Les lysophosphatidylcholines (LPCs), molécules amphiphiles, peuvent jouer le rôle d'un vecteur pour des acides gras d'intérêt. Ces molécules peuvent être synthétisées par voie enzymatique. Ce travail a pour objectif de synthétiser des LPCs contenants des acides gras mono ou poly insaturés par voie enzymatique. La sn-3-glycerophosphatidylcholine (GPC), l'acide oléique (C18 : 1, ω9), l'acide linoléique (C18 : 2, ω6) et l'acide docosahexènoïque (C22 : 6, ω3) ont été utilisés comme substrats. Ces synthèses ont été réalisées par estérification sans solvant en utilisant une lipase immobilisée. Du point de vue cinétique, une optimisation des conditions de la synthèse de l'oléoyl-LPC a été effectuée en étudiant chaque facteur d'une façon indépendante. Les conditions optimales sont : Lipozyme RM-IM (10% par rapport la masse totale des substrats), un rapport molaire de 20 (acide oléique /GPC), ni ajout ni élimination d'eau au milieu réactionnel, une température de 50°C et une agitation à 750rpm. Ces conditions permettent d'avoir 75% d'oléoyl-LPC en 24h. L'oléoyl-LPC a été purifiée sur une cartouche de silice et caractérisée par SM pour confirmer son identité. L'optimisation de la synthèse de linoléoyl-LPC a été faite via un plan d'expériences. C'est une approche qui permet de varier simultanément les paramètres étudiés. Parmi les 17 combinaisons étudiées, une combinaison a permis d'obtenir 93% de linoléoyl-LPC en 6h. Ce résultat a été confirmé en répétant la manipulation 4 fois. Comme l'oleoyl-LPC, la linoleoyl-LPC a été purifiée et caractérisée par SM. Des essais préliminaires ont montré que la synthèse de DHA-LPC est faisable. 30% de DHA-LPC a été obtenu au bout de 72h de réaction. Enfin, il faut noter que la quantité produite de di-acyl-PC était toujours faible par rapport à celle de l'acyl-LPC. Ce dernier résultat est expliqué par une apparition faible du phénomène de la migration du groupement acyle. / The Lysophosphatidylcholines (LPCs), amphiphilic molecules, can act as a carrier for fatty acids of interest. These molecules can be synthesized enzymatically. This work aims to synthesize LPCs containing mono or poly unsaturated fatty acids enzymatically. Sn-3-glycerophosphatidylcholine (GPC), oleic acid (C18: 1, 9ω), linoleic acid (C18: 2, 6ω) and docosahexaenoic acid (C22: 6, 3ω) were used as substrates. These syntheses were performed by esterification without solvent using an immobilized lipase. From kinetic point of view, optimization of conditions for synthesis of oleoyl-LPC was carried out by studying each factor independently. The obtained optimal conditions are : Lipozyme RM-IM (10% w/w), a molar ratio of 20 (oleic acid / GPC), neither addition or elimination of water was applied to the reaction mixture, a temperature at 50° C and stirring at 750rpm. These conditions allow to obtain 75% oleoyl-LPC within 24 hours. The oleoyl-LPC was purified on a silica cartridge and analyzed by MS to confirm its identity. The optimization of linoleoyl-LPC synthesis was made using a design of experiments. This is an approach that can simultaneously vary the parameters studied. Among the 17 combinations studied, one combination allows to obtain 93% of linoleoyl-LPC in 6 hours. This result was confirmed by repeating this manipulation 4 times. Like oleoyl-LPC linoleoyl-LPC was purified and characterized by MS. Preliminary trials have shown that the syntheis of DHA-LPC is feasible. 30% of DHA-LPC was obtained after 72h of reaction. Finally, it should be noted that the produced amount of di-acyl-PC is always low compared to that of the acyl-LPC. This latter is explained by a low appearance of the phenomenon of acyl migration.

Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in a well-orchestrated inflammatory response which causes secondary tissue damage. Activated macrophages contribute to this cytotoxic response, which includes damage to neurons, glia and myelin, and tissue loss that worsens functional outcomes after SCI. However, activated macrophages in the spinal cord under other conditions are not cytotoxic, such as after intraspinal injection of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), a potent demyelinating agent. Recovery from SCI may be optimized by reducing the detrimental effects of macrophages while promoting their beneficial ones. Therefore, I compared spinal cord tissue, as well as purified macrophages, from mice after SCI (cytotoxic response) and intraspinal LPC injection (non-cytotoxic response). As a first step to carry out this work, I characterized the injury parameters for SCI contusion injury (i.e. injury force and spinal cord displacement) in mice using the Infinite Horizons impactor (Chapter 2). This lesioning model was used in other work for the thesis. The role T cells may play in mediating macrophage activation after LPC microinjection and SCI was also assessed using Nude mice (Chapter 3). Next, Affymetrix GeneChip analysis was carried out on spinal cord tissue obtained at the peak of the macrophage response after SCI and intraspinal LPC injection to identify potential candidate genes that may control the divergent inflammatory responses (Chapter 4). Several potential genes were identified. I next characterized the expression and role of one of these genes, MAPK activated protein kinase 2 (MK2), and showed that it mediates secondary tissue damage after SCI via several mechanisms (Chapter 5). The differences in gene expression profiles of macrophages purified from the spinal cord after SCI and LPC-injection were also assessed (Chapter 6). This microarray analysis of macrophages led to the identification of 10 novel candidate genes, two of which were validated at the protein level. Finally, I also examined the expression and role of secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) in SCI (Chapter 7). Using a combination of knockout/overexpressing transgenic mice and recombinant SLPI, I found that SLPI mediates protective anti-inflammatory effects after SCI. In conclusion, work done for this thesis has led to the identification of several novel molecules that influence the inflammatory response after injury and thus have led to the identification of potentially novel targets for the development of pharmacological approaches to treat acute SCI.

No description available.

Introdução: Esclerose múltipla (EM) é uma doença desmielinizante e inflamatória do sistema nervoso central. Seu diagnóstico é clínico, auxiliado pela imagem de ressonância magnética, mas essa imagem não diferencia processos de inflamação e desmielinização. A tomografia por emissão de pósitrons (PET), usando radiofármacos específicos, pode ser uma ferramenta para diferenciar esses processos. O radiofármaco [11C]PK11195 se liga na proteína translocadora 18 kDa (TSPO) presente nas mitocôndrias das células gliais. O radiofármaco [11C]PIB é utilizado para detecção de placa Beta-amiloide, mas tem sido utilizado também na análise do conteúdo de mielina. Esta nova aplicação foi fundamentada na captação deste radiofármaco em substância branca. A utilização em conjunto destes dois radiofármacos pode diferenciar processos de neuroinflamação, desmielinização e remielização através da imagem PET. Objetivo: O objetivo deste trabalho é validar o uso dos radiofármacos [11C]PK11195 e [11C]PIB para estudo pré-clínico para a quantificação de neuroinflamação e quantidade de mielina, respectivamente, na progressão da doença de modelos animais de esclerose múltipla, modelo de roedores, e em seguida realizar análise de lesões em substância cinzenta e substância branca em modelo de primatas não humanos. Material e Métodos Projeto aprovado pelo comitê de ética (UNIFESP 2628300415 e FMUSP 25/15 e 0556/15). O modelo de lisolecitina em ratos (Wistar, machos) foi induzido pela injeção estereotáxica de lisolecitina 1% em dois locais do estriado direito (2 + 2 microL) e no corpo caloso (3 microL). As imagens de PET com [11C]PK11195 e [11C]PIB foram adquiridas nos tempos basal, 3 dias, 1 semana e 4 semanas após a administração estereotáxica. O modelo de encefalomielite autoimune experimental (EAE) em saguis foi induzido por injeção de glicoproteína da mielina do oligodendrócito (MOG) emulsionada em Adjuvante Incompleto de Freund (IFA) ou em Adjuvante Completo de Freund (CFA). As imagens de PET foram adquiridas antes da imunização (basal) e ± 100 dias após a imunização (final). O tecido cerebral foi utilizado para análise imuno-histológica. Resultados: No modelo de lisolecitina em rato foi observado um aumento na captação de [11C]PK11145 no corpo caloso, 25 % (P = 0,002) e no estriado, 24 % (P < 0,05) uma semana após a imunização comparando com a imagem basal. Com o [11C]PIB não foram observadas diferenças significativas. No modelo de EAE em saguis, induzido com MOG/IFA, foi possível observar uma redução significativa da captação de [11C]PIB nas regiões do esplênio do corpo caloso direito de 38,17 % (P = 0,0365), globo pálido direito, 22,75 %, (P = 0,0355), núcleo caudado direito, 29,36 % (P = 0,0284) e córtex cingulado, 18,99 % (P = 0,0453), enquanto para o grupo MOG/CFA foi observada uma redução significativa para a região do córtex motor esquerdo, 9,51 % (P = 0,0083). Com o [11C]PK11195 foi observada uma redução significativa na captação do radiofármacos na imagem intermediária do grupo MOG/IFA comparada com a captação basal nas regiões do córtex somatossensorial direito, 22,8 % (P = 0,0041), córtex de associação direito, 18,98 % (P = 0,0228), córtex subpial direito, 23,37 % (P = 0,0006) e região do núcleo caudado inferior esquerdo, 18,97 % (P = 0,0233). Nos ensaios post mortem realizados com os ratos foi possível observar na imuno-histoquímica uma correlação, entre micróglia ativada (Iba-1) e [11C]PK11195, tanto no corpo caloso como no estriado. Para os saguis foi observado correlação entre [11C]PK11195 e Iba-1 e esta não foi observada para o [11C]PK11195 e GFAP. Na histologia, foi observada uma correlação entre os dados da imagem de [11C]PIB e a técnica de luxol fast blue. Conclusão: A imagem PET com [11C]PK11195 e [11C]PIB foi eficiente para as quantificações de neuroinflamação e mielina, respectivamente, na progressão da doença dos modelos animais (roedor e primata não humano) da EM / Introduction: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating and inflammatory disease of the central nervous system. Its diagnosis is clinical, helped by magnetic resonance imaging, but this image modality does not differentiate between inflammation and demyelination. Positron Emission Tomography (PET), using specific radiopharmaceuticals, can be a tool to differentiate these processes. The radiopharmaceutical [11C]PK11195 binds to the translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO) present in the mitochondria of glial cells. [11C]PIB is a radiopharmaceutical used for detection of Beta-amyloid plaques, but has also been used in the analysis of myelin content. This new application was based on the white matter uptake of this radiopharmaceutical. The use of these two radiopharmaceuticals together can differentiate processes of neuroinflammation, demyelination and remyelination by the PET imaging. Objective: The objective of this work is to validate the use of tracers [11C]PK11195 and [11C]PIB for preclinical study for the qualification of neuroinflammation and amount of myelin, respectively, in the disease progression of animal models of multiple sclerosis, rodent model, and then perform analysis of grey matter and white matter lesions in non-human primate model. Material and Methods: Project approved by the ethics committee (UNIFESP 2628300415 and FMUSP 25/15 and 0556/15). The rat lysolecithin model (Wistar, male) was induced by stereotactic injection of lysolecithin 1% at two sites of the right striatum (2 + 2 microL) and in the corpus callosum (3 microL). PET images with [11C]PK11195 and [11C]PIB were acquired at baseline, 3 days, 1 week and 4 weeks after stereotactic injection. The experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model in marmosets was induced by injection of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) emulsified in Incomplete Freund\'s Adjuvant (IFA) or Complete Freund\'s Adjuvant (CFA). PET images were acquired prior to immunization (baseline) and ± 100 days after immunization (end of experiment). Brain tissue was used for immunohistochemical analysis. Results: In the rat lysolecithin model, an increase in [11C]PK11145 uptake of 25% (P = 0.002) was observed in the corpus callosum and 24% (P < 0.05) in the striatum, one week after immunization compared to the baseline image. The IFA/MOG and CFA/MOG groups showed clinical signs in 100% of the animals. The comparison between baseline and symptoms time points showed in the CFA/MOG group a significant 11C-PIB uptake reduction only in the left motor cortex, 9.5 % (P = 0.0083). For the IFA/MOG group, a significant decrease in 11C-PIB uptake was observed in the splenium of corpus callosum, 38.4 % (P = 0.0365), globus pallidus, 22.9 % (P = 0.0355) and tail of caudate nucleus, 28.9 % (P = 0.0284), being these 3 regions in the right brain hemisphere, and also in the cingulate cortex (midline above corpus callosum), 19.5 % (P = 0.0453). 11C-PK11195 uptake was significantly decreased in IFA/MOG group in the intermediary time point in the right somatosensorial cortex, 22.08 % (P = 0.0041), right association cortex, 18.98 % (P = 0.0228), right subpial cortex, 23.37 % (P = 0.0006) and left tail of caudate nucleus, 18.97 % (P = 0.0233). In the post mortem analysis performed with rat tissue, a weak correlation between activated microglia (Iba-1) and [11C]PK11195 uptake was observed both in the corpus callosum and in the striatum. For the marmosets we observed correlation between [11C]PK11195 and Iba-1 but we didn\'t observed between [11C]PK11195 and GFAP. In histology, we observed correlation between [11C]PIB and luxol fast blue. Conclusion: The PET images with [11C]PK11195 and [11C]PIB were efficient for quantifying neuroinflammation and myelin content, respectively, in the disease progression of animal models (rodent and nonhuman primate) of MS

La découverte d’adjuvants de vaccination est en pleine expansion dans un contexte règlementaire de plus en plus strict. L’objectif de ce travail de thèse a été de proposer un adjuvant hautement caractérisé de la famille de la lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) pour un développement clinique. Il avait été précédemment montré que la LPC d’oeuf de poule présentait des propriétés adjuvantes in vitro et in Vivo. Cependant, il s’agit d’un mélange hétérogène d’espèces moléculaires de LPC peu exploitable en clinique. Nous avons donc cherché à 1/ cribler in vitro 5 différentes espèces moléculaires de LPC ayant des activités adjuvantes, et 2/ évaluer chez la souris l’aptitude des molécules sélectionnées à induire des réponses humorales et cellulaires.Deux candidats, les LPC C16 :0 et C18 :0, induisent in vitro la maturation de cellules dendritiques humaines caractérisée par l’augmentation de l’expression des marqueurs de surface, la production de chimiokines pro-Th1 et l’engagement vers un profil Th1 de lymphocytes T CD4+. Chez la souris, l’injection i. v. des candidats induit une réponse inflammatoire transitoire et modérée au profil Th2 (IL-5, IL-6). De plus, ces espèces induisen une réponse humorale spécifique contre 3 antigènes viraux après injection s. c. ou i. m. (NS3du VHC, HBsAg du VHB et gp120 du VIH), proche de celle obtenue avec l’alun et à des doses faibles supposées non toxiques. Dans ces modèles, en revanche, les LPC individuelles ne semblent pas induire de réponses cellulaires spécifiques.L’ensemble de ces résultats ouvre d’intéressantes perspectives pour l’utilisation des LPC C16 :0 et C18 :0 en tant qu’adjuvants de vaccination de réponses immunitaires humorales. / The evaluation of new vaccine adjuvants is growing fast in a stringent regulatory environment. The aim of this thesis project was to propose a highly defined adjuvant derived from the lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) for clinical development. It has been previously shown that an egg-derived LPC has in vitro and in Vivo adjuvant features. However, it is composed of a heterogeneous mixture of molecular species of LPC, thus precluding itsclinical evaluation. Therefore, we decided to 1/ screen in vitro 5 single species of LPC fortheir adjuvant properties, and 2/ evaluate in the mouse model the ability of selected compounds to induce humoral and cellular responses.Two candidates, the C16:0- and C18:0-LPC, induce in vitro maturation of human dendritic cells as defined by an up regulation of the expression of surface markers, production of pro-Th1 chemokines, and engagement of CD4+ T lymphocytes towards a Th1 profile. Inmice, i. v. injection of both candidates triggers a transient and moderate inflammatory response with a Th2 profile (IL-5, IL-6). In addition, these species initiate specific humoral responses against 3 viral antigens following s. c. or i. m. injection (NS3 from HCV, HBsAgfrom HBV and gp120 from HIV), close to what is achieved with alum and at low doses expected to be safe in humans. In these models, however, single LPC do not mediatespecific cellular responses. Over all, these results open interesting perspectives for the single