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Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

FundaÃÃo de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Cearà / nÃo hà / The following work analizes the ideas and the medical practice, mainly the ones from Josà LourenÃo de Castro Silva and Liberato de Castro Carreira, the first Cearence doctors graduated at Rio de Janeiro medical shcool, working in Fortaleza since 1838. It states the starting point of the medical actions influenced by social medicine, in which it thinks over the day-to-day actions considering the desease and the unhealthy city. The medical actions put into effect are the following: the creation and organization of urban areas(graveyards, hospitas, markets, penitenciary), the preventive orientation and the healing of the deseases, mainly the epidemics of smallpox in 1845 and yellow fever from 1851 to 1853. In this study, the main sources used were The Description of epidemics of yellow fever in the province of Cearà State in 1851 and 1852 by Castro Carreira, from Rio de Janeiro National Library: forms and medical manuals, from the Unicamp central library: medical and presidential forms, laws, correspondences, diverse documents belonging to the Cearà State Public Archive (APEC), and also documents from the Governor Menezes Pimentel Public Library. / O trabalho analisa as idÃias e prÃticas mÃdicas, principalmente as de Josà LourenÃo de Castro e Silva e Liberato de Castro Carreira, primeiros mÃdicos cearenses formados pela Faculdade de Medicina do Rio de Janeiro, com atuaÃÃo em Fortaleza, a partir do ano de 1838. Marca o inÃcio da aÃÃo mÃdica influenciada pela medicina social, a qual (re)pensa as prÃticas do cotidiano diante da doenÃa e da cidade (in)salubre. As aÃÃes mÃdicas possibilitam: a criaÃÃo e organizaÃÃo dos espaÃos urbanos (cemitÃrio, hospital, mercado, cadeia), a orientaÃÃo preventiva e de cura das doenÃas, principalmente as epidemias de varÃola em 1845, e febre amarela nos anos de 1851 a 1853. No estudo foram utilizadas como fontes principais a obra do Castro Carreira DescripÃÃo da epidemia da febre amarella na ProvÃncia do Cearà em 1851 e 1852. da Biblioteca Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, FormulÃrios e guias mÃdicos da Biblioteca Central da Unicamp, alÃm de RelatÃrios mÃdicos e presidenciais, Leis, CorrespondÃncias, documentos diversos pertencentes ao acervo do Arquivo PÃblico do Estado do Cearà â APEC e da Biblioteca PÃblica Governador Menezes Pimentel - CE.

This research presents a demographic investigation into the effects the development of Britain’s railways in the Victorian Era had on the largely rural counties of Hertfordshire, Bedfordshire and Buckinghamshire. A ‘gateway’ to London, this region was traversed by many lines with a wide range of impacts. Railway historiography has questioned the extent to which railways affected national development; contemporary views of their central importance giving way to more critical opinion. Local rural studies have been recognised in addressing this; these at present are, however, few. Comparing and contrasting the three counties, the findings were used to create hypotheses of rural impacts, subsequently tested for accuracy and applicability by comparison with individual settlements. They demonstrated that occupations became decreasingly agricultural; railways having varying involvement. Sometimes a key factor, mostly they were of a supporting nature triggering knock-on effects. Land use became more urbanised but this was not railway originating; contrarily land use affected rail development itself. Railways, nonetheless, actively boosted urbanisation and industry by 1900, and in cases even supported agriculture. Population changes were assisted by railways, particularly rural-urban migration, but while aiding later in the period, railways did not initiate the process. A case study of Wolverton (Buckinghamshire), the first planned ‘railway town’, reveal exceptional differences even down to the appropriateness of the broader historiography. Limited prior research on this settlement type had been undertaken, and this study revealed their development was more complex than at first glance. As a result, a new structural framework was created to explain how they could transform from company tool to independent town. The contribution of this research is thus threefold. In analysing a new region, another area is added to a growing number collectively building a national understanding from a local level. As a rural region yet close to London, this shows that while current historiographical ‘facilitator’ views are correct, variation was rife. The hypotheses present a starting point for future rural rail studies – a method for comparing regions alongside a list of investigable aspects. Lastly, the proposed model for ‘railway town’ development provides a framework for comparison not just of these settlements but potentially other forms of planned ‘company town’. While railways were one factor among many, their importance should not be underestimated.

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Thesis (PhD.) -- Stellenbosch University, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis is a biographical study of the life and contribution of Petrus Lafras Uys, a leading figure in the district of Uitenhage and later leader of the V oortrekkers. His actions are placed against the backdrop of the problems and grievances of the Afrikaner farmers in the districts of Swellendam and Uitenhage during the years 1815- 1837, and his interaction with other Voortrekker leaders after he had left the Cape Colony in 183 7 as leader of a Voortrekker party. Piet Uys, the son of Jacobus Johannes Uys and Susanna Margaretha Moolman, was christened in October 1797. He married his cousin, Alida Maria Uys, in the district of Swellendam in 1815. He settled in the ward Gamtoos River in the district of Uitenhage towards the end of 1825 or early in 1826. As an energetic Dutch farmer, the many grievances in connection with landownership contributed to his feelings of restlessness and dissatisfaction with his stay in the district of Uitenhage. The destabilization of the eastern borders and the conflict between white farmers and black groups led to feelings of insecurity. These feelings of insecurity became unbearable during the Sixth Border War of 1835 in which Uys fought honourably as field cornet. The requisitioning of horses, livestock and wagons by the government during this war and the lack of compensation, resulted in great financial losses for Uys and his family. Just as many other farmers, Piet Uys clashed with the government about the treatment of his slaves and labourers. The court case instituted against him and his wife by his indentured slave Rosina remained part of the complexity of grievances of the Uys family and friends for a considerable length of time. Piet Uys was one of the first frontier farmer leaders who showed an interest in the interior of the country as a possible establishment of a settlement. It is possible that he went on an expedition as early as 1829. Furthermore, Uys was also the organizer and leader of the well-known Reconnaissance Commission that undertook an expedition into Natal in September 1834. Uys left the district ofUitenhage as leader of a trek in April 1837, with the intention of emigrating to Natal. He was in conflict with the existing Voortrekker government and did not accept the governmental arrangements. Differences of opinion as to the route to be taken and the question of who should be the Voortrekker minister, became issues of conflict. Yet Uys did not hesitate to assist his fellow Voortrekkers in their hour of need. He also played a key role in the military. Thus it was that Uys, as eo-commander took part in the Campaign ofMarico against the Ndebele in November 1837. He was also, together with Hendrik Potgieter, commander of the punitive commando who set off against the Zulu in 183 8. During the Battle of Italeni, 11 April 183 8, Pi et Uys and his son, Dirk Comelis, were mortally wounded. After his death, his family and friends settled in Natal. Many members of his family held important positions in public life and in the military in Natal, and later in the Republic of South Africa. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie proefskrif is 'n biogra:fiese studie oor die lewe en hydrae van Petrus Lafras Uys as leiersfiguur in die distrik Uitenhage en as latere Voortrekkerleier. Uys se optrede word geplaas teen die agtergrond van die probleme en griewe van die Afrikanerboere in die distrikte Swellendam en Uitenhage in die jare 1815-1837 en sy interaksie met ander Voortrekkerleiers nadat hy in 1837 die Kaapkolonie as leier van 'n trekgeselskap verlaat het. Piet Uys is in Oktober 1797 as 'n kind van Jacobus Johannes Uys en Susanna Margaretha Moolman gedoop. Hy is in 1815 in die distrik Swellendam met sy niggie, Alida Maria Uys, getroud. Hy het horn teen die einde van 1825 ofvroeg in 1826 in die wyk Gamtoosrivier van die distrik Uitenhage gevestig. As 'n energieke Afrikanerboer het verskeie griewe in verband met grondbesit tot Uys se gevoel van rusteloosheid en ontevredenheid met sy bestaan in die distrik Uitenhage bygedra. Die destabilisasie van die oosgrens en die konflik tussen blanke boere en swart groepe het tot 'n gevoel van onveiligheid by horn aanleiding gegee. Hierdie gevoel van onveiligheid het 'n hoogtepunt tydens die Sesde Grensoorlog van 1834- 1835 bereik. Uys het met onderskeiding as veldkornet aan die oorlog deelgeneem. Die opkommandering van perde, vee en waens deur die regering tydens die oorlog en die gebrek aan vergoeding daarvoor het veroorsaak dat Uys en sy familielede finansiele verliese gely het. Soos talle mede-grensboere het Piet Uys met die regering gebots oor die behandeling van sy slawe en arbeiders. Die hofsaak wat Uys se ingeboekte slavin, Rosina, teen horn en sy eggenote aanhangig gemaak het, het lank deel van die griewekompleks van die Uyse en hulle vriende gebly. Piet Uys was een van die eerste grensboerleiers wat 'n belangstelling in die binneland as 'n moontlike vestigingsplek getoon het. Hy het moontlik reeds in 1829 'n tog na die binneland onderneem. V erder was Uys die organiseerder en leier van die bekende verkenningskommissie wat in September 1834 'n tog na Natal onderneem het. Uys het in April 1837 as leier van 'n trek die distrik Uitenhage verlaat met die doel om na Natal te emigreer. Hy het in konflik met die bestaande Voortrekkerregering getree en nie die bestuursreelings aanvaar nie. V erskille oor die trekrigting en die Voortrekkerleraar het ook na vore getree. Tog het Uys nie geskroom om sy mede-emigrante in tye van nood te help nie en veral op militere gebied 'n groot rol gespeel. So byvoorbeeld het Uys as mede-bevelvoerder aan die Marico-veldtog teen die Ndebele in November 1837 deelgeneem. Piet Uys was ook saam met Hendrik Potgieter die mede-bevelvoerder van die strafkommando wat in April 1838 teen die Zulu uitgetrek het. In die slag van ltaleni op 11 April 1838 het Piet Uys en sy seun, Dirk Cornelis, die lewe gelaat. Na sy dood het sy vriende en familielede hulle in Natal gevestig. Verskeie van Uys se familielede het 'n vername rol in die openbare lewe en op militere gebied in Natal en later in die Suid-Afrikaanse Republiek gespeel.

Symbolo-Fidéisme is a theological method resulting from the combination of two complementary teachings : "Symbolisme", an epistemology professed by Auguste Sabatier (1839-1901) and a soteriology, "Fidéisme", taught by Eugène Ménégoz (1838-1921). Symbolo-Fidéisme cannot be identified apart from these two men, it is therefore necessary, if we wish to grasp to a full extent its genesis and development, to gather some information concerning their life and work.

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Le présent travail vise à présenter la conception de l'intériorité que partagent Robert Musil et Ludwig Wittgenstein. Pour être en mesure d'apprécier à sa juste valeur l'originalité de leur pensée, il importe de comprendre que le sort du Moi, à Vienne, au début du vingtième siècle, était pour le moins incertain. À l'époque, on hésitait en effet entre deux tendances: soit rejeter complètement l'existence du Moi, soit le réifier et le recouvrir de concepts obscurs. La façon dont Musil et Wittgenstein conçoivent le rapport entre l'intérieur et l'extérieur se situe en marge de ces grands courants philosophiques, puisqu'elle n'endosse ni la thèse introspectionniste, ni la thèse comportementaliste. Pour bien faire comprendre le cadre conceptuel dans lequel s'inscrit leur pensée, nous avons mis en évidence la pensée de Ernst Mach qui a lui aussi cherché à circonscrire la vraie nature du Moi. Ne trouvant nul part une telle chose, il prononça son célèbre verdict: « Le Moi ne peut, en aucun cas, être sauvé». Musil et Wittgenstein ne vont pas aussi loin dans leur redéfinition du Moi, même s'ils présentent tous les deux une version minimale de l'intériorité. Le Moi, selon eux, doit être compris davantage comme un processus que comme une chose. Ce qui disparaît complètement chez Mach réapparaît ainsi sous une forme procédurale. Ainsi le Moi n'est pas un phénomène psychique, ni un sentiment interne, mais une capacité à transformer en pensée notre expérience du monde. Musil et Wittgenstein sont de ceux qui partagent la conviction qu'il existe bien quelque chose qui, dans l'expérience que nous avons du monde, dépasse le simple comportement, mais qu'il est difficile d'en parler directement sans s'empêtrer dans des confusions langagières. Le Moi dont parlent Musil et Wittgenstein est un Moi entièrement tourné vers l'extérieur, et pour le comprendre, il est vain de tenter de l'observer de l'intérieur. C'est plutôt par ses manifestations externes qu'il est possible de voir se profiler cette chose qui réagit d'une manière toute personnelle à ce qu'il trouve autour de lui. Nous ne prétendons pas, par ce travail, résoudre tous les problèmes philosophiques liés à la question de l'intériorité, mais plutôt exposer une conception qui tienne compte de la nature créatrice du Moi. Ce travail cherche aussi à montrer que la définition de l'intériorité que proposent Musil et Wittgenstein comporte une dimension éthique importante. En effet, cesser de concevoir l'intériorité comme quelque chose d'immuable, et la concevoir plutôt comme un processus, peut possiblement nous permettre, c'est du moins ce que croient Musil et Wittgenstein, de mieux vivre. Le pari qu'ils font est qu'une conception de l'intériorité qui nie l'existence matérielle du Moi, mais qui lui confère tout de même la fonction de donner un sens à l'expérience, oblige à se concevoir soi-même comme un processus qui évolue au fil de l'expérience. Aussi ne doit-on pas juger son Moi propre, de même que le Moi d'autrui, avec la sévérité des choses immuables, puisqu'il est toujours possible que le Moi et le monde prennent des formes différentes. Contre le pessimisme ambiant du début du vingtième siècle, et contre la nostalgie du monde d'hier, Musil et Wittgenstein proposent de retourner à la table de travail, et de faire de l'ordre dans nos conceptions du monde. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Intériorité, Moi, Éthique, Invention, Mach, Musil, Wittgenstein.

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