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The settlement and economy associated with shealling activities captured the attention of eighteenth century travellers in the Scottish Highlands and the Improving Agricultural writers of the late eighteenth century. Their published descriptions have largely formed the basis of modern scholarly attempts to assemble a picture of this facet of traditional Highland farming. The content matter of the travellers journals was highly selective, often consisting of no more than heavily edited highlights of the tours. More importantly, few of the travellers were familiar with Highland culture and lifestyle. The following thesis is an attempt to advance an understanding of shealling. It is an extended study of shealling in Perthshire between circa 1600 and 1770, using more 'impartial' sources than have hitherto been employed. The approach of study adopted concentrates on the examination, critical interpretation and analysis of landowning family papers including legal records, estate accounts, rentals, memoranda, correspondence, farm leases, witness depositions in land disputes, testaments and cartographic material. Within Perthshire the shealling region corresponded with the upland areas where strong Celtic, cultural characteristics still remained by the beginning of the seventeenth century. Movement between farm and shealling was short distance usually within a two to three mile radius of the farm. Physical distance however was only one of several important locational factors in situ sheallings. sheallings were conveyed in charter deeds as pertinent right and also contracted out by lease, an indication that they valued these summer hill pastures. Shealling rights were not always the exclusive interest of a single landowner. Several estates sometimes shared the use of a sheallings. The shealling activities conformed to restrictions imposed by the at status of the other lands beyond the head dyke. Sheallings in the vicinity of crest lands particularly, were required to respect the forest laws and regulations. Sheallings were not self-contained farming systems. They were integral component of several sedentary based agricultural system and helped to integrate corn growing and livestock keeping. The amounts of shealling pasture allocated to any farm was lied to the man's carrying capacity, especially during the winter months, farm within the shealling region did not necessarily possess sheallings rights, while in areas of extensive hill ground farms might have several callings. Shealling livestock consisted of cattle, sheep, goats, horse, pigs and poultry. The rental evidence highlights sheep as an inadequately recognised member of the shealling livestock. During the summer utilisation of the hill grounds the stock was generally segregated according to type and age, and circulation, round set of pastures at regular intervals. The sheailing resource base performed an important subsistence service to the estate tenantry. Sheallings were however not solely confined to summer pasture; they also acted as base camps for lumbering, peat cutting and hunting expeditions. New sheallings appeared in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries were mainly carved out of forest lands. Longer establish sheallings underwent preliminary improvement as outfield and complemented this outfield, sometimes known as 'home shealling' close and a number of shealling sites were set out as new farms within the recognizable periods between 1660 and 1770. The permanent colonisation of shealling sites of ten forced unwelcomed adjustments upon the agriculture of older settlements. Continuity is a key feature of shealling throughout the period of thesis study. The contents of the source materials do not lend themselves to a study orientated towards identifying changes. They do nevertheless, provide occasional glimpses of departures from former practices, possibly in response to the increasing commercialisation of the seasonally used hill ground. The shealling season was extended? the shealling pastures were subdivided; there was a shift from family to hired labour at the sheallings; and annual, 'tolerance' lets of sheallings on the Atholl Estate were extended before finally undergoing transformation into money rent leases. Shealling was undeniably modified prior to 1770 but the historical evidence indicates that the most traumatic period of change in the history of the Perthshire sheallings - their disappearance - lies beyond the period of thesis study in the 1790's and the early nineteenth century. In conclusion this thesis provides an addition to the scanty research published about sheallings. It draws upon previously unexamined and unpublished historical sources, to compile a comprehensive study of the Perthshire set-up in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Prior to this research the shealling literature relied too much upon a few eighteenth century descriptions and folk reminiscences of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in those districts where shealling survived until comparatively recent times.

Studiens syfte är att studera hur 1649 års skolordning framställer disciplin i textform. Med hjälp av de kategorier som Foucault presenterade i hans verk Övervakning och straff kommer jag att undersöka skolordningen för att identifiera gemensamma drag mellan de två böckerna. Resultatet visar att många av de disciplinära metoder som Foucault uppvisade i sin bok förekom tidigare än förväntat i Sverige. Med hjälp av fördelningen av verksamheten i olika små delar, såsom olika klasser eller rum, förenklades det disciplinära arbetet. På samma sätt fungerade själva byggnaden som en sluten miljö där eleverna kunde avskiljas från varandra och från resten av samhället. Där kunde maktmaskineriet fungera effektivt.  Rangordningen bland eleverna skapades genom en kontinuerlig analys och klassificering av individerna. Med hjälp av rangordning gjordes det möjligt att utnyttja kroppens maximala kraft. Verksamheten skulle vara produktiv och ekonomisk stabil. Examinationer fungerade också som ett sätt att klassificera de olika individerna i olika grupper. De som inte uppfyllde skolans krav bestraffades så att de till slut lärde sig det de skulle.

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Ramine Nikoukhah ... [et al.]. / Bibliography: p. 47-48. / Supported in part by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research under grant AFOSR-82-0258 Supported in part by the National Science Foundation under grant ECS-8312921

The development of generative models for the description of natural languages has led, in the past ten years, to a Transformational-Generative Model of great explanatory power. As a methodological tool of historical description, however, generative models have rarely been tested. The present study evaluates the efficacy of the Transformational-Generative Model, as revised in 1965, in describing the syntax of Thomas Deloney's novels, all written shortly before 1600. Certain modifications to the revised model have been made in this study: the complex symbol rewrite of major categories has not been used, because it has many limitations in a grammar which aims at the description of a particular corpus; instead, the distinctive syntactic feature analysis of nouns and verbs is presented as a series of Base rules, not as a lexical strict-subcategorization. The model, as modified, presents many advantages over traditional and structural descriptions. It establishes a hierarchy of systematized rules which clearly indicates the level at which aspects of Deloney's English usage varies from those of a Modern English user; it permits distinctive presentation of optional stylistic devices and necessary syntactic rules; most importantly, it reveals the latency at one period of certain structures which, at a later period, flourished as surface utterances. The model distinguishes between the few changes in syntactic structure which occurred between 1600 and the present, and the many morphological changes. The major syntactic changes are seen to be in the development of structures such as the expanded continuous aspects of the verb, in the gradual personalization of impersonal verbal structures, and in the transformations governing indirect object structures, negatives, interrogatives and imperatives. Stylistically, the model reveals Deloney's highly nominal prose writing and his preference for post-nominal modification. In terms of latency, the model shows that structures like that of the continuous aspect in verbs are within the deep structure of Deloney's English, although they rarely emerge as surface utterances. The loss of impersonal constructions is revealed as a gradual convergence of deep and surface structure, not as analogic change. Indeed, the model presents a diachronic description which reveals the unchanging nature of the deep structure of English; historic shifts are seen to be variations in the choice of interpretive transformations at different periods. Such changes are not all in the same direction: the personalization of impersonal structures is a return, as it were, to the deep structure, while nominalization and multiple pre-nominal modification is a departure involving many transformations. The conclusion reached by the study is that the Transformational-Generative Model is highly revealing of the system of language underlying diachronic change. None-the-less, certain limitations of the Model remain to be eliminated by further experiment: the position of the lexicon, and its relation to syntactic description is by no means clear; the generation of adjectives and adverbs in the present model is not really satisfactory and the possibility of deeper deep structures underlying elements in these categories would seem to require further exploration within the theory; lastly, the position of pronouns and of other indexical elements in a language is not well described in a sentence-grammar which has to ignore discourse in order to preserve formality. It seems certain, however, that the Transformational-Generative Model's explanatory power far outweighs its present limitations, in the syntactic description of a historic text. / Arts, Faculty of / English, Department of / Graduate

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.