The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of internal and external focus feedback and their preference on skill learning at age of 12-13 years. Internal focus feedback related with body movements, whereas external focus feedbacks related with movement effects. As a task &ldquo / tennis&rdquo / service in volleyball was used for both acquisition and retention measurements. The subjects (N=78) were randomly assigned to three groups which were internal focus feedback group (IFF), external focus feedback group (EFF) and preference groups (PF). To promote learning three practice days and to assess learning one retention day was applied. Also, during these days, both technique of the skill and targeting was tried to measure. In technique measure the IFF group performed better than EFF group in acquisition and retention phases. PF group had similar scores with IFF group in acquisition phase whereas it did not show better performance than IFF group in retention phase. PF group performed better than EFF group in both phases. In product measure, significant differences between attentional focus feedback groups in acquisition and retention phases. This study indicated that for young children with limited amount of knowledge about a skill internal focus feedback is more appropriate compared to external focus feedback in terms of retention. Being able to choose among internal and external focus of attention also seems to make a difference in retention performance of novice children indicating that active participation on the learning variables is an important concept.

The aim of this thesis is to explore the stance of feminist movement towards a dialogue with Islamist women and the &lsquo / headscarf problem&rsquo / in Turkey in 2000s. This is done by examining three magazines which claim to contribute to feminist movement and women&rsquo / s studies in Turkey, namely Feminist YaklaSimlar, Kadin &Ccedil / aliSmalari Dergisi and Amargi, all of which have been started to be published in 2006. It tries to explain the way in which feminists framed the issue has changed since the 1980s and 1990s, when the feminist movement and the debates on headscarves were on the rise in Turkey. In order to understand the shift of feminist discourse(s) on the headscarf issue, it also tries to explain how the women&rsquo / s movement and women&rsquo / s status in Turkey have transformed since the 19th century, along with the debates on the headscarf.

Myths have been an undeniable source in both shaping and expressing the values, norms and behavioural patterns in societies. However, the archetypes in these myths have helped to oppress women in their personal and social lives and have forced them to accept identities which actually are not theirs. Feminist archetypal theorists propose that through a detailed study of common images of women&rsquo / s writings, fantasies, dreams and myths, the archetypes that women possess will be uncovered and the female experience will have the chance to be voiced more accurately. The aim of this thesis is to explore Surfacing and The Penelopiad by Margaret Atwood and Indigo and The Leto Bundle by Marina Warner to lay bare the attempts of both writers to break away from the male-oriented myths so as to rewrite female experience via rewriting myths. In four novels, the archetypes and mythical elements are used in rewriting the gender and sexual identity markers which have long been imposed on women by patriarchal mythmakers. By rewriting these markers, both writers not only voice the genuine female experience and the body but also pave the way for the creation of new myths which would celebrate female identity and freedom.

Since the 1990&rsquo / s, interest in the European Union (EU) gender equality policies has increased among feminist scholars and activists. In this context, studies focusing on equal pay for work of equal value, equal treatment in education, and access to employment, among others have been undertaken and different dimensions of the EU gender equality policies have been a subject of much debate. This thesis is an effort to critically review the potential of these policies vis-&agrave / -vis their capacity to bring about gender equality in the EU Member States and examine their implications for Turkey as a candidate country. The fundamental argument that underlines this thesis is that the EU gender equality regime, which is mainly concerned with equality in the work place, falls short of effectively responding to the complexities of gender inequality within diverse women&rsquo / s experiences and socioeconomic settings. In Turkey, women&rsquo / s organizations have used the EU accession process to demand major legislative reforms. As a result, it can be said that &lsquo / equality before law&rsquo / is now more or less achieved in Turkey. However, in practice, gender inequality is a pervasive problem in all spheres of life. In the area of employment serious gender v pay gaps exist and unemployment rate of Turkish women is on the rise. Women also face discrimination in other areas of concern such as in access to education and political participation and they encounter multiple forms of violence in both public and private spheres of life. In view of the diversities of women&rsquo / s experiences both in member as well as candidate countries of the EU, the thesis concludes that if the EU is to be a viable project in truly bringing about gender equality it needs to move beyond economics to include social goals within its core policies as well.

La investigación de los materiales constitutivos de obras de arte, en la que se encuadra esta tesis, es una de las aplicaciones de la espectroscopía Raman que ha ido creciendo en importancia en las últimas décadas. El éxito de la aplicación de esta técnica al campo del arte reside en que es una de las técnicas analíticas que, por sus características de no-destructividad y posibilidad de análisis in-situ, mejor se adapta a las exigencias de este tipo de estudio. Así pues, mediante este análisis, se pueden llegar a identificar los materiales que constituyen una obra, lo cual resulta de vital importancia tanto para su datación, autentificación y catalogación, como para poder realizar con rigor su conservación y restauración.La espectroscopia Raman es una técnica fotónica que se basa en el análisis de la pequeña fracción de luz dispersada por la muestra analizada al incidir sobre ella un haz de luz monocromático; la luz dispersada presenta unos cambios frecuenciales (bandas Raman) respecto a la luz incidente que son característicos de la composición molecular del material analizado. Concretamente, la identificación de un material pictórico utilizando la espectroscopia Raman se consigue mediante la localización de la posición frecuencial de las bandas Raman presentes en su espectro. El conjunto de bandas Raman es característico y particular de cada material y permite la identificación unívoca del mismo. Así pues, una vez obtenido el espectro Raman de una muestra y extraída la posición de las bandas que aparecen, si se comparan con las bandas características de pigmentos patrones conocidos se puede identificar a cuál de ellos corresponde. En el laboratorio de espectroscopia Raman del TSC se han obtenido y almacenado los espectros Raman de una amplia colección de pigmentos patrones, por lo que se dispone de una extensa base de datos para comparar con la información Raman contenida en el espectro de un material bajo análisis. Sin embargo, la obtención de esta información Raman no es siempre fácil ya que el espectro medido contiene, además de la señal Raman, ruido inherente tanto al proceso de medida como a la naturaleza del material analizado, que puede llegar a enmascarar la señal Raman. Para mejorar la relación señal-ruido de un espectro Raman se pueden utilizar diversas técnicas de procesado de señal y, de entre ellas, en esta tesis se investiga la utilidad del procesado basado en técnicas de lógica difusa. En este trabajo se ha utilizado esta técnica de procesado para filtrar y así mejorar la relación señal-ruido en espectros Raman ya que permite tratar con la incertidumbre introducida por el ruido inherente a la propia medida, y procesar el espectro sin pérdida de la información, es decir, sin que se vea modificada la posición de las bandas Raman. Por otra parte, la identificación de un material pictórico es realizada habitualmente por el propio analista mediante la inspección visual del espectro, la localización de las bandas presentes en el espectro y la comparación de estas bandas con la base de datos de bandas características de pigmentos patrones de que se disponga. Esta tarea no es fácil y se requiere un observador experimentado que, bajo el prisma de su experiencia y conocimiento adquirido, realice las tareas de localización e identificación. En este proceso se introduce, inevitablemente, una componente de subjetividad ligada a la interacción del investigador. Además suele ser un trabajo costoso y que requiere un elevado consumo de tiempo. Para intentar evitar los errores que esta metodología de trabajo puede conllevar, en esta tesis se han utilizado las posibilidades que ofrece la lógica difusa para desarrollar un sistema que sea capaz de llevar a cabo la localización automática de bandas Raman y su posterior identificación mediante la comparación con una base de datos de patrones, eliminando así el factor de subjetividad e independizando tanto localización como identificación del juicio del investigador.

This thesis is designed to analyze the relations between the Egyptian women&rsquo / s NGOs and the state in Contemporary Egypt through the interviews conducted with members and administrators of eleven selected women&rsquo / s NGOs based in Cairo. The main aim is to show how these NGOs with different aims and different working areas build their relations with the state, what kind of problems they face and how they cope with them as well as, if there are any, elaborate the relation patterns between the state and different women&rsquo / s NGOs in different fields. The sample of the research consists of twenty-seven women, members and administrators, from eleven women&rsquo / s organizations based in Cairo. The women&rsquo / s organizations that constitute the subject of this research study were selected out of the leading advocacy, research, charity and development NGOs in Cairo. Within this framework, the thesis is mainly based on the qualitative data of the in-depth interviews and the interpretations of the responses given by the interviewees. On the other hand, in order to better analyze and understand existing relations between the state and women&rsquo / s organizations in contemporary Egypt, women&rsquo / s activism and NGOs and their shifting relations with the state will be examined historically as well.

This thesis analyzes the right to reconcile work and family responsibilities which is recognized as crucial in women&amp / #8223 / s participation in the labor market. When women can not fully enjoy their right to work due to the burden of unequal gender division of labor, they become more vulnerable to poverty and male violence which impede them from developing their basic human capabilities. States should acknowledge that this is a human rights problem which is deriving from women&amp / #8223 / s overburden as primary caregivers. In order to overcome this problem and transform the patriarchal structure of the market and the family / state intervention in the private sphere is required. Two alternative reconciliation models are examined. The first is the equality driven model that encompasses parental leave and childcare facilities, which necessitate positive intervention of the state and more likely to trigger structural change. The other is the flexibility or market driven model which is based on part-time work and homeworking strategies. They target women&amp / #8223 / s participation in the labor market without necessarily leading to any change in the gender divisionof labor. The effectiveness of these strategies is analyzed within a feminist jurisprudence method. While the focus is on the international framework, including the EU Member States, the specific case of Turkey is also considered. Given Turkey&amp / #8223 / s socio-economic particularities, childcare largely depends on kinship relations and social policies regulating women&amp / #8223 / s labor market participation are market driven. The data shows that women in Turkey do not equally enjoy their economic and social rights. Therefore, by examining the international framework for right to reconcile work and family responsibilities, it is hoped that a case can be made to call on Turkey to abide by its international obligations to grant this right.

This study focuses on the relationship between global economy and women&rsquo / s labor within a feminist standpoint by examining the personal and occupational experiences of immigrant women doing domestic work in Turkey. The main concern of this study is to investigate how working and living experiences of immigrant domestic women workers in Turkey are shaped by their illegal worker and immigrant status. The aim of this study is to listen to the personal experiences of immigrant domestic women workers from themselves, and understand their working conditions and social life experiences in Turkey. There emerged a trend in trading domestic workers between the poor and rich countries since 1990s where many parties, including governments, illegal recruitment agencies, and individual employers benefited. The high unemployment, poverty, shortfalls in living standards, and loss of government-sponsored public services due to the IMF policies implemented by the governments of developing countries severely affected poor and women. For their family survival, women of developing countries forced to migrate in order to seek domestic work in richer countries, where there is a high demand of middle class women for domestic workers. On the other hand, since domestic work is devalued as informal work, policy-makers do not pay sufficient attention, and provide a legal framework regulating the recruitment process and protecting the rights of immigrant domestic women workers. Therefore, immigrant domestic women workers are in a vulnerable position and open to exploitation due to their illegal and immigrant status. Turkey has been one of the domestic worker exporting countries since early 1990s mostly from post-Soviet countries. However, she neither has bilateral agreements with the sending countries nor a legal framework protecting the rights of immigrant domestic women workers. Hence, immigrant women are subject to arbitrary treatment and exploitation both in their workplace and outside, and remained invisible.

No description available.

ECF (Energy-Coupling Factor)-Transporter sind prokaryotische Aufnahmesysteme für Mikronährstoffe, die eine spezielle Gruppe von Transportern mit ATP-Bindekassette (ABC) darstellen. Sie beinhalten zwei asymmetrische Membranproteine, von denen eins (S) für die spezifische Bindung und Translokation des Substrates und das andere (T) für die Kopplung mit den ATPasen (A1,A2) zuständig ist. Bei ECF-Transportern der Subklasse I bilden diese Komponenten eine Einheit, während bei Vertretern der Subklasse II ein AAT-Modul mit wechselnden S-Einheiten interagiert. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde der Transportmechanismus, der eine Drehung der kompletten S-Einheit in der Membran beinhaltet, anhand des Biotintransporters BioMNY erstmals experimentell validiert. Durch Rekonstitution in Lipid-Nanodiscs, chemische Quervernetzung, fluoreszenz- und ESR-spektroskopische Techniken sowie einen Bindungstest mit radioaktivem Biotin wurde gezeigt, dass (i) die ATP-Bindung an die ATPasen zu einer Aufrichtung der S-Einheit (BioY) führt, (ii) diese Bewegung die Substratbeladung ermöglicht und (iii) BioY dabei ununterbrochen mit der T-Einheit (BioN) interagiert. Dies stellt einen Gegensatz zu Systemen der Subklasse II dar, für die ein ATP-abhängiger Austausch von S-Einheiten im Transportzyklus gezeigt worden war. Darüber hinaus wurde ein Escherichia coli-Stamm konstruiert, der durch Blockierung seines hochaffinen Biotintransporters und des -synthesewegs auf Spuren von Biotin nicht wachsen kann. Dieser Stamm ermöglichte einen eindeutigen Nachweis der Transportaktivität einiger solitärer BioY-Proteine. Aufgrund der einheitlichen Topologie von S-Einheiten ist ein Kippen auch für solitäre BioY-Varianten wahrscheinlich. Auch die metallspezifischen S-Einheiten CbiM und NikM besitzen ohne AAT-Modul eine basale Co2+- bzw. Ni2+-Transportaktivität. Ein ESR-spektroskopischer Kobaltnachweises zeigte, dass die aus nur zwei Membranhelices bestehende CbiN-Einheit für die Metallbeladung von CbiM essentiell ist. / ECF (Energy-Coupling Factor) transporters are a subgroup of ABC transporters that mediate uptake of micronutrients into prokaryotic cells. In contrast to canonical ABC importers, ECF transporters comprise two unrelated membrane proteins, one of which is responsible for specific and high affinity substrate binding (S) and the other one constitutes the coupling component (T) between S and the cytosolic ABC-ATPases (A1,A2). Subclass I transporters consist of four dedicated components whereas in subclass II transporters, a central AAT-module may interact with various S units. The biotin specific subclass I ECF transporter BioMNY was used to experimentally verify the hitherto hypothetic transport mechanism, which involves a rotation of the S unit within the membrane. With a series of experiments including reconstitution of BioMNY into lipid nanodiscs, site-specific cross-linking, a substrate binding assay with radioactive biotin and both fluorescence and EPR spectroscopic techniques, the ATP-dependent rotation of BioY (S) as a prerequisite for substrate binding and release was shown for the first time for an ECF transporter. Unlike subclass II transporters, for which an ATP-dependent release of the S unit was proposed, BioY interacts continuously with BioN (T) during the transport cycle. In a second focus of the work, an Escherichia coli reporter strain for biotin transporters was constructed. Due to inactivation of both biotin synthesis and the intrinsic high affinity biotin transporter, this strain was not capable of growing on trace amounts of biotin. With the use of this strain, transport activity of recombinantly produced solitary BioY proteins that naturally lack other ECF components was evidenced. Transport activity in the absence of AAT modules is also a feature of the Co2+ and Ni2+ specific S components CbiM and NikM. An EPR spectroscopic Co2+ detection assay helped underscoring the essential role of the small membrane protein CbiN for Co2+ loading of CbiM.