The aim of the thesis is to find out children&rsquo / s expectations from smart products that enhance their learning and analyze their conformity with the state of art smart products and educational technologies. The developments in technology affect many dimensions including education. There are many studies that aimed to improve the learning process by the help of technology. However, the perspective of children considering this topic is almost absent in the literature. Therefore, expectations of children from learning technologies are explored via an empirical study. The state of art smart technologies and products to enhance learning will also be covered. Then, in the light of an empirical study, to what extent children&rsquo / s expectations overlap with current technologies will be presented.

Abstract The reactivity and bonding of allyl groups (C3H5) on a Ag(111) surface have been investigated under ultrahigh vacuum conditions by temperature-programmed reaction/desorption (TPR/D) and reflection-adsorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS). The atomically clean surface was achieved by Ar+ sputtering and verified by AES. The surface crystallinity was assured by LEED. Surface -bound allyl groups were generated by dissociative adsorption of allyl halides. Our study shows that the C-X (X= I or Cl) bond can be ruptured below 200K to render adsorbed allyl species. Upon further heating, three gas-phase products were detected at ~280 K, 295 K and 320 K in the TPR/D spectra, which are attributed to 1,5-hexadiene, allene, and propene, respectively. These results suggest that allyl undergoes

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In the organometallic chemistry, the imido complexes are an interesting species because it of their rich reactivity. Imido has two forms, where M=N-R form is nucleophilic and M¡ÝN-R form is elctrophilic. The thermo- or photochemical- decomposition of metal azido complexes is known to result in the formation of the corresponding metal nitride(M¡ÝN) or imido complexes. These reactions are oxidative cleavage type. As far as we know, imido species have not been generated on metal surfaces; therefore, we attempt to use the azidotrimethylsilane((CH3)3Si-N3 ; TMSN3) as precursors to produce imido species(TMSN=Cu) by N2 extrusion mechanism on Cu(111). The process was explored by a combination of temperature-programmed desorption (TPD), reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS), and X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) techniques. In addition, density functional theory (DFT) calculations were conducted to obtain the optimized geometries for the various surface intermediates. The computed IR spectra facilitated the vibrational mode assignments. TPD spectra show that TMSN=Cu was hydrogenated to the TMSNH2 amine product around 520 K. We propose that the hydrogen source is adsorbed methyl groups, invoking the cleavage of the Si-C bond. TMSCH2N3 molecule was also investigated. In this case, N2 and H2 molecules were found to desorb around 260 K and 320K. A novel TMSC¡ÝN product was observed around 280K. We suggest it is a result of the metathesis reaction from ethylidyne (TMSC¡ÝCu) and nitride(N¡ÝCu) species. The TMSC¡ÝCu species are produced by double £\-hydride elimination of TMSCH2-Cu groups. The N¡ÝCu may be generated by the thermaldecomposition of copper azide(N=N=N-Cu). RAIRS reveal that there are three kinds of azido vibrations,where the higher frequency is assigned to the N=N=N-Cu species. This product is verified by the TPD of adsorbed TMSC¡ÝN molecule. Intriguingly, the thermal chemistry of TMSC¡ÝN molecule indicates that the isomeric molecule TMSN¡ÝC could be formed around 210 K, evidenced by a notable change in the RAIRS. The higher frequency £hC¡ÝN of TMSC¡ÝN transforms into a lower frequency £hC¡ÝN for TMSN¡ÝC. The coverage-dependent studies of RAIRS and XPS performed at 160 K surface temperature show that the isomerization may be intermolecular. The back-£k bonded TMSN¡ÝC molecule is desorbed around 410 K. XPS and RAIRS at 800 K show that isocyanide could polymerize to polyisocyanide, with an imine structure, and the characteristic C¡ÝN stretching mode disappeared.

Texte remanié de: Dissertation--Fakultät für Philologie--Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Wintersemester 2005/2006. / Bibliogr. p. 332-342.

Objective: The cytotoxic property of anti-EGFR-1 monoclonal-antibody nimotuzumab modified with nuclear localization sequence and radiolabeled with 111In was evaluated in trastuzumab-resistant breast cancer cells. Methods: 111In-nimotuzumab-NLS was constructed and its immunoreactivity was determined. Cellular and nuclear uptake was evaluated by cell fractionation. Finally, the cytotoxicity of conjugates (111In-nimotuzumab/111In-nimotuzumab-NLS) was studied by clonogenic assays. Results: The immunoreactivity of 111In-nimotuzumab-NLS was conserved. 111In-nimotuzumab-NLS exhibited 2-fold higher nuclear translocation as compared to 111In-nimotuzumab in MDA-MB-468 cells. Nuclear importation of 111In-nimotuzumab-NLS in MDA-MB-468 cells was 4-fold and 6-fold higher than moderate and low EGFR expressing cell lines, respectively. Clonogenic survival (CS) for MDA-MB-468 cells showed 111In-nimotuzumab-NLS to be 10-folds and 60-folds more potent than 111In-nimotuzumab and nimotuzumab, respectively. Moderate killing for TrR1 and MDA-MB-231 was observed. 111In-hEGF showed significantly higher cytotoxicity and 2-fold higher γ-H2AX foci integrated density/nuclear-area as compared to 111In-nimotuzumab-NLS. Preserved selectivity of 111In-nimotuzumab-NLS makes it an excellent drug for treating cancers.

Les films ultraminces présentent une grande proportion d'atomes aux interfaces films-substrat et film-environnement. Grâce à cela, ces films possèdent des microstructures et donc des propriétés particulières différentes de celles des matériaux massifs. Nous avons étudié par microscopie à effet tunnel in situ d'une part la microstructure d'alliages binaires B - Ni où B = {Pd, Au, Ag} réalisés par co-dépôt électrochimique, et d'autre part la microstructure de films ultraminces où l'élément B est déposé sur une monocouche de nickel préalablement déposée sur Au(111). De plus, une méthode à été mise au point pour permettre de maintenir la surface de Au(111) non reconstruite pendant le les différents dépôts permettant de minimiser la formation d'alliage avec le substrat. Après avoir revisité le dépôt de Ni sur l'or non reconstruit, la microstructure des alliages co-déposés a été étudiée en fonction de leur composition et de la vitesse de dépôt. De plus, le choix des éléments B nous permet d'étudier l'influence de l'enthalpie de mélange du nickel avec Pd, Au et Ag sur la microstructure. Nous avons ainsi montré qu'il y a séparation de phase dans tous les cas mais à une échelle propre à chaque système. Le dépôt de B sur Ni a permis de mettre en évidence des processus de substitution entre B = {Pd, Au} et le nickel. Ces processus s'accompagnent d'une dissolution partielle du nickel extrudé de la couche. Les alliages formés sont composés d'un mélange de phase riches en nickel et riches en Pd ou Au. La morphologie de ces alliages est cependant très différente des alliages co-déposés.

Understanding the behaviour of molecules on a semiconductor surface is necessary if molecular self-assembly is going to be employed, with existing semiconductor technology, to create useful devices. Si(111)-7x7 is an invaluable surface upon which to study molecular adsorption. The surface reconstruction has been well characterized and it possesses seven symmetrically distinct dangling bonds that can serve as reaction sites. Aromatic molecules on Si(111)-7x7 have been investigated with a variety of techniques and have been shown to chemisorb at room temperature. However, it is not trivial to predict how an ensemble of aromatic molecules might distribute themselves amongst the available bonding sites on this surface. The work presented in this thesis begins with a joint STM and ab initio investigation of thiophene on 7x7 that demonstrates kinetics are necessary to describe the chemisorption sites occupied at various coverages. A kinetic Monte Carlo model, taking into account a mobile physisorbed state, is shown to accurately describe this site occupancy at room temperature. This model disregards molecule-molecule interaction because thiophene does not sterically hinder chemisorption to a neighbouring dangling bond. A larger molecule, mesitylene, was then studied on Si(111)-7x7, and shown to form an ordered molecular lattice on the Si(111)-7x7 surface. This is the first demonstration of a porous molecular lattice grown on Si(111)-7x7 at room temperature. Finally, molecular chemisorption on the related 5x5 reconstruction, grown by depositing Ge on 7x7, is studied. It is found that the presence of Ge hinders molecular chemisorption, preventing formation of the mesitylene lattice. / Thesis (Ph.D, Physics, Engineering Physics and Astronomy) -- Queen's University, 2009-09-11 10:14:10.118

The current thesis presents fundamental studies of phthalocyanines (Pcs), a group of organic macro-cycle molecules. The use of phthalocyanine molecular films in devices with a variety of possible technological applications has been the reason of the many studies dedicated to such molecules during the last decades. Core and valence photoelectron spectroscopies (PES), X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) techniques are used to study phthalocyanine molecules in gas phase and adsorbed on gold (111) and silicon Si(100)-2x1 substrates. Density functional theory (DFT) is used to obtain further insights in the electronic structure of the phthalocyanines. The aim of our studies is to get a deeper understanding into the molecule-molecule and molecule-substrate interactions, a fundamental requirement for improving the devices based on such molecular materials. Gas phase PES and XAS studies and single molecule DFT calculations are performed on the valence band (VB) of iron phthalocyanine (FePc), manganese phthalocyanine (MnPc) and metal-free phthalocyanine (H2Pc). The VB simulations have shown how the metal atom of the Pc influences the inner valence states of the molecules. The HOMO of the H2Pc and FePc is formed by mostly C2p states, whereas the HOMO of MnPc has mainly Mn3d character. PES studies of H2Pc on Au(111) have revealed the influence of the surface on the adsorption of the monolayer. XAS studies indicate formation of ordered monolayer with the Pc ligands parallel to the surface and the change of the molecular tilt angle with increasing thicknesses. For LuPc2 adsorbed on Au(111), STM study demonstrates a formation of bilayer instead of a monolayer. A comparison between the results of LuPc2 adsorbed on pristine or passivated Si(100)-2x1 confirmes the different reactivities of these surfaces: LuPc2 retains many molecular-like characters, when adsorbed on the innert passivated Si. Instead, on the more reactive pristine Si surface, the spectroscopic results have indicated a more significant interaction, possible hybridization and charge redistribution between the molecules and the surface. Moreover, STM images show a modification of the geometrical shape of the molecules, which are proposed to adsorb in two different geometries on the pristine Si surface.

Objective: CSL360 is a chimeric IgG1 mAb recognizing CD123+/CD131- LSCs responsible for acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The in vitro targeting properties of 111In-labeled CSL360 modified with nuclear localization sequence (NLS) were evaluated in AML cells. Methods: 111In-NLS-CSL360 was constructed and its binding affinity, cellular uptake and nuclear importation were analyzed on CD123+ cells. Cytotoxicity was evaluated by clonogenic assays on AML cells (CD123+/CD131-). Results: 111In-NLS-CSL360 exhibited preserved binding to CD123. High cellular and nuclear uptake was observed at 266 nM after 24 hour of incubation. Nuclear uptake of 111In-NLS-CSL360 (266 nM) was 2.0-fold higher than 111In-CSL360 (266 nM) after 24 hour of incubation. Clonogenic survival (CS) of AML cells was reduced to 27.5 ± 4.1%. The nuclear uptake and cytotoxicity were reduced when pre-exposed to unlabeled CSL360, indicating 111In-NLS-CSL360 was CD123-specific. Conclusion: 111In-NLS-CSL360 could be a promising radioimmunotherapeutic agent specific for LSCs.