This investigation of Miss Porter's short fiction demonstrates that reality and revelation are predominant ideas in most of her writing. Reality for most of the characters differs from reality as the protagonist eventually perceives it. Through revelation of delusions-- both his own and others'--the protagonist may better deal with life's difficulties. These difficulties are represented, as secondary themes in the stores, by three repeated human experiences: initiation, subjugation, and alienation. Subsequent chapters of this investigation explore reality and revelation in relation to each secondary theme. Discussion follows the development of increasing extremity in one's difficulties in life, from the initiatory childhood encounters with human nature and society, to the subjugating troubles incurred through continuing maturity, to alienation and the encounter of death's possibility and actuality.

The Landscape painting in Prague 1840-1890: Presentation and reflection of landscape painting at the Art Union exhibitions. PhD thesis by PhDr. Lucie Vlčková Supervisor: Prof. PhDr. Roman Prahl ABSTRACT: The present thesis summarizes the results of the research project focused on the history of ladscape painting and its presentation at the annual exhibitions of the Art Union in Bohemia ("Krasoumná jednota") from 1840 to 1890, the period of a critical significance for evolution of the genre and establishing the aesthetical and ideological schemes characteristic for the Czech landscape painting of the 19th Century. The landscape painting was a respectufull and popular branch already from the beginning of the respective period, yet since then it grew into a leading source of aesthetic innovations and dominant component of the exhibitions and art trade. The 1840-1890 period begun with the establishing Max Hushofer's landscape class at the Prague Academy of Arts and terminates with close contacts with impressionists. For local landscape painting it brought not only the dramatic rearrangements of aesthetical frameworks but also the subsequent establishment of the standard cliches and themes which further accompanied Czech landscape painting until present. Although the history of the Czech landscape painting of...

The dismemberment and reparations policy France followed at the end of World War II as an occupying power in Germany was a traditional approach of the victor to the vanquished. The Saar, the Ruhr, and the Rhineland were the borderlands long in dispute. One new element was the idea that while demanding these territories, an attempt at national rapprochement could be carried on through educational measures. For many Germans the University at Mainz did not balance the dismantled factories. This postwar period was characterized by European economic ills. The 1947 Marshall Plan, an American approach to restore Europe to economic health through cooperative effort, was inaugurated. It stimulated the European integration movement which flourished during the 1950’s. The 1948 Council of Europe had not lived up to expectations, in the eyes of European federalists, but the next try, the European Coal and Steel Community, (1952) proved a lusty child of the functionalist movement. When the European Defense Community died, (1954) it embittered Franco-German relations for a while. The European Atomic Energy Community and the European Economic Community completed the European Community in 1958. Through the organizations for economic integration, France and Germany have, in spite of disputes and crises, been able to compromise many divergent drives in the interest of restoring Europe to full economic capacity. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, (1949) which originated as a joint military defense and symbolized Western unity in the face of Soviet aggression, became a seedbed of discord between France and German. When General de Gaulle became president in 1958, he pursued an active policy of rapprochement with Adenauer’s Federal German Republic seeking to establish a Paris-Bonn axis on which to base French leadership in the European Community. As leader of a West European bloc independent of the United States, France would hold that place in the first rank of nations that de Gaulle believed she must have. Chancellor Adenauer cooperated with the French president because he believed a tightly knit European group would benefit German interests. The high point in Franco-German rapprochement occurred in 1962 during the summer exchange of state visits, but by the time the Treaty was signed and ratified, (1963) the tone of Franco-German relations and changed. Disagreements on military policies in NATO, on political developments in the European Community, and on agricultural policies in EEC, all reached serious proportions at the time that Chancellor Erhard took office in 1963. The Erhard government’s shift of emphasis from a Europe focused on France to the Atlantic alliance focused on the United States led President de Gaulle to consider a new policy to replace Franco-German rapprochement which had been his primary strategy until 1963. Franco-Russian relations became noticeably warmer after the extension of long term credits by France to the Soviet Union. Germany protested this new turn in French policy. A closer French-Russian relationship may add to the discord which cooled the Franco-German accord of 1962.

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In the late nineteenth century, traditional Protestant social thought which stressed the idea of individual regeneration underwent a gradual readjustment to include the reforming impulse directed towards saving society from the collective ills of industrial life. In order to understand more precisely the origin and nature of this transformation, this study examines the social composition of three Hamilton churches --Centenary Methodist, Central Presbyterian and Christ's Church Cathedral --from 1890 to 1899, a critical decade in the history of religious and secular arrangements in Canada. It is premised on the proposition that local congregations provided the immediate context in which the new social gospel was often developed; they were the recipients of its message and their susceptibility to it would deeply affect its future course. This study belies the uncritical view of businessmen as heroic "Captains of Industry" or as unfeeling exploiters of an underprivileged working class. The high degree to which most of the lay leaders participated in the business and spiritual affairs of their church and the range of their community interests is suggestive of the extent to which the sacred and the secular were intertwined. Drawn from the middle classes, they saw themselves as directing agents responsible for the material, moral and social well-being of society. At the center of their belief system was the notion that practical consistency in character and conduct must form the basis of a rational capitalistic organization of industrial labor. While most of the lay leaders would never make the shift to the social gospel associated with the new liberalism, their action in manifesting a robust Protestant spirit engaged with social ills as they saw them clearly set a mood of social optimism and a style of activism on which the social gospel could thrive. / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA)

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The purpose of this investigation has been to write an account of the Utah newspaper war during the final thirty years of the nineteenth century, with emphasis on the events that brought about the establishment of the Salt Lake Tribune, the men who guided its destiny, news and editorial content, as well as its role in the economic, social and political history of Utah.

En esta tesis, intentaré presentar, a través del análisis de los Testimonios, el papel que Victoria Ocampo desempeñó como intelectual en la construcción de una cultura moderna en América Latina. Como lo comprueban las diez series de Testimonios, el aporte de Victoria Ocampo se centró en su labor de difusión cultural. Me interesa estudiar los Testimonios de Victoria Ocampo, debido a que presentan una nueva vertiente autobiográfica caracterizada por presentar experiencias a la manera de ensayos desde la perspectiva de los propios gustos e intereses de la autora. Los Testimonios me parecen originales porque no son ensayos convencionales, sino que más bien reflejan una escritura de corte personal, vinculada al género autobiográfico, que los convierte en ensayos literarios para ser estudiados en sí mismos y no como textos de consulta académica.

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