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During the early part of the nineteenth century in Scotland local sculpture, perhaps for the first time, came to be regarded as a branch of the arts rather than a mason trade. In those years the two forms of sculpture that were to predominate throughout the century, the portrait bust and the public statue, became prevalent. At first, commissions for such work were offered to English sculptors as none of repute were resident in Scotland. The pattern changed during the late 1820s and 1830s when competent sculptors began to establish practices in Edinburgh. The outstanding personality among these sculptors was John Steell. He introduced large scale marble cutting to Scotland and established the country's first foundry devoted to artistic bronze casting. His example and the patriotic inclination of Edinburgh patrons were major factors in encouraging sculptors to work in Edinburgh. Moreover, artists in other parts of the country suffered from a lack of art academies such as the Trustees School of Design and the Royal Scottish Academy in Edinburgh and it was only in the second half of the century that Glasgow emerged as a second centre of importance for sculpture. Taste as well as patronage tended to be conservative in the west of Scotland and there the classicizing variant of the portrait bust remained a favourite until the 1890s. In Edinburgh the popularity of such work had begun to wane at least fifteen years earlier. Developments in taste were first reflected in private rather than public commissions and it was through private clients that the more significant trends of late nineteenth century sculpture became evident when artists sought to emphasize the personal nature of their expression; the development was accelerated by the breakdown of the apprentice tradition and the more extensive influence of art schools. Of particular importance was the Edinburgh College of Art, established on principles suggested by Pittendrigh MacGillivray who, like John Steell, was an outstanding personality in Scottish sculpture and whose work bridged the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.

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No abstract available. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of Natal, Durban, 1993.

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This thesis has traced the attitude held by the British people toward the army from the Cromwellian Period to the military reforms following war in 1854-55. This paper has studied the association between a negative public sentiment toward the army, as expressed in the parsimony of Parliament, and the inadequacies which existed in the British Army. An inquiry has been made into the military catastrophes, which were brought before the public eye during the Crimean Campaigns, and the change in attitude toward the army and military reform. The study has also reviewed the political reforms in Parliament and their effects on the military system.In developing the thesis an intensive investigation of Hansard's Parliamentary Debates, 1815-1872 has been undergone to consider the change in relationship between the British Parliament and the military forces of the British Crown.

The purpose of this study is to show the interrelationships between the pre-war conditions in partitioned Poland, the reasons for Polish immigration to the United States, and the effect of the First World War on the Poles in Europe and America. The organization of relief programs in the United States resulted in a deep concern for the plight of the Poles and was a major factor in the reopening and awareness of the Polish Question which had been dormant for more than a century. The study also places emphasis on the part played by the New York Times, whose news releases extensively covered the areas of Polish relief and self-determination.The dissertation is composed of a preface, introduction, seven chapters, and a conclusion. The introduction sets the basis for the reopening of the Polish Question by delving into Polish nationalism, the partition years, and the outbreak of the Great War in 1914. Chapter One is devoted to the early Years of Woodrow Wilson, one of the chief actors in the final self-determination for Poland. The character and personality analysis is carried through in Chapter Two as Wilson is considered as Governor and President. In Chapter Three the pre-Great War Polish emigration is considered. Background to the Polish Question is set by presenting life in Russian, Austrian, and German Poland and the strivings of Marx, Engels and the Polish Socialists for Polish independence.Chapter Four traces Polish immigration to the United States from the early settlements in Texas to the great immigration years just before the Great War. The study traces the formation and organization of Polish-American groups which formed a so-called "Fourth Part of Poland," but, with the exception of independence-minded Polish Socialists in America, worked primarily for the bettering of the Polish lot in the United States. Chapter Five presents the devastation which befell the Poles as their land became the battleground in Eastern Europe. The Poles in America cooperated in trying to ease the suffering of their European brethren. The story of Polish relief is traced through the New York Times, State Department documents, and the indefatigable labors of Ignace Jan Paderewski, famous Polish pianist and composer, who arrived in the United States in 1915 to spur on relief for Poland. The diplomatic manuevering is presented to show that the Poles were caught in the middle of the BritishGerman views on war relief and as a consequence received no adequate aid until after the November, 1918, Armistice. Throughout this story of Polish relief President Wilson stands out as a humanitarian and champion of Polish relief.Chapter Six probes into the relationship among Paderewski, Colonel House and Wilson. This relationship proved to be a vital factor in Wilson's support of selfdetermination and independence when the time was ripe in 1918. The chapter also considers the role played by the Polish voters in the 1916 election. The study casts doubt upon the crucial part which is credited to the Polish vote in the Wilson victory.The simultaneous events which occurred in Europe and America are covered in Chapter Seven. In Europe the Russians, Austro-Hungarians and Germans had already accepted the concept of Polish autonomy. The manpower needs of the European combatants forced them to a change of attitude. With recognition by the Russian Provisional Government in March, 1917, the Allies recognized the Polish National Committee in Paris and the Polish army. The United States followed in this respect. With Polish-American solidarity pressuring for Polish independence, complemented by an Allied policy to dissolve the Austro-Hungarian Empire, independence for Poland was assured. / Department of History

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