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Battle has consistently been the most dangerous collective human activity. In battle, human beings risk serious wounding and even death. Consequently, the study of the motivation of soldiers in combat is important to Military history. Combat motivation in the army of eighteenth-century Britain merits study, since the subject as it pertains to pre-industrial armies has at present received little attention. The soldiers of Hanoverian Britain received motivation from several sources. Basic training in the eighteenth-century British army laid the foundations for certain relationships among military personnel which contributed to combat motivation. One such relationship was a network of primary ties among soldiers. The relationship between soldiers and officers was also important. The relationship between individual soldiers and the military institution as a whole also contributed to combat motivation. These relationships created a set of standards to which to army expected soldiers to react. When they reacted correctly, they were motivated to face the dangers of combat. / Master of Arts

This thesis is about how Moravian women in the community of Salem, North Carolina, challenged the policies of the church in order to gain more autonomy in the late 18th century. Settling into the Piedmont, these women encountered excessive materialism and a widely accepted racial hierarchy, which challenged the simple life of the Moravian community. I argue that although historians of Moravians have explored the dissent in the Salem community, they have not considered the desires of Moravian women and how their environment shaped them. Moravian Elders struggled to keep their congregation in line and were greatly concerned with the conduct of women. Young women running away with outsider men reflected poorly on their patriarchal control. Married women who conducted their households in a way that contradicted the guidance of the Elders, seemed to threaten the future of their community by corrupting the youth. Despite the efforts of the Elders to contain dissent, they were sometimes pushed to adjust their policies. Using the disciplinary records of the Elders, memoirs, the Single Sisters Diary, and various documents from the congregation, I examine the experiences and actions of Moravian women prior to their arrival in Salem and shortly after, the dissent and desires of Single Sisters, and how Married Sisters navigated the rules of the Brethren to run their own households. Despite the attempts of the Elders to curb disobedient behavior, many women were successful. Moreover, the disobedience of Moravian women exemplifies how women were involved in changing the Moravian church and the development of the Piedmont culture by challenging the policies of the church and seeking opportunities for freedom. / Master of Arts / In the second half of the eighteenth century, a group of German Lutheran reformers or Pietists, called the Moravians, started a congregation and community in the Piedmont region of North Carolina. Largely surrounded by small communities that were embracing materialism and benefiting from enslaved labor, Moravian Elders struggled to keep their congregation in line. This thesis examines how single and married Moravian women disobeyed the policies of the community in order to gain control over their marriages, work, and homes. These women navigated the spaces around them, southern racial hierarchy, and opportunities for dissent to garner some control over their lives and push back against the rules of the Elders. In this thesis, I argue that white Moravian women used private and public spaces to bend or break the rules of the Elders and gain new freedoms and autonomy. Furthermore, Moravian women had to consider their identities as white Moravian women in a slave owning society, which implied that they were superior to enslaved Black individuals. Due to these influences, Moravian women were inspired to dissent and challenge the Elders, which in turn inspired changes in the policies of the Moravian church.

This annotated translation of Chabanon's Musique considérée with accompanying analysis seeks to establish the aesthetic principles expressed in his book as a significant and independentdeparture from the musical doctrines which prevailed in eighteenth-century France.

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La thèse examine les relations franco-suisses au début du XVIIIe siècle en s’interrogeant sur les pratiques et les canaux de négociation d’un côté, et celles du statut des acteurs de l’autre. Elle s’inscrit dans le cadre d’une histoire diplomatique renouvelée s’appuyant sur les acquis de l’histoire culturelle et sociale. Une première partie traite des relations entre les souverains : les autorités suisses et le roi de France. Face à l’asymétrie entre le roi et les cantons, leurs relations peuvent non seulement être décrites selon un modèle de relation entre souverains (inégaux), mais aussi selon un modèle patron-client. Une deuxième partie analyse les relations personnelles de l’ambassadeur français en Suisse. Il y est démontré comment les pratiques de communication entre l’ambassadeur et ses interlocuteurs suisses étaient façonnées par la culture politique différente des cantons qui n’acceptaient pas tous dans la même mesure les relations personnelles entre magistrats et diplomates étrangers. La troisième partie examine les canaux de communication et de négociation entre la Cour de France et les autorités suisses. Grâce à la présence de nombreux diplomates accrédités en Suisse et en s’appuyant sur leurs sujets séjournant aux cours étrangères en tant qu’officiers ou diplomates au service d’un prince étranger, les cantons pouvaient pratiquer une « diplomatie sans diplomates » qui ne coûtait presque rien. En dernier lieu, l’analyse des négociations du renouvellement d’alliance entre le roi de France et le canton de Berne soulève le problème des négociations avec une république aux temps modernes. / The thesis examines the Franco-Swiss relations in the early 18th century and probes into both the practices and channels of negotiation as well as the status of the actors. As a contribution to the flourishing ‘new diplomatic history’, it draws on the methods and innovations of cultural and social history. The first part discusses the relations between two unequal sovereigns: the Swiss authorities and the French king. Given the asymmetry between the king and the cantons, their relations can not only be described as relations between (unequal) sovereigns but also as patron-client ties. The second part examines the personal relations of the French ambassador in Switzerland and shows how the different political cultures of the cantons shaped the communicative practices between the ambassador and his Swiss interlocutors. In the third part, the channels of communication and negotiation between the French court and the Swiss authorities are analysed. Thanks to the presence of numerous foreign diplomats accredited in Switzerland and relying on the services of Swiss subjects staying at foreign courts as officers and diplomats serving a foreign prince, the Swiss republics were able to practice “diplomacy without diplomats”, thus economizing on the expenses associated with maintaining a formal diplomatic body. In the final part, the analysis of the negotiations for the renewal of the alliance between the French king and the Republic of Berne provides a case study of what it meant to negotiate with a polyarchy in the early modern period.

University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences / Department of History

The long tradition in the arts of the Hunt, domestic and exotic, as a surrogate for war in peacetime is reflected in the Amiens Hunting Series (1736-1739) along with influences from the waning years of Louis XIV and early trends in the reign of Louis XV. / Two of Francois Boucher's lesser known works form part of the Amiens canvases executed for Louis XV's private gallery at Versailles. Carle Van Loo, Charles Parrocel, Jean-Francois de Troy, Jean-Baptiste Pater and Nicolas Lancret contributed to the Series, but Boucher's work is unique due probably to his study of the hunts of Peter Paul Rubens and his reference to an older heritage represented by Antonio Tempesta who had already interpreted the natural wonders of the world as described by Pliny and others. / The seventeenth-century concept of the "noble huntsman" endures through the pivotal work of Boucher which constitutes the logical link between Rubens's Baroque expression and the Romantic extension of the theme by Eugene Delacroix.

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