, the thesis proposes a typology that distinguishes the different modalities put in place to use learning resources and perform historical method. Three main types are described: intensive, extensive and critical. A fourth type was added in order to better explain the different teaching practices encountered: extensive-methodical. The latter type is explained by a teaching practice that combines extensive and critical types related to the needs of the teacher. The thesis points out the persistence of transmissive and teacher-centered pratices limiting authentic historical method exercise while curriculum aims a constructivist way and that more learning resources are available for teachers.

Informed by institutional ethnography, and taking the problematic from disjunctures in teacher/participants’ experience between actual practice and official policy, this study is an intertextual analysis of print/electronic documents pertaining to students ‘at risk.’ It unpacks the Student Success Strategy in Ontario secondary schools as organized around discourses on risk and safety. Discriminatory classing and racializing processes construct students ‘at risk’ in ways that reproduce socio-economic inequities through premature streaming into pathways geared to post-secondary destinations: university, college, apprenticeship and work. This study questions the accounting logic that reduces education to skills training in workplace literacy/numeracy, and contradicts the official ‘success’ story that promotes Ontario as a model of large-scale educational change. The follow-up intertextual analyses reveal ideological circles that promote ‘evidence-based research’ and ‘evidence-informed practice,’ while actually gearing education to improving ‘results’ on large-scale standardized tests and manufacturing consent for government policies. Questions arise about the lack of transparency and selective use of educational research. A web of behind-the-scenes activities are made visible at public policy think-tanks (e.g. Canadian Council on Learning; Canadian Language and Literacy Research Network), and two little-researched bodies in educational governance — the Council of Ministers of Education Canada (CMEC) and OECD. Although invisible to teachers, the infrastructure for the Student Success Strategy is the Ontario School Information System (OnSIS); this web-enabled data-management technology has built-in capacity to profile students ‘at risk’ and to instigate accountability and surveillance over teachers’ work, with implications for re-regulating teaching practice towards test scores and aggregate statistics. With the intention of transforming education towards genuine equity, and linking the re-organization of social relations in large-scale reform locally, nationally and globally, this study contributes to critical scholarship on the effects of reform policies on people’s lives and extends knowledge of how translocal text-mediated ruling relations operate in education.

Informed by institutional ethnography, and taking the problematic from disjunctures in teacher/participants’ experience between actual practice and official policy, this study is an intertextual analysis of print/electronic documents pertaining to students ‘at risk.’ It unpacks the Student Success Strategy in Ontario secondary schools as organized around discourses on risk and safety. Discriminatory classing and racializing processes construct students ‘at risk’ in ways that reproduce socio-economic inequities through premature streaming into pathways geared to post-secondary destinations: university, college, apprenticeship and work. This study questions the accounting logic that reduces education to skills training in workplace literacy/numeracy, and contradicts the official ‘success’ story that promotes Ontario as a model of large-scale educational change. The follow-up intertextual analyses reveal ideological circles that promote ‘evidence-based research’ and ‘evidence-informed practice,’ while actually gearing education to improving ‘results’ on large-scale standardized tests and manufacturing consent for government policies. Questions arise about the lack of transparency and selective use of educational research. A web of behind-the-scenes activities are made visible at public policy think-tanks (e.g. Canadian Council on Learning; Canadian Language and Literacy Research Network), and two little-researched bodies in educational governance — the Council of Ministers of Education Canada (CMEC) and OECD. Although invisible to teachers, the infrastructure for the Student Success Strategy is the Ontario School Information System (OnSIS); this web-enabled data-management technology has built-in capacity to profile students ‘at risk’ and to instigate accountability and surveillance over teachers’ work, with implications for re-regulating teaching practice towards test scores and aggregate statistics. With the intention of transforming education towards genuine equity, and linking the re-organization of social relations in large-scale reform locally, nationally and globally, this study contributes to critical scholarship on the effects of reform policies on people’s lives and extends knowledge of how translocal text-mediated ruling relations operate in education.

A major thrust in assessment reform is the instructional use of assessment (Ministry, 2010). Assessment for learning (AFL) has, however, proven challenging for teachers to implement (Brookhart, 2004; Swaffield, 2011; Tierney, 2006). Researchers have called for studies of classrooms that show how AFL works in practice (Bennett, 2011; Shepard, 2000). This study gathers images of practice from classrooms where teachers have been implementing a structure-based approach called Question Structure. Although a key premise of AFL is that assessment can be used instructionally to support learning, Question Structure’s constructivist-information-processing approach is rooted in educational measurement traditions usually juxtaposed to AFL theory and practice (Broadfoot & Black, 2004). Images of practice were drawn from classroom observation, teaching artifacts, and interviews from teachers who had been implementing the system for three to six years in three Ontario school boards. Data were analyzed through sub-questions emerging from the literature and through grounded theory. The study found that Question Structure supported AFL principles and practices. It also supported a Tylerian, backwards-design approach to program design, but not to excess. Technical revisions tended to evolve into significant change in practice, including program reconceptualization and increased focus on students’ learning. The structure-based approach functioned in a variety of ways, for example to support task clarification, (re)reading and comprehension of text, writing process, open-ended collaborative work, and student-generated questions. Teachers were able to clarify the meaning of ‘structure,’ to distinguish structures from instructional and cognitive strategies, and to use universal structures and strategies as subject-specific pedagogy in Language Arts/English. The role of the technical interest and implications for professional learning are also discussed.

A major thrust in assessment reform is the instructional use of assessment (Ministry, 2010). Assessment for learning (AFL) has, however, proven challenging for teachers to implement (Brookhart, 2004; Swaffield, 2011; Tierney, 2006). Researchers have called for studies of classrooms that show how AFL works in practice (Bennett, 2011; Shepard, 2000). This study gathers images of practice from classrooms where teachers have been implementing a structure-based approach called Question Structure. Although a key premise of AFL is that assessment can be used instructionally to support learning, Question Structure’s constructivist-information-processing approach is rooted in educational measurement traditions usually juxtaposed to AFL theory and practice (Broadfoot & Black, 2004). Images of practice were drawn from classroom observation, teaching artifacts, and interviews from teachers who had been implementing the system for three to six years in three Ontario school boards. Data were analyzed through sub-questions emerging from the literature and through grounded theory. The study found that Question Structure supported AFL principles and practices. It also supported a Tylerian, backwards-design approach to program design, but not to excess. Technical revisions tended to evolve into significant change in practice, including program reconceptualization and increased focus on students’ learning. The structure-based approach functioned in a variety of ways, for example to support task clarification, (re)reading and comprehension of text, writing process, open-ended collaborative work, and student-generated questions. Teachers were able to clarify the meaning of ‘structure,’ to distinguish structures from instructional and cognitive strategies, and to use universal structures and strategies as subject-specific pedagogy in Language Arts/English. The role of the technical interest and implications for professional learning are also discussed.

De nombreuses études ont démontré l’effet modérateur de la qualité de la relation maître-élève sur le niveau d’adaptation comportementale et scolaire des élèves du primaire, mais très peu s’y sont intéressés chez les élèves du secondaire. Pourtant les rapports entre les enseignants et les élèves au secondaire sont bien différents de ce qu’ils sont au primaire. La présente étude vise donc à examiner le rôle de la qualité de la relation maître-élève sur le risque d’abandonner l’école auprès d’un échantillon de 4069 élèves québécois de deuxième secondaire. Nos deux premiers objectifs sont de vérifier si l’effet prédicteur des difficultés scolaires (retard, rendement et motivation scolaires) sur le décrochage scolaire varie en fonction des relations chaleureuses et conflictuelles. Le troisième objectif est de déterminer si l’effet modérateur de la qualité de la relation maître-élève varie selon le sexe de l’élève. Les résultats n’ont pas permis de démontrer tel que prévu un effet protecteur de la relation chaleureuse pour les élèves à risque de décrocher, mais ont plutôt mis en évidence un effet aggravant de la relation conflictuelle pour les élèves qui fonctionnent bien à l’école. Quant au sexe de l’élève, il ne fait pas varier l’effet modérateur de la qualité de la relation élèveenseignant. Ces résultats impliquent que pour prévenir le décrochage scolaire, il faut accorder une attention particulière aux conflits pouvant survenir entre un élève et son enseignant et ce, particulièrement chez les élèves qui fonctionnent bien en classe. / Several studies have demonstrated the moderating effect of the quality of teacherstudent relationship on the level of behavioral and academic adjustment in elementary students, but very few of them investigated this effect in adolescence, although teacher-student relationships present several differences in high school. The present study examines the role of the quality of teacher-student relationship on the risk of dropping out of school among a sample of 4069 Quebec students in 8th grade. The first two objectives were to test if the predictive link between academic difficulties (delay, achievement and school motivation) and school dropout varied according to the nature of the teacher-student relation (warm or conflictual). The third objective was to determine if the moderating effect of the quality of teacher-student relationship varied as a function of students' sex. The results did not demonstrate as expected a protective positive effect of a warm relationship for students at risk of dropping out of school. Rather, they highlighted the detrimental effect of conflictual relationships for students who do well at school. Students’ sex did not moderate the effect of the quality of student-teacher relationship on school dropout. These results imply that to prevent school dropout, it is necessary to pay particular attention to conflicts that may arise between a student and his teachers, especially among students who perform well in class.

No description available.

Cette recherche vise à mieux comprendre comment certain·e·s enseignant·e·s de français du secondaire forment leurs élèves à utiliser le dictionnaire électronique en classe en décrivant, d’une part, les savoirs et les savoir-faire liés à son utilisation qui font l’objet d’un enseignement en classe et, d’autre part, les pratiques relatives à l’enseignement de ces savoirs et savoir-faire. Pour parvenir à nos objectifs, nous avons mené des entrevues avec huit enseignant·e·s, qui ont également noté dans un journal de bord, pendant un mois, les activités ou les interventions sollicitant l’utilisation du dictionnaire électronique qu’ils·elles ont réalisées en classe. À la lumière de notre analyse des données, nous avons tracé le portrait des pratiques d’enseignement de chaque enseignant·e, et une comparaison des similitudes et des différences entre les portraits nous a ensuite permis de relever trois profils distincts de pratiques dont le but est de former les élèves à l’utilisation du dictionnaire électronique : 1) l’enseignement spontané, axé sur quelques éléments liés à son utilisation, 2) l’enseignement planifié en début d’année et spontané ensuite, axé sur une plus grande variété d’éléments et, enfin, 3) l’enseignement planifié régulier, qui intègre lui aussi une grande variété d’éléments liés à l’utilisation du dictionnaire électronique, mais qui comprend également des savoirs qui relèvent spécifiquement de l’usage du format électronique. Il ressort de notre étude que l’intégration d’un outil comme le dictionnaire électronique dans les pratiques d’enseignement est un processus long et complexe, et que la richesse des dictionnaires mis à la disposition des enseignant·e·s n’est pas garante d’un enseignement plus riche ou plus varié. À ce titre, nous pensons qu’une formation portant sur l’utilisation du dictionnaire électronique pourrait être utile aux enseignant·e·s en exercice de même qu’aux futurs·e·s enseignant·e·s, car elle leur permettrait de se familiariser avec son utilisation à titre personnel d’abord, une étape essentielle à l’intégration du DÉ dans les pratiques d’enseignement, et à titre pédagogique ensuite. / This research aims to better understand how some French secondary school teachers train their students to use the electronic dictionary in class by determining the knowledge and skills related to its use that are the subject of classroom teaching and by describing the practices related to the teaching of these dictionary skills. To achieve our goals, we conducted interviews with eight teachers, who also noted in a diary, for a month, the activities or interventions requiring the use of the electronic dictionary that they carried out in class. In the light of our data analysis, we drew a portrait of the teaching practices of each teacher, and a comparison of the similarities and differences between the portraits then enabled us to identify three distinct profiles of practices whose goal is to train students to use the electronic dictionary: 1) spontaneous teaching, focusing on a few elements related to its use, 2) teaching planned at the start of the year and spontaneous thereafter, focusing on a greater variety of elements and, finally, 3) regular planned teaching, which also incorporates a wide variety of elements related to the use of the electronic dictionary, but which also includes knowledge that relates specifically to the use of the electronic format. Our study shows that the integration of a tool such as the electronic dictionary into teaching practices is a long and complex process, and that the wealth of dictionaries made available to teachers does not guarantee richer or better teaching. As such, we believe that training on the use of electronic dictionary could be useful for practicing teachers as well as future teachers, because it would allow them to become more familiar with its use in a personal capacity first, and then for educational purposes.

La place des jeux vidéos dans la culture populaire n’est plus à démontrer. Consommés avidement par un public de plus en plus large, ils s’intéressent à une variété d’objets, notamment le passé. Parmi les discours de l’histoire profane, les jeux vidéos sont sans doute les plus neufs. Cela étant, ils intéressent de plus en plus éducateurs et didacticiens qui s’interrogent à propos de leurs effets sur les apprenants et de leur intégration dans le cadre des cours de sciences humaines et sociales. Or, les écrits disponibles sur les jeux vidéos historiques ne sont pas nombreux et ne nous renseignent que sur certains jeux (Assassin’s Creed, Sid Meier’s Civilization). De plus, ils occultent presque totalement la question de la représentation de l’agentivité historique, alors même que les jeux vidéos se démarquent d’autres représentations profanes de l’histoire en favorisant une interaction avec le récit historique présenté. Notre recherche tente donc d’amener un éclairage nouveau en proposant une typologie de la représentation de l’agentivité au sein des jeux vidéos historiques, dans une perspective didactique. Pour ce faire, nous avons élaboré une méthodologie exploratoire et qualitative qui utilise l’étude de cas multiples. Notre corpus est composé de cinq jeux, tirés de différents archétypes vidéoludiques : Assassin’s Creed : Black Flag, Battlefield 1, Company of Heroes, Medieval 2 : Total War et Papers Please. Nous avons enregistré près de 56 heures d’extraits vidéos, répartis inégalement entre les cas de notre étude. Les extraits ont été analysés dans le cadre d’une analyse de contenu thématique à codage mixte. Les résultats de notre recherche montrent entre autres que la représentation de l’agentivité est directement liée à la nature et à la catégorie dans laquelle s’inscrit le jeu et que les récits historiques mis en scène adoptent une vision traditionnelle de l’agentivité historique. De plus, les facteurs de changements historiques sont liés aux contraintes qu’imposent les jeux vidéos en tant qu’objets techniques. / The place of video games in popular culture is well established. Consumed by an increasingly large audience, they are interested in a variety of subjects, notably the past. Among the discourses of popular history, video games are arguably the newest. However, they are of increasing interest to educators and didacticians who wonder about their effects on pupils and their integration into humanities and social science courses. However, available research on historical video games are not numerous and only tell us about certain games (Assassin’s Creed, Sid Meier’s Civilization). In addition, they almost completely avoid the question of historical agency, even as video games set themselves apart from other popular representations of history by fostering interaction with the historical narrative they present. Our research therefore attempts to shed a new light on the matter by designing a typology of the representation of agency within historical video games, from a didactic perspective. To do this end, we have developed an exploratory and qualitative methodology that uses a multiple case study. Our corpus is made up of five games, drawn from different video game archetypes : Assassin’s Creed: Black Flag, Battlefield 1, Company of Heroes, Medieval 2: Total War and Papers Please. We recorded nearly 56 hours of video clips, unevenly distributed between the cases in our study. The excerpts were analyzed as part of a thematic mixed-coded content analysis. The results of our research show, among other things, that the representation of agency is directly linked to the nature and the type in which the game falls and that the historical narratives staged adopt a traditional view of historical agency. In addition, the factors of historical change are linked to the constraints imposed by video games as technical objects.