Jay W. Lathrop, Sanborn C. Brown. / "December 1, 1949." / Army Signal Corps Contract No. W-36-039 sc-32037 Project No. 102B. Dept. of the Army Project No. 3-99-10-022.

In the Timaeus Plato sets forth his cosmological system, and near the beginning of the dialogue he carefully qualifies his claims by saying that his account of the cosmos is not absolutely true, but only no less likely than any other account. Rather than being an offhand remark, this statement is key to understanding Plato's aim in constructing his cosmological myth. Plato's epistemological position prevents him from making strong assertions about physical objects and phenomena, but does allow him to make assertions of truth in morality and metaphysics. Thus while the Timaeus is ostensibly an account of the physical universe, for Plato its true value is in using the physical universe as a mythological symbol for moral and metaphysical truth. Plato's account is no less likely than those of other ancient cosmologists because multiple accounts can fit with the observed phenomena. However, his account, while no more likely, is superior to those of others in that it avoids impiety and, by qualifying its claims about the physical universe, is not threatened by future observations. / text

The following offers a new perspective to explain the disintegration of the Peloponnesian League and the Boeotian Federation in the early half of the fourth century B.C. Members of both these alliances had legal and conventional expectations regarding what they had to give and what they could receive from their associations. Tensions and conflicts arose within an alliance once an individual polis did not fulfill its duties and obligations. There were two factors that persuaded a member not to meet their expected responsibilities: one was the role of a polis ' factions and the other was the intervention in the association's affairs by a third party. It was primarily the failure of an alliance's members to meet each others expectations that inevitably led to the dissolution of these interstate organizations.

In this study, the effect of a donor ligand on the stabilization of a carbonyl pyrazine tungsten complex was studied. The pentacarbonylpyrazinetungsten(0) complex could be formed from the photolysis of hexacarbonyltungsten(0) in the presence of pyrazine and could be isolated as crystalline solid. However, the complex was found to be unstable in solution, being converted to a bimetallic complex, (CO)5W(pyz)W(CO)5 and free pyrazine molecule. Two complexes exist in solution at equilibrium. The equilibrium constant could be determined by 1H-NMR spectroscopy and found to be 0.0396 at 25&deg / C. To test whether the introduction of a second pyrazine ligand might provide stability for the carbonyl-pyrazine-tungsten complex, W(CO)4(pyz)2 was attempted to be synthesized. The cis-W(CO)4(pyz)2 complex could be generated from the thermal substitution reaction of cis-W(CO)4(piperidine)2 with excess pyrazine in dichloromethane. However, this complex could not be isolated because of the lack of stability. The complex could only be identified by IR spectroscopy in solution. To stabilize the pentacarbonylpyrazinetungsten(0) complex, trimethylphosphite was introduced to the complex as a donor ligand. For this purpose, cis-W(CO)4[P(OCH3)3](thf), photogenerated from W(CO)5[P(OCH3)3] in tetrahydrofuran (thf), was reacted with pyrazine. The replacement of tetrahydrofuran with pyrazine (pyz) yielded cis-W(CO)4[P(OCH3)3](pyz). The complex could be isolated from the reaction solution and characterized by means of IR, 1H-, 13C-, 31P-NMR, and Mass spectroscopies. The introduction of P(OCH3)3 has proved that a donor ligand will strengthen the metal-pyrazine bond and thus stabilizes the complex. As a result of this stabilization, the complex could be isolated as the first example of tungsten pyrazine complexes that contain a donor ligand.

Pentacarbonylacryloylferrocenetungsten(0) complex was synthesized photochemically from hexacarbonyltungsten(0) and acryloyferrocene (acfc). UV irradiation of W(CO)6 in the presence of acryloylferrocene at 10 oC for 4 hours in n-hexane solution generates the W(CO)5(&amp / #61544 / 2-acfc) complex as the sole monosubstitution product of the photolysis, as monitored by FT-IR spectroscopy. The product complex could be isolated from the reaction solution and characterized by IR, Raman, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR spectroscopies, mass spectrometry and elemental analysis. The complex was found to be unstable in solution and to decompose to the parent W(CO)6 complex and free acryloylferrocene molecule. The instability of the complex makes its isolation as analytically pure substance difficult. In order to stabilize the tungsten-olefin bond, trimethylphosphite was introduced as a donor ligand into the molecule. Thus, a complex containing a donor ligand in addition to the olefinic ligand was prepared starting with W(CO)6, trimethylphosphite, and acryloylferrocene. UV irradiation of W(CO)5[P(OMe)3] with acryloylferrocene in n-hexane solution at room temperature generates W(CO)4[P(OMe)3](&amp / #61544 / 2-acfc), which was isolated from the reaction solution and characterized by IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR spectroscopies and mass spectrometry. The complex was found to have a cis arrangement of four CO groups in the pseudo-octahedral geometry. However, the cis-W(CO)4[P(OMe)3](&amp / #61544 / 2-acfc) complex was found to be less stable than W(CO)5(&amp / #61544 / 2-acfc).

Informe de Seminario para optar al grado de Licenciado en Historia

Doctorat en philosophie et lettres / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Modern studies of Classical Greek battle devote little attention to the role and importance of the general in achieving battlefield success. As a result of this the general is reduced to a simple leader of men whose only influential decision was where and when to fight, and whose major role was to provide inspiration by fighting in the front ranks. A modern conception of Hellenic fair play in warfare has further limited the importance of the general to Greek armies: apparently advanced manoeuvring and tactics were deliberately rejected in favour of a simple and direct test of strength and morale. I do not believe this to be the case, and in this study I demonstrate the importance of the general to Greek armies by offering a new analysis of his role in hoplite battle.