Texte remanié de : Thèse de doctorat : [Philologie] : Université de Complutense de Madrid : 1985. / Bibliogr. p. 191-196. Index.

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Edward Y. Chow, Xi-Cheng Lou, George C. Verghese, Alan S. Willsky. / Bibliography: p. 18-19. / "January, 1984" / "N00014-77-C-0224" "NGL-22-009-124"

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

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This thesis is a study of Ibn Qayyim's approach to the fatwa as defined in his $I sp{c}l bar am al$-$Muwaqqi sp{c}in.$ This treatise deals primarily with the role of the mufti/ the procedure of issuing a fatwa and the necessary sources for a fatwa. Lawful application of these criteria ensures a proper and viable fatwa. Ibn Qayyim, however, highlights the misuse of fatwas, specifically those on hiyal. By questioning this misapplication, Ibn Qayyim hoped to redefine the entire use of the fatwa in Islamic jurisprudence. This argumentation is supplemented by a section addressing the dynamic essence of the fatwa. By examining the underlying $ sp{c}illa$ of a ruling and the maslaha as the main goal of its application, Ibn Qayyim believed that most rulings were, in some way, influenced by the surrounding elements of time and space. If the $ sp{c}illa$ changed due to changing circumstances, Ibn Qayyim surmised that the fatwa itself could undergo changes. This line of discourse helped establish the fatwa as an adaptable tool of law, further indicating the ability of Islamic law to accommodate unprecedented situations.

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Die Familie ist ein Ort der gelebten, staatlich geförderten und geforderten Subsidiarität sowie Solidarität. Sie ist ein Ort der Identitätsbildung. In der Literatur und in der praktischen Arbeit in der Behindertenhilfe liegt der Fokus meist bei den Personen mit Behinderung selbst oder aber auf ihren Müttern. Väter finden demgegenüber bisher nur sehr vereinzelt Beachtung. Zu Vätern von erwachsenen Menschen mit geistiger Behinderung gibt es bis dato kaum Untersuchungen, ihre Tätigkeiten in der Familie und ihre Perspektive sind weitgehend unbekannt. Das Ziel dieser Untersuchung besteht in der Annäherung an ihre Perspektive mit Hilfe der Interpretativen Sozialforschung nach Gabriele ROSENTHAL. Durch eine tiefgreifende Betrachtung und Interpretation der Biographien von Vätern (Jahrgänge 1929-1953) sollen deren Handlungsstrukturen nachvollziehbar gemacht und ein Bewusst-sein für sie und ihr Leben entwickelt werden. In der vorliegenden qualitativen Studie werden am Beispiel von detaillierten lebensgeschichtlichen Rekonstruktionen die Familientätigkeiten der Väter, aber eben auch die Genese ihrer Handlungen und Entscheidungen im Blick auf ihre erwachsenen Kind mit Behinderung beleuchtet. Auf Basis des „verstehenden Zuganges“ werden Biographien rekonstruiert und interpretiert. Mit Hilfe des kontrastiven Vergleiches werden Unterschiede, Gemeinsamkeiten und Besonderheiten herausgearbeitet. Diese Ergebnisse werden in einem weiteren Schritt einer ersten kritischen Reflektion in Hinblick auf Unterstützungsangebote in der Behindertenhilfe unterzogen. Hierbei stellt sich die „ethnographische Kompetenz“ als zentral heraus. Zudem bilden die Ergebnisse den Ausgangspunkt für weiterführende Forschungen. Diese Arbeit soll dazu dienen, die Bedeutung der Väter in Forschung und Behindertenhilfe zu fokussieren. / Family is a living and breathing space of solidarity, but it is also one of government subsidies and sponsoring. Family is a place where identities are formed. The focus of both disability literature and praxis centers primarily on the disabled themselves or on their mothers. Fathers, by contrast, have only been the occasional focus of study. Until now, no studies have been conducted that examine the Fathers of adults with intellectual disabilities; their perspective is therefore largely unknown. With the help of Gabriele Rosenthal’s interpretative social research, the goal of this study is to approach the Father-perspective and gain a deeper consideration and interpretation thereof by examining the biographies of fathers born between 1929 to 1953. In approaching fathers’ perspectives by such means, they are made tangible, and one can better understand the choices they make as well as their lives in general. This qualitative study, grounded in sociological biography research, will examine detailed examples of contrasting familial reconstructions and paternal activities. In doing so, the goal is to illuminate the fathers’ choices, coping mechanisms, and decisional reasoning with respect to, for example, their adult children with disabilities. The biographies are presented, analyzed and interpreted in accordance with "interpretive access". By using comparative contrast, differences, similarities and specificities are then elaborated. These findings are further subjected to critical reflection while regarding the structure of handicapped assistance. The result of such reflection reveals the central importance of "ethnographic competency". This work is intended to increase the significance of fathers in research that focuses on disability assistance, and the conclusions here, are a starting point for further research.

Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Departamento de Artes Visuais, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Artes Visuais, 2014. / Submitted by Albânia Cézar de Melo (albania@bce.unb.br) on 2015-01-15T13:33:47Z No. of bitstreams: 2 2014_CintiaMariaFalkenbachRosaBueno2.pdf: 4587301 bytes, checksum: 35109abe5b1514401a77c5ec506fc956 (MD5) 2014_CintiaMariaFalkenbachRosaBueno.pdf: 1023594 bytes, checksum: c7f9a93a0b4944e69dbac88069878bd8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ruthléa Nascimento(ruthleanascimento@bce.unb.br) on 2015-02-10T15:51:32Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 2014_CintiaMariaFalkenbachRosaBueno2.pdf: 4587301 bytes, checksum: 35109abe5b1514401a77c5ec506fc956 (MD5) 2014_CintiaMariaFalkenbachRosaBueno.pdf: 1023594 bytes, checksum: c7f9a93a0b4944e69dbac88069878bd8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-02-10T15:51:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 2014_CintiaMariaFalkenbachRosaBueno2.pdf: 4587301 bytes, checksum: 35109abe5b1514401a77c5ec506fc956 (MD5) 2014_CintiaMariaFalkenbachRosaBueno.pdf: 1023594 bytes, checksum: c7f9a93a0b4944e69dbac88069878bd8 (MD5) / Partindo da Biblia Pauperum, incunábulo do séc. XV, esta análise percorre imagens da Adoração dos Magos, dos séculos XIV e XV, baseadas no Evangelho de Mateus (2:1-12). O Evangelho de Lucas e alguns textos apócrifos serviram de base comparativa para as questões relacionadas à Natividade do Cristo no que tange à Epifania. Comparações em busca das semelhanças e das diferenças foram estabelecidas com base nas informações encontradas nessas narrativas. A existência dos Reis Magos, sua identidade, seu número, sua origem e a existência da Estrela de Belém foram objeto de estudo iconográfico, auxiliado por um corpus de imagens selecionado, que contou com uma xilogravura da Epifania da Biblia Pauperum e com diversas representações, têmperas e afrescos da pintura italiana dos séculos XIV e XV. Atenção especial foi dedicada à pintura Adoração dos Magos de 1375, de Paolo da Modena, que compõe o acervo de pinturas do Museu de Arte de São Paulo Assis Chateaubriand. _________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT / From the Bible Pauperum, incunabula of the fifteenth century, this analysis runs images of the Adoration of the Magi, the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, based on the text of Matthew (2: 1-12). The Gospel of Luke and some apocryphal texts served as a comparative basis for issues related to the Nativity of Christ regarding the Epiphany. Comparisons in search of the similarities and differences were based on information found in these reports. The existence of the Magi, their identity, their number, their origin and existence of the Star of Bethlehem, were the subject of iconographic study, aided by a corpus of images selected, which included a woodcut of the Epiphany Bible Pauperum and various representations, tempers and frescoes of Italian painting of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. Special attention was devoted to painting of the Adoration of the Magi 1375 by Paolo da Modena, who compose the collection of paintings from the Art Museum of São Paulo Assis Chateaubriand.

Over the last years, varieties of technologies for biofilm analysis were developed and established. They work on different principles and deliver information about biofilms on different information levels. In this work, chip-calorimetry was applied as an analytical tool that measures heat produced from biofilms. Any change of metabolism in biofilms is reflected by a changed heat flow. The heat, which is the integral of the heat flow vs. time, is quantitatively related to the growth stoichiometry of the biofilm, as described by the Hess’ Law. The heat flow is related to the growth kinetics with the reaction heat as proportionality factor. The results from the calorimetric measurement thus, deliver general information about growth stoichiometry and kinetics. The other interpretation of calorimetric results bases on the assumed proportionality between heat flow and oxygen consumption rate (- 460 kJ/mol ). This ratio is called oxycaloric equivalent. Because in case of aerobic growth the majority of oxygen is consumed in catabolic processes during the electron transport phosphorylation, calorimetry is assumed to provide information about the catabolic side of the metabolism. The newly developed chip-calorimeter applied in this work is much more suitable for biofilm studies compared to conventional microcalorimeters due to the flow-through design of the calorimetric chamber. The measurement of undisturbed growing biofilms and the comparison with conventional biofilm analysis tools (i.e. plate counts, confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), and the determination of intermediates’ concentrations (e.g. ATP)) demonstrate the proper functionality of the calorimetric method and the related cultivation procedure by delivering measurement results in the range of literature values. However, when the biofilms were challenged with antimicrobial agents i.e. antibiotics, bacteriophage, and predatory bacteria, the calorimetric results surprisingly deviated from the reference analyses. By combining the results of the calorimetric and reference analyses, additional information about the antimicrobial effects on biofilms can be acquired. Combination of heat measurement and plate counts, which is one of the most conventional approaches, demonstrated that antimicrobials (especially the bactericidal acting kanamycin) could cause the loss of culturability while the cells were still metabolically active. The measurement of ATP content resulted in values out of the typical range, which indicated that antimicrobial treatments disturbed the cellular ATP regulation and the ATP concentration was no longer linearly correlated to the cell number. ATP measurements are therefore not suitable for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. The comparison of heat profiles with the biovolume determined by quantification of microscopic images shows an elevated cell specific heat production rate after the introduction of some antimicrobials (antibiotics and bacteriophage). In case of antibiotics, this can be explained as a consequence of the bacterial defense mechanisms. Most of the described defense mechanisms against antibiotics need biological energy and therefore drive the electron transport phosphorylation (ETP). In case of biofilm treatments with bacteriophage, the trigger of increasing ETP might be the synthesis of phage proteins, hull material, and genetic information molecules. In aerobic conditions, oxygen is used as terminal electron acceptor. Elevated ETP leads therefore to an increase in oxygen consumption, which correlates to the heat production using oxycaloric equivalent as a factor. These correlations explain the increase of cell specific heat productions as biofilms were challenged by antibiotics and bacteriophage. However, also a decrease of specific heat production was observed (in case of predatory bacteria). Here, the predatory bacteria activity caused various damages in host cells, including the interruption of ETP. With these experiments, chip-calorimetry was demonstrated as a promising complementary tool in biofilm research, which provides deeper insights about metabolic activity and alterations. It benefits from the noninvasive handling and the online, real-time measurement that allow the method to be applied for monitoring purposes. Furthermore, its miniaturized dimension allows easy integration in more complex analytic systems and also reduces experiment costs with minimal media/chemical consumption. This thesis also demonstrates the potential development of chip-calorimetry to be more suitable for routine analyses. The use of superparamagnetic beads as matrix to grow biofilms allows regulated transfer of biofilm samples into and from the measurement chamber. This was an initial step towards automation and higher-throughput analysis. One further outcome of the thesis is based on the highly interesting fact about the elevated heat production rate of the host cells induced by the phage infection observed in the chip- calorimetric experiments. The volume specific detection limit of the chip-calorimeter is lower compared to a commercial microcalorimeter. Thus, the infection effect of phages was additionally measured in microcalorimeter to get better quantitative information about the thermal effect of the infection. The results showed that the immediate heat increase after the addition of phage into the solution of the host cells appeared to be quantitatively related to the infection factor, MOI (Multiplicity of Infection). Unfortunately, microcalorimetric measurements in closed ampoules are often subjected to the oxygen limitation. Thus, this problem of microcalorimetric measurement has been addressed. The combination of experimental results and mathematical modeling showed that the rate of metabolism in the static ampoules is defined by the diffusion rate of oxygen into media. This factor has to be considered while designing biological experiments in closed calorimetric measuring chambers and interpreting the calorimetric results for their biological meaning. Some possible solutions to overcome the oxygen bioavailability problem are e.g. to design the experiments with low biomass, or by using media with elevated density to float the biomass at the interface to air and thus to reduce the diffusion path.