The development of the West German press in the 1970s has so far been described as a transition from a period of concentration (1954-1976) to stabilisation (1976-1985). The analysis by Schütz and others has several short-comings: firstly, the argument is implicitly based on a vague empirical definition of pluralism that is understood as the number of daily newspapers with an independent editorial department in a given market. Secondly, the analysis is almost exclusively based on the daily press and ignores the impact of new journals, regional editions, weeklies, and the ‘alternative’ press on the press market of the 1970s. Finally, the turning points of 1954 and 1976 do not relate to wider changes in circulation figures and other important aspects of press history. This thesis presents a new analysis of the history of the West German press during the period from the protests of the late 1960s against ‘opinion monopolies’ to the early 1980s deregulation of the West German broadcasting market. The introduction, i.e. the first chapter, provides a detailed criticism of the current historiography and explains why the new analysis rests on the following pillars: a new periodization, a broader look at various segments of the press, including dailies and weeklies, a clearer delineation of local, regional, and supra-regional markets, a more precise and critical engagement with the ideas of contemporaries on pluralism, and a more comprehensive analysis of the relationship between the press and television in the 1970s. The second chapter engages critically with the current periodisation of press history. The chapter establishes several criteria in order to provide a more accurate picture. These include circulation figures, wider market developments, public debates, laws, and the internal organisation of the press. It analyses the development of the press from 1945 to the student protests against Axel Springer in 1968. It identifies the fact that the press underwent three phases after 1945, the ‘occupation period’ (1945-49), the era ‘between expansion and restauration’ (1949-1957), and an era characterised by ‘criticism of the government and debates over the press’ (1957-1968/69). The chapter concludes that the changes between 1968 and 1969 constitute the starting point of a distinct period in West German press history, the ‘long social-liberal 1970s’ between 1968/69 and 1982. The third chapter analyses two new contemporary concepts of press pluralism that shaped the policy debates of the long 1970s, namely social pluralism and free-market pluralism. The former was championed by scholars such as Peter Glotz and the governments of Willy Brandt and Helmut Schmidt. It envisaged a protection of a socially and politically diverse press and provided the wider framework for new laws and regulations such as the so-called Law on Merger Control in the Press (1976). These market interventions were opposed by the conservatives at the time, who championed the idea of free-market pluralism. The fourth chapter shows how this struggle over the proper role of the democratic press between state and society escalated on the left and right of the political spectrum. The new social movements discussed the idea of a ‘counter public’ existing in opposition to the ‘established’ media. As a result, several hundreds of ‘alternative’ papers were founded in the segment of the weekly, monthly, and irregular press that contributed to a high point of market diversity in the 1970s. These papers found their counterpart among intellectually elitist journals that portrayed themselves as a conservative ‘counterweight’ to the assumed leftist mass press and pluralisation at the time. The fifth chapter then shows that the debates over press pluralism, new laws and policies, and the developments in the political weekly and monthly press as well as the ‘alternative’ press reshaped the core of the West German press market in the 1970s, namely the regional and local daily press. Finally, chapter six addresses the existing historiography on the role of the press in the overall media ensemble. It shows that new concepts of press pluralism, the transformation of the press market, its particular role in the regions, and unique press-government relations added to the elevated position of prestige of the press vis-à-vis television and contributed to its role as a partial political lead medium within the ‘new culture of political participation’ emerging towards the end of the decade.

Feuilleton articles published during the Weimar period in major Berlin newspapers captured the dynamics of the era. The contrast between pre-revolutionary Wilhelmine Berlin and the industrial modernity that characterised the Weimar capital was particularly influential for journalistic writing. Feuilleton items – short, subjective accounts falling between literary narrative and journalism – offered a sense of re-orientation in altered times by commenting on aspects of daily social and political life in the city. As such, feuilletons are inseparable from Berlin and the events unfolding there during the 1920s and early 1930s. Drawing on the spatial turn in recent cultural studies, this thesis explores how individual feuilleton writers construct Weimar Berlin on the page. Its specific interest is in examining representations of space in the articles of authors and journalists Joseph Roth (1894–1939), Gabriele Tergit (1894–1982) and Kurt Tucholsky (1890–1935). They contributed to the flourishing feuilleton scene in the metropolitan broadsheets and journals, and their works remain significant beyond Berlin and the era of the Weimar Republic. Central to my thesis is the interdisciplinary and comparative approach to the study of their journalistic oeuvres, which foregrounds spatiality within the context of literary analysis. In particular, I illustrate how the authors’ perceptions of the post-war world are articulated through the use of spatial categories. Here, Berlin is shown to be subject to individual acts of mapping as Roth, Tergit and Tucholsky explore the issues of the day via the depiction of specific types of space in the city. Space as an analytical category is a novel, as yet unexplored, means of reading feuilleton articles, and it allows us to identify recurring themes or programmatic issues pursued by writers. Spatial theory, I argue, enhances our understanding of how contemporaries perceived the city and therefore their times. This in turn provides us with new, valuable knowledge of Berlin and the Weimar period.

Communication between politicians and the public is rarely direct and first-hand, but almost always mediated by journalist opinions and values. Consequently, the way in which the media reports on State matters has a profound impact on people’s understanding of political processes and their attitudes towards the governing figures. The aim of this research project is to investigate the role that the Polish Press assumes in mediating women’s involvement in contemporary politics. Stemming from the perspective of feminist critical linguistics, the thesis empirically examines a wide array of media publications derived from leading Polish socio-political magazines (‘Polityka’, ‘Wprost’, ‘Newsweek Polska’) and electronic press. By engaging with the journalist discourse, it focuses on the importance of language in generating epistemological claims about women and femininity. It demonstrates not only how female subjectivities are produced in the Polish public domain, but also how history and culture impinge on these constructions in a dialectical-relational manner. The intention is to draw up an ‘inventory’ of signifying practices through which female MPs emerge as gendered subjects in the hope that this will inspire closer scrutiny of media content, leading to its informed critique and transformation.

This thesis has been performed at Clinical Chemistry at Sahlgrenska University Hospital in Gothenburg. The purpose of the project was to investigate new and alternative ways to determinate synthetic cannabinoids by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Currently, the possibilities to quantify synthetic cannabinoids are very limited. This can lead to an increased use of synthetic cannabinoids as the risk of detection is low, which may be known by drug users. The synthetic cannabinoids are sold mixed with different herbs and have varying names like Spice Gold, Spice Silver, K2, Smoke and Pot-pourri. The synthetic cannabinoids analyzed were JWH-018 and JWH-073, which are commonly found in seized Spice material. At intake of these drugs, usually through smoking, cannabis-like effects arise. This is because they bind to cannabinoid receptors in a similar way as THC does, which is the primary active cannabinoid of cannabis. For urine samples an analytical method would probably be the most sensitive if the major metabolite could be analyzed, as it is expected to be present in high concentrations in this sample type. Since information regarding the metabolism of synthetic cannabinoids is very limited there may be reasons to analyze the mother substance in urine. Further, in plasma and serum samples the mother substance is expected in high concentrations. Thus different ways to detect JWH-018 and JWH-073 directly were investigated in this project. Derivatization of JWH-018 and JWH-073 was the first step to get more selective and sensitive GC-MS analysis. Different derivatization-reagents were investigated, for example BSTFA and TFAA. The results show that the derivatization of JWH-018 with BSTFA after reduction and extraction was successful. To achieve this, samples had to be heated at 115°C for 1-3 hours, but still the samples were not completely derivatized. The results indicate that JWH-substances are difficult to derivatized, but they are possible to derivatize with BSTFA. This could mean that a GC-MS-method maybe could be established for these substances, preferably trough TFAA-derivatization.

In the seventeenth century, news of the Transylvanian princes in weekly newspapers and biannual Messrelationen rarely comes from the principality itself, but from the cities which are the Transylvanians' allies, enemies and invaded neighbors. This thesis examines the German language periodicals of four periods: István Bocskai's rebellion against the Habsburg Emperor (1604-5), Gábor Bethlen's first march into Hungary (1619-21), György I Rákóczi's Hungarian offensive (1643-5) and György II Rákóczi's incursion into Poland-Lithuania and the subsequent Ottoman invasion of Transylvania (1657-8). Between these periods, political developments and postal improvements shift the reporting networks which carry the news of Transylvania. As a result, each prince is reported on by a different set of reporting regions altering the language of the news. Bocskai's rebellion is presented in the Messrelationen as an alliance of the unchristian Protestants and Ottomans, dependent on military success rather than political legitimacy and causing devastation in the region. This perspective continues in later periods in news from Vienna, the most consistent reporter on Transylvania, as the princes are shown to be capable of upsetting the Emperor's position in Hungary, but more feared for their association with the Ottomans. Bethlen's march is also reported on by Transylvania's allies in Prague, who present the prince with greater diplomatic importance, and supporters in Hungary, who detail the diet meetings where he is elected king, proving his legitimacy. György I's march does not benefit from a breadth of perspectives, and Vienna’s dominates the news with its concern for quick peace. György II’s invasion of Poland is largely reported from the new news centers along the Baltic, presenting him as a military commander with precedent for his claim to the Polish throne. With the Ottomans' invasion the following year, Vienna’s fears for the safety of Christendom once again dictate Transylvania’s portrayal in the news.

Cette thèse de doctorat s'intéresse aux questions identitaires des sujets multiculturels cubains-américains, hantés par l'île mais habitants du continent nord-américain, ainsi qu'aux phénomènes de passation mémorielle inter-générationnelle exacerbés par l'expérience de l'exil post-castriste. Au cours de cette étude, sont présentées les relations complexes entre Cuba et les Etats-Unis, les grandes étapes de formation de la diaspora cubaine-américaine, en particulier les vagues successives de l'émigration post-castriste (1959) qui ont bouleversé la carte identitaire de la communauté translatée, mais en particulier l'identité d'une ville périphérique du sud de la Floride: Miami. Nous verrons pourquoi cette mégalopole états-unienne est souvent considérée aujourd'hui comme la capitale des Caraïbes, voire la capitale des Amériques. A travers l'étude des mémoires cubains-américains, seront discutées les questions de la nature de l'exil cubain post-castriste, en particulier sa temporalité, et la perception paradoxale de l'exil, à la fois associé par certains à un moment donné de leur vie d'adulte comme foyer et/ou fardeau. La thèse fait une part importante à l'enfance mutilée des membres de la génération dite 'une-et-demi', leur hybridité identitaire qui s'exprime par un nomadisme culturel et linguistique. Leurs témoignages décrivent également de nombreux phénomènes de pollinisations interculturelles, contrebalancés et/ou complétés par une répétition mémorielle obsessive des aïeux conteurs. Un dernier temps de cette étude sera consacré à l'écriture de soi qui est à la fois transcendance et rémanence de l'exil, du passé. Les mémoires cubains-américains illustrent aussi souvent le passage d'une tradition cubaine orale vers une tradition américaine de réalisation de soi par l'écriture. Ils s'inspirent de l'intime pour tendre vers l'universel, tout du moins ils tendent à s'inscrire dans le domaine de la littérature autobiographique latino-américaine, voire dans l'écriture de soi états-unienne. / This dissertation is centered on the questions of identity of the multicultural Cuban-American 'I's, haunted by the island but inhabiting the North-American continent, as well as on the phenomena of intergenerational transmission of memory, exacerbated by the traumatic experience of post-Castro exile. Along this study we discuss the complex relationship between Cuba and the United States of America, the important stages of the emergence of the Cuban-American disapora, particularly the successive post-castrist waves of emigration, which have completely altered the identity card of the displaced community but also redefined the identity and role of a peripheral southern city of Florida: Miami. How and why is this American megalopolis often considered today as the capital of the Caribbean, to some extent even of the Americas?Through a close reading of Cuban-American memoirs, we examine the post-castrist Cuban exile, more precisely its temporality, as well as its paradoxical perception by certain Cuban-Americans, at a certain point in their adult life as both a haven and a burden. The dissertation also considers the mutilated childhood of the 'one-and-a-halfers', their identity hybridity transpiring through their cultural and linguistic nomadism. Their personal testimonies depict multiple phenomena of crosscultural pollinization, counterbalanced and/or completed by an obsessive repetition of their cultural memory thanks to their story-telling grandparents. In the final part of this study we explore self-writing, which is both transcendance and resurgence of their exile and their past. Besides, Cuban-American memoirs often shed light on the passage from a Cuban oral tradition to an American tradition of self-fufilment through writing. They root their inspiration in intimacy to reach the universal, they participate in inscribing their presence their presence both within the realms of Latin-American literature and U.S. self-writing.

Fait interculturel et transmédiatique mondialisé, le basket-ball reste toutefois lié à une identité pré-supposée afro-américaine, malgré son américanité de naissance et d’essence. Qu’est-ce qui réside derrière cette acculturation à rebours par une minorité d’un sport de la majorité ? En quoi l’afro-américanité du basket-ball est-elle un construit politique, culturel et social ? Quel rôle les médias jouent-ils dans la représentation de ce lien établi entre culture afro-américaine et basket-ball ? Et dans quelle mesure ce lien se retrouve-t-il dans les autres éléments de la culture populaire afro-américaine ?Cette démarche fait appel à différentes disciplines, de l’histoire culturelle aux études médiatiques, en passant par la sémiologie. Elle s’appuie sur un corpus complexe comportant principalement une étude de terrain, des analyses des commentaires de matchs, des documentaires sportifs et des productions audiovisuelles (films, séries TV, musique). Elle vise à exposer le dispositif de storytelling de la NBA, ainsi que la mise en images, en paroles et en musique de l’afro-américanité du basket-ball.La recherche met en évidences diverses phases dans l’évolution du sport, du Politique au Corporate en passant par le Symbolique, avec une récente phase Progressiste de retour du politique. L’analyse des commentaires des Finales NBA révèle la représentation de l’athlète noir à travers le prisme des médias. Mêlée au storytelling, la question raciale donne lieu à une mythologie sportive américaine où se joue le rapport à l’autre par le biais de la performance sportive et raciale des athlètes. L’étude des productions de la culture populaire fait émerger l’importance visuelle du corps de l’athlète noir et la figure du Basketteur noir dans l’imaginaire collectif américain. Le processus d’acculturation et d’appropriation culturelle se révèle ainsi partiellement à l’initiative de la communauté afro-américaine mais les médias et la culture populaire qu’ils véhiculent jouent un rôle essentiel dans le cadrage de la figure du Basketteur noir dans le grand récit du vivre-ensemble américain. / As a global cultural phenomenon, basketball is portrayed as a “black” sport, in spite of its origins in Mainstream America. What lies behind this acculturation in reverse, whereby a minority appropriates a sport of the majority? In what sense is the Afro-Americanness of basketball a political, cultural and social construct? What role do the media play in the representation of this link established between Afro-American culture and basketball? And to what extent does this link find itself reflected in the other elements of the Afro-American popular culture? The research methodology calls on various disciplines, from cultural history to media studies, including semiology. It relies on a complex corpus that includes ethnographic observation, the analyses of the comments of NBA matches, documentaries as well as audiovisual productions (movies, TV series, music). It aims at revealing the storytelling constructed by the NBA, as well as the representing in words and music of the Afro-Americanness of the basketball.The research highlights several phases in the evolution of the sport, from Political to Symbolic to Corporate with a recent Progressive phase of return to politics. The analysis of the comments of the Finales NBA reveals the representation of the black athlete through the media prism. Mixed with this storytelling, the issue of race is elaborated within an American sports mythology where the relation to the Other is mediated by the athletic and racial performance of the players. The study of popular culture underlines the visual importance of the black body and the figure of the Black Baller. The process of acculturation and cultural appropriation is thus partially related to the initiative of the Afro-American community but the media and the popular culture they convey play an essential role in the framing of the black Basketball player within the narrative of American togetherness.

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