Introdução: Esclerose múltipla (EM) é uma doença desmielinizante e inflamatória do sistema nervoso central. Seu diagnóstico é clínico, auxiliado pela imagem de ressonância magnética, mas essa imagem não diferencia processos de inflamação e desmielinização. A tomografia por emissão de pósitrons (PET), usando radiofármacos específicos, pode ser uma ferramenta para diferenciar esses processos. O radiofármaco [11C]PK11195 se liga na proteína translocadora 18 kDa (TSPO) presente nas mitocôndrias das células gliais. O radiofármaco [11C]PIB é utilizado para detecção de placa Beta-amiloide, mas tem sido utilizado também na análise do conteúdo de mielina. Esta nova aplicação foi fundamentada na captação deste radiofármaco em substância branca. A utilização em conjunto destes dois radiofármacos pode diferenciar processos de neuroinflamação, desmielinização e remielização através da imagem PET. Objetivo: O objetivo deste trabalho é validar o uso dos radiofármacos [11C]PK11195 e [11C]PIB para estudo pré-clínico para a quantificação de neuroinflamação e quantidade de mielina, respectivamente, na progressão da doença de modelos animais de esclerose múltipla, modelo de roedores, e em seguida realizar análise de lesões em substância cinzenta e substância branca em modelo de primatas não humanos. Material e Métodos Projeto aprovado pelo comitê de ética (UNIFESP 2628300415 e FMUSP 25/15 e 0556/15). O modelo de lisolecitina em ratos (Wistar, machos) foi induzido pela injeção estereotáxica de lisolecitina 1% em dois locais do estriado direito (2 + 2 microL) e no corpo caloso (3 microL). As imagens de PET com [11C]PK11195 e [11C]PIB foram adquiridas nos tempos basal, 3 dias, 1 semana e 4 semanas após a administração estereotáxica. O modelo de encefalomielite autoimune experimental (EAE) em saguis foi induzido por injeção de glicoproteína da mielina do oligodendrócito (MOG) emulsionada em Adjuvante Incompleto de Freund (IFA) ou em Adjuvante Completo de Freund (CFA). As imagens de PET foram adquiridas antes da imunização (basal) e ± 100 dias após a imunização (final). O tecido cerebral foi utilizado para análise imuno-histológica. Resultados: No modelo de lisolecitina em rato foi observado um aumento na captação de [11C]PK11145 no corpo caloso, 25 % (P = 0,002) e no estriado, 24 % (P < 0,05) uma semana após a imunização comparando com a imagem basal. Com o [11C]PIB não foram observadas diferenças significativas. No modelo de EAE em saguis, induzido com MOG/IFA, foi possível observar uma redução significativa da captação de [11C]PIB nas regiões do esplênio do corpo caloso direito de 38,17 % (P = 0,0365), globo pálido direito, 22,75 %, (P = 0,0355), núcleo caudado direito, 29,36 % (P = 0,0284) e córtex cingulado, 18,99 % (P = 0,0453), enquanto para o grupo MOG/CFA foi observada uma redução significativa para a região do córtex motor esquerdo, 9,51 % (P = 0,0083). Com o [11C]PK11195 foi observada uma redução significativa na captação do radiofármacos na imagem intermediária do grupo MOG/IFA comparada com a captação basal nas regiões do córtex somatossensorial direito, 22,8 % (P = 0,0041), córtex de associação direito, 18,98 % (P = 0,0228), córtex subpial direito, 23,37 % (P = 0,0006) e região do núcleo caudado inferior esquerdo, 18,97 % (P = 0,0233). Nos ensaios post mortem realizados com os ratos foi possível observar na imuno-histoquímica uma correlação, entre micróglia ativada (Iba-1) e [11C]PK11195, tanto no corpo caloso como no estriado. Para os saguis foi observado correlação entre [11C]PK11195 e Iba-1 e esta não foi observada para o [11C]PK11195 e GFAP. Na histologia, foi observada uma correlação entre os dados da imagem de [11C]PIB e a técnica de luxol fast blue. Conclusão: A imagem PET com [11C]PK11195 e [11C]PIB foi eficiente para as quantificações de neuroinflamação e mielina, respectivamente, na progressão da doença dos modelos animais (roedor e primata não humano) da EM / Introduction: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating and inflammatory disease of the central nervous system. Its diagnosis is clinical, helped by magnetic resonance imaging, but this image modality does not differentiate between inflammation and demyelination. Positron Emission Tomography (PET), using specific radiopharmaceuticals, can be a tool to differentiate these processes. The radiopharmaceutical [11C]PK11195 binds to the translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO) present in the mitochondria of glial cells. [11C]PIB is a radiopharmaceutical used for detection of Beta-amyloid plaques, but has also been used in the analysis of myelin content. This new application was based on the white matter uptake of this radiopharmaceutical. The use of these two radiopharmaceuticals together can differentiate processes of neuroinflammation, demyelination and remyelination by the PET imaging. Objective: The objective of this work is to validate the use of tracers [11C]PK11195 and [11C]PIB for preclinical study for the qualification of neuroinflammation and amount of myelin, respectively, in the disease progression of animal models of multiple sclerosis, rodent model, and then perform analysis of grey matter and white matter lesions in non-human primate model. Material and Methods: Project approved by the ethics committee (UNIFESP 2628300415 and FMUSP 25/15 and 0556/15). The rat lysolecithin model (Wistar, male) was induced by stereotactic injection of lysolecithin 1% at two sites of the right striatum (2 + 2 microL) and in the corpus callosum (3 microL). PET images with [11C]PK11195 and [11C]PIB were acquired at baseline, 3 days, 1 week and 4 weeks after stereotactic injection. The experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model in marmosets was induced by injection of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) emulsified in Incomplete Freund\'s Adjuvant (IFA) or Complete Freund\'s Adjuvant (CFA). PET images were acquired prior to immunization (baseline) and ± 100 days after immunization (end of experiment). Brain tissue was used for immunohistochemical analysis. Results: In the rat lysolecithin model, an increase in [11C]PK11145 uptake of 25% (P = 0.002) was observed in the corpus callosum and 24% (P < 0.05) in the striatum, one week after immunization compared to the baseline image. The IFA/MOG and CFA/MOG groups showed clinical signs in 100% of the animals. The comparison between baseline and symptoms time points showed in the CFA/MOG group a significant 11C-PIB uptake reduction only in the left motor cortex, 9.5 % (P = 0.0083). For the IFA/MOG group, a significant decrease in 11C-PIB uptake was observed in the splenium of corpus callosum, 38.4 % (P = 0.0365), globus pallidus, 22.9 % (P = 0.0355) and tail of caudate nucleus, 28.9 % (P = 0.0284), being these 3 regions in the right brain hemisphere, and also in the cingulate cortex (midline above corpus callosum), 19.5 % (P = 0.0453). 11C-PK11195 uptake was significantly decreased in IFA/MOG group in the intermediary time point in the right somatosensorial cortex, 22.08 % (P = 0.0041), right association cortex, 18.98 % (P = 0.0228), right subpial cortex, 23.37 % (P = 0.0006) and left tail of caudate nucleus, 18.97 % (P = 0.0233). In the post mortem analysis performed with rat tissue, a weak correlation between activated microglia (Iba-1) and [11C]PK11195 uptake was observed both in the corpus callosum and in the striatum. For the marmosets we observed correlation between [11C]PK11195 and Iba-1 but we didn\'t observed between [11C]PK11195 and GFAP. In histology, we observed correlation between [11C]PIB and luxol fast blue. Conclusion: The PET images with [11C]PK11195 and [11C]PIB were efficient for quantifying neuroinflammation and myelin content, respectively, in the disease progression of animal models (rodent and nonhuman primate) of MS

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第18866号 / 医博第3977号 / 新制||医||1008(附属図書館) / 31817 / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 戸井 雅和, 教授 平岡 眞寛, 教授 三森 経世 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Introduction Since its development by Al Wolf and colleagues in the 1970s1, [11C]cyanide has been a useful synthon for a wide variety of reactions, most notably those producing [1-11C]-labeled amino acids2. However, despite its position as rote gas-phase product, the catalytic synthesis is difficult to optimize and often only perfunctorily dis-cussed in the radiochemical literature. Recently, [11C]CN– has been used in the synthesis of indole-3-[1-11C]acetic acid ([11C]IAA), the principal phytohormone responsible for a wide variety of growth and development functions in plants3. The University of Wisconsin has expertise in cyclotron production and radiochemistry of 11C and previous experience in the PET imaging of plants4,5. In this abstract, we present work on optimizing [11C]CN– production for the synthesis of [11C]IAA and the PET imaging of auxin transport in living plants. Material and Methods [11C]CH4 was produced by irradiating 270 psi of 90% N2, 10% H2 with 30 µA of 16.1 MeV protons from a GE PETtrace cyclotron. After irradiation, the [11C]CH4 was converted to [11C]CN– by passing through a quartz tube containing 3.0 g of Pt wire and powder between quartz wool frits inside a 800–1000 ˚C Carbolite tube furnace. The constituents and flow rate of the [11C]CH4 carrier gas were varied in an effort to optimize the oven\'s catalytic production of [11C]CN– from CH4 and NH3. The following conditions were investigated: i. Directly flowing irradiated target gas versus trapping, purging and releasing [11C]CH4 from a −178 ˚C HayeSep D column in He through the Pt furnace. ii. Varying the amount of anhydrous NH3 (99.995%) mixed with the [11C]CH4 carrier gas prior to the Pt furnace. Amounts varied from zero to 35 % of gas flow. iii. Varying the purity of the added NH3 gas with the addition of a hydride gas purifier (Entegris model 35KF), reducing O2 and H2O impurities to < 12 ppb. iv. Varying the flow rate of He gas carrying trapped, purged and released [11C]CH4. After flowing through the Pt furnace, the gas stream was bubbled through 300 µL of DMSO containing IAA precursor gramine (1 mg), then passed through a 60×5 cm column containing ascarite to absorb [11C]CO2, followed by a −178˚C Porapak Q column to trap [11C]CH4 and [11C]CO. After bubbling, the DMSO/gramine vial was heated to 140 ˚C to react the gramine with [11C]CN–, forming the intermediate indole-3-[1-11C]acetonitrile ([11C]IAN), which was subsequently purified by solid phase extraction (SPE). The reaction mixture was diluted into 20 mL water and loaded onto a Waters Sep-Pak light C18 cartridge, followed by rinsing with 5 mL of 0.1% HCl : acetonitrile (99 : 1) and 10 mL of the same mixture in ratio 95 : 5, and finally eluted with 0.5 mL of diethyl ether. The ether was subsequently evaporated under argon flow, followed by the hydrolysis of [11C]IAN to [11C]IAA with the addition of 300 µL 1 M NaOH and heating to 140 ˚C for 5 minutes. After hydrolysis, the solution was neutralized with 300 µL 1 M HCl and purified using preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using a Phenomenex Luna C18 (10μ, 250×10mm) column with a mobile phase acetonitrile : 0.1% formic acid in H2O (35 : 65) at flow rate of 3 mL/min. The [11C]IAA peak, eluting at 12 minutes, was collected and rotary evaporated to dryness, then again after the addition of 5 mL acetonitrile, followed by its reconstitution in 50 µL of water. Analytical HPLC was performed on the [11C]IAA before and after this evaporation procedure using a Phenomenex Kinetex C18 (2.6μ, 75× 4.6 mm) column with a linear gradient elution over 20 minutes of 10 : 90–30 : 70 (acetonitrile : 0.1% formic acid) at a 1 mL/min flow rate, eluting at 7.6 minutes. The transport of [11C]IAA was monitored following administration through the severed petiole of rapid cycling Brassica oleracea (rcBo) using a Siemens microPET P4 scanner. Transport was compared following administration to the first true leaf versus the final fully formed leaf in plants with and without exposure to the polar auxin transport inhibitor naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA). Results and Conclusion Optimization of the [11C]CN– gas phase chemistry was performed using two key metrics for measuring conversion yield. First is the fraction of total produced radioactivity that trapped in the DMSO/gramine solution (denoted %DMSO), and second, the fraction of DMSO/gramine-trapped activity that was able to react with gramine to form [11C]IAN (denoted %CN–). Under certain conditions, the former of these metrics experienced significant losses due to unconverted [11C]CH4 or through combustion, forming [11C]CO2 or [11C]CO. The latter metric experienced losses due to production of incomplete oxidation products of the CH4-NH3 reaction, such as methylamine. Total [11C]CH4 to [11C]CN– con-version yields is reported by the product of the two metrics. It was initially hypothesized that the irradiation of a 90% N2, 10% H2 target gas would produce sufficient in-target-hot-atom-produced NH3 to convert [11C]CH4 to [11C]CN– in the Pt furnace. However, conversion yields were found to be low and highly variable, with 13 ± 8 % trapping in DMSO/gramine, 9 ± 9 % of which reacted as CN– (n = 15). While in disagreement with previous reports1, this is likely as a result the batch irradiation conditions resulting ammonia losses in the target chamber and along the tubing walls. Yields and reproducibility were improved when combining the target gas with a stream of anhydrous NH3 gas flow with conversion yields reported in TABLE 1. However, these yields remained undesirably low, potentially as a result of the 10% H2 carrier gas having an adverse effect on the oxidative conversion of [11C]CH4 to [11C]CN–. To remedy this, the irradiated target gas was trapped, purged, released in He and combined with NH3 gas before flowing through the Pt furnace. Initial experiments using 99.995% anhydrous NH3 gas resulted in very poor (< 0.1%) [11C]CN– yields as a result of nearly quantitative combustion forming [11C]CO2. Installation of a hydride gas purifier to reduce O2 and H2O impurities in NH3 improved yields for CH4 in He, but did not significantly affect those from [11C]CH4 in N2/H2 target gas. In disagreement with previous reports2, conversion yields were found to be highly sensitive to overall carrier gas flow rate, with lower flow rates giving the best yields, as shown in TABLE 1. Optimization experiments are continuing. The total decay-corrected yield for the 1 hour synthesis of [11C]IAA in 50 µL of water is 2.3 ± 0.7 %, based on the total produced [11C]CH4 with a specific activity ranging from 1–100 GBq/µmol. The principal radiochemical impurity was determined to be indole-3-carboxylic acid. The SPE procedure isolating the [11C]IAN intermediate product was optimized to minimize this impurity in the final sample. After a rapid distribution of the administered [11C]IAA through the cut petiole and throughout the rcBO plant, upward vascular transport of auxin and downward polar auxin transport was visualized through time-activity curves (TACs) of regions of interest along the shoot. Comparison of these TACS with and without exposure to NPA yields insight into the fundamental physiological process of polar auxin transport in plants. In conclusion, the Pt-catalyzed oxidative conversion of [11C]CH4 and NH3 to [11C]CN– is a challenging process to optimize and highly sensitive to carrier gas composition and flow rate. Optimization for our experimental conditions yielded several results which disagreed with previous reports. [11C]IAA produced using [11C]CN– is well suited for PET imaging of polar auxin transport in living plants.

<p>The usefulness of low concentrations (typically 10 to 100 <i>µ</i>M) of [¹¹C]carbon monoxide and aryl triflates as substrates in ¹¹C-carbonylation using different nucleophiles in the presence of lithium bromide was investigated. The reactions were performed in a micro autoclave of 200 <i>µ</i>L volume and catalysed (mediated) by palladium(0). </p><p>A peripheral type benzodiazepine receptor (PBR) ligand, 1-(2-chlorophenyl)-<i>N</i>-methyl-<i>N</i>-(1-methylpropyl)isoquinoline-3-carboxamide (PK11195) and its structural analogues including an irreversible ligand for PBR, some other amides, ketones and carboxylic acids, were all labelled with ¹¹C using this approach. The [<i>carbonyl</i>-¹¹C]PK11195, analogues and other amides were prepared from aryl triflates and amines, and the [<i>carbonyl</i>-¹¹C]ketones were prepared from aryl triflates and organoboranes. In the synthesis of [<i>carboxyl</i>-¹¹C]carboxylic acids, water was utilised as nucleophile. The decay-corrected radiochemical yields were 10 to 55% for [¹¹C]PK11195 and analogues, 2 to 63% for other [¹¹C]amides, 10 to 75% for [¹¹C]ketones and 25 to 65% for [¹¹C]carboxylic acids. The specific radioactivity of the labelled compounds was in the range of 150 to 900 GBq/<i>µ</i>mol. </p><p>Some [¹¹C]amines were prepared by a reductive amination of the corresponding [carbonyl-¹¹C]ketones. These reactions were performed using different amines in the presence of TiCl₄ and NaBH₃CN. The radiochemical yields of the [¹¹C]amines varied from 2 to 78% (determined by analytical HPLC). </p><p>In order to confirm the labelling position, synthesis of selected ¹³C-substituted compounds were performed. For each substance group/ synthesis method, a selected compound was synthesised using (¹³C)carbon monoxide and the ¹³C-substituted compound was then analysed by ¹³C NMR.</p><p>A synthetic route was developed for the preparation of 1-(2-chloro-phenyl)-isoquinolin-3-yl trifluoromethanesulfonate used as the precursor in the synthesis of [<i>carbonyl</i>-¹¹C]PK11195 and analogues.</p>

The usefulness of low concentrations (typically 10 to 100 µM) of [11C]carbon monoxide and aryl triflates as substrates in 11C-carbonylation using different nucleophiles in the presence of lithium bromide was investigated. The reactions were performed in a micro autoclave of 200 µL volume and catalysed (mediated) by palladium(0). A peripheral type benzodiazepine receptor (PBR) ligand, 1-(2-chlorophenyl)-N-methyl-N-(1-methylpropyl)isoquinoline-3-carboxamide (PK11195) and its structural analogues including an irreversible ligand for PBR, some other amides, ketones and carboxylic acids, were all labelled with 11C using this approach. The [carbonyl-11C]PK11195, analogues and other amides were prepared from aryl triflates and amines, and the [carbonyl-11C]ketones were prepared from aryl triflates and organoboranes. In the synthesis of [carboxyl-11C]carboxylic acids, water was utilised as nucleophile. The decay-corrected radiochemical yields were 10 to 55% for [11C]PK11195 and analogues, 2 to 63% for other [11C]amides, 10 to 75% for [11C]ketones and 25 to 65% for [11C]carboxylic acids. The specific radioactivity of the labelled compounds was in the range of 150 to 900 GBq/µmol. Some [11C]amines were prepared by a reductive amination of the corresponding [carbonyl-11C]ketones. These reactions were performed using different amines in the presence of TiCl4 and NaBH3CN. The radiochemical yields of the [11C]amines varied from 2 to 78% (determined by analytical HPLC). In order to confirm the labelling position, synthesis of selected 13C-substituted compounds were performed. For each substance group/ synthesis method, a selected compound was synthesised using (13C)carbon monoxide and the 13C-substituted compound was then analysed by 13C NMR. A synthetic route was developed for the preparation of 1-(2-chloro-phenyl)-isoquinolin-3-yl trifluoromethanesulfonate used as the precursor in the synthesis of [carbonyl-11C]PK11195 and analogues.

The Angiotensin II Type 1 (AT1) receptor is the main receptor responsible for the effects of the renin-angiotensin system, and its expression pattern is altered in several diseases. [11C]Methyl-Losartan has been developed based on the clinically used AT1 receptor antagonist Losartan. The aim of this work is to characterize the pharmacokinetics, repeatability and reliability of measurements, binding specificity and selectivity of [11C]Methyl-Losartan in rats using in vivo small animal positron emission tomography (PET) imaging, ex vivo biodistribution and in vitro autoradiography methods. Also, we aim to measure the presence of metabolites in the kidney and plasma using high-performance liquid chromatography. We have demonstrated in vivo that [11C]Methyl-Losartan is taken up in the AT1 receptor-rich kidneys and that it is displaceable by selective AT1 receptor antagonists. Using ex vivo biodistribution, we have confirmed these results and demonstrated that [11C]Methyl-Losartan binds selectively to the AT1 receptor over the AT2, Mas and β-adrenergic receptors. In vitro autoradiography results confirmed these renal binding selectivity studies. [11C]Methyl-Losartan was also shown to have one and two C-11 labeled metabolites in the plasma and kidneys, respectively. In conclusion, [11C]Methyl-Losartan is a promising agent for studying the AT1 receptor in rat models with normal and altered AT1 receptor expression using small animal PET imaging.

Cardiac hypertrophy is a compensatory response to increased work load or stress on the heart, but over time can lead to heart failure and death. The molecular mechanisms underlying this disease are still not completely understood, however the Rho/Rho kinase pathway has been shown to play a role. N-[11C]-methyl-hydroxyfasudil, a PET radiotracer, binds to active Rho kinase and could be a possible tracer for hypertrophy. Hypertrophy was induced in vitro using the β-adrenergic receptor agonist isoproterenol to evaluate optimal Rho kinase activity. Rho kinase activity data was correlated to N-[11C]-methyl-hydroxyfasudil binding. Cardiac hypertrophy was verified with an increase in nuclear size (1.74 fold) and cell size (~2 fold), activation of hypertrophic signalling pathways, and increased Rho kinase activity (1.64 fold). This correlated to a 10.3% increase in N-[11C]-methyl-hydroxyfasudil binding. This data suggests that N-[11C]-methyl-hydroxyfasudil may be useful as a radiotracer for detecting cardiac hypertrophy and merits further in vivo investigation.

The Angiotensin II Type 1 (AT1) receptor is the main receptor responsible for the effects of the renin-angiotensin system, and its expression pattern is altered in several diseases. [11C]Methyl-Losartan has been developed based on the clinically used AT1 receptor antagonist Losartan. The aim of this work is to characterize the pharmacokinetics, repeatability and reliability of measurements, binding specificity and selectivity of [11C]Methyl-Losartan in rats using in vivo small animal positron emission tomography (PET) imaging, ex vivo biodistribution and in vitro autoradiography methods. Also, we aim to measure the presence of metabolites in the kidney and plasma using high-performance liquid chromatography. We have demonstrated in vivo that [11C]Methyl-Losartan is taken up in the AT1 receptor-rich kidneys and that it is displaceable by selective AT1 receptor antagonists. Using ex vivo biodistribution, we have confirmed these results and demonstrated that [11C]Methyl-Losartan binds selectively to the AT1 receptor over the AT2, Mas and β-adrenergic receptors. In vitro autoradiography results confirmed these renal binding selectivity studies. [11C]Methyl-Losartan was also shown to have one and two C-11 labeled metabolites in the plasma and kidneys, respectively. In conclusion, [11C]Methyl-Losartan is a promising agent for studying the AT1 receptor in rat models with normal and altered AT1 receptor expression using small animal PET imaging.

The Angiotensin II Type 1 (AT1) receptor is the main receptor responsible for the effects of the renin-angiotensin system, and its expression pattern is altered in several diseases. [11C]Methyl-Losartan has been developed based on the clinically used AT1 receptor antagonist Losartan. The aim of this work is to characterize the pharmacokinetics, repeatability and reliability of measurements, binding specificity and selectivity of [11C]Methyl-Losartan in rats using in vivo small animal positron emission tomography (PET) imaging, ex vivo biodistribution and in vitro autoradiography methods. Also, we aim to measure the presence of metabolites in the kidney and plasma using high-performance liquid chromatography. We have demonstrated in vivo that [11C]Methyl-Losartan is taken up in the AT1 receptor-rich kidneys and that it is displaceable by selective AT1 receptor antagonists. Using ex vivo biodistribution, we have confirmed these results and demonstrated that [11C]Methyl-Losartan binds selectively to the AT1 receptor over the AT2, Mas and β-adrenergic receptors. In vitro autoradiography results confirmed these renal binding selectivity studies. [11C]Methyl-Losartan was also shown to have one and two C-11 labeled metabolites in the plasma and kidneys, respectively. In conclusion, [11C]Methyl-Losartan is a promising agent for studying the AT1 receptor in rat models with normal and altered AT1 receptor expression using small animal PET imaging.

Cardiac hypertrophy is a compensatory response to increased work load or stress on the heart, but over time can lead to heart failure and death. The molecular mechanisms underlying this disease are still not completely understood, however the Rho/Rho kinase pathway has been shown to play a role. N-[11C]-methyl-hydroxyfasudil, a PET radiotracer, binds to active Rho kinase and could be a possible tracer for hypertrophy. Hypertrophy was induced in vitro using the β-adrenergic receptor agonist isoproterenol to evaluate optimal Rho kinase activity. Rho kinase activity data was correlated to N-[11C]-methyl-hydroxyfasudil binding. Cardiac hypertrophy was verified with an increase in nuclear size (1.74 fold) and cell size (~2 fold), activation of hypertrophic signalling pathways, and increased Rho kinase activity (1.64 fold). This correlated to a 10.3% increase in N-[11C]-methyl-hydroxyfasudil binding. This data suggests that N-[11C]-methyl-hydroxyfasudil may be useful as a radiotracer for detecting cardiac hypertrophy and merits further in vivo investigation.