Although lay patronage was abolished in 1690, the study emphasises the importance of linking that Act with the one restoring it in 1712, since there was a difference between the landed interest and the Church in their perception of both pieces of legislation. This divergence, together with the 1690 Act's placement of the heritor class into the process of ministerial election, and the vexations caused by the Abjuration Oath, combined to create the complications which undermined the Church's ability to throw off patronage. The study questions the idea that few patronage disputes arose in the first period after the Act, and goes on to examine how the intensification of Squadrone/Argathelian rivalry in the post-Union scramble for influence drew church vacancy matters inexorably into the web of politics. The most successful manipulators of patronage were Lord Ilay and Lord Milton, and a general comparison is made between their administration and that of the Marquis of Tweeddale. Skilful management of the Church's senior courts, along with a judicious preferment of ministerial loyalists, made concerted opposition to even the worst excesses of patronage, overwhelmingly difficult. The study however draws attention to one period, between 1734 and 1736, when forces antipathetic to the abuses of patronage appeared to achieve an effective unity. Finally, the study looks beyond the influence of simple party politics, to examine what local factors may have impinged upon settlements by presentation, and to this end examines the peculiar circumstances which obtained in the Presbyteries of Edinburgh, Duns and Brechin.

Collecting recipes was an established tradition that continued in elite English households throughout the eighteenth century. This thesis is on medical recipes and advice, and it addresses the evolution of recipe collecting from the seventeenth century and throughout the eighteenth century. It investigates elite domestic medicine within a cultural history of medicine framework and uses social and material history approaches to reveal why elites continued to collect medical recipes, given the commercialisation of medicine. This thesis contends that the meaning of domestic medicine must be understood within a wider context of elite healthcare in order to appreciate how the recipe collecting tradition evolved alongside cultural shifts, and shifts within the medical economy. My re-appraisal of the meaning of domestic medicine gives elite healthcare a clearer role within the narrative of the social history of medicine. Elite healthcare was about choice. Wealthy individuals had economic agency in consumerism, and recipe compilers interacted with new sources of information and products; recipe books are evidence of this consumer engagement. In addition to being household objects, recipe books had cultural significance as heirlooms, and as objects of literacy, authority, and creativity. A crucial reason for the continuation of the recipe collecting tradition was due to its continued engagement with cultural attitudes towards social obligation, knowledge exchange, taste, and sociability as an intellectual pursuit. Positioning the household as an important space of creativity, experiment, and innovation, this thesis reinforces domestic medicine as an important part of the interconnected histories of science and medicine. This thesis moreover contributes to the social history of eighteenth-century England by demonstrating the central role domestic medicine had in elite healthcare, and reveals the elite reception of the commercialisation of medicine from a consumer perspective through an investigation of personal records of intellectual pastimes and patient experiences.

Jerome McGann observes that 'Deceptive apparitions haunt romantic writing'. This thesis investigates one such haunting apparition; it analyses the ways in which selected eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century poets engage with the poetry of Alexander Pope. The received view of "Romantic" anti-Popeanism is expressed in comments such as that of William Hazlitt's 'I do not think there is any point of sympathy between Pope and the Lake School: on the contrary, I know there is an antipathy between them'. There is plenty of evidence to suggest some Romantic writers had an aversion to the previous literary age. In a letter to his brother and sister-in-law in March 1819, for example, Keats reviews a play by mocking that it 'was bad even in comparison with ... the Augustan age'. Pope had been the pre-eminent figure of Augustan poetry. Hence, the argument runs, Pope was rejected wholesale by Romantic poets. Such an understanding of literary history is, however, too dogmatic. Rather than accepting the view that the progression from Pope's era to the Romantic period involved a sudden pivot in taste, I explore how Popean poetic principles filtered into the development of his successors' literary aesthetics and ideas about poetry. The central questions I ask are how, and in what ways, Pope's successors used Pope's poetry to formulate their own poetic visions. I address these questions in four main chapters. In the first, I analyse Joseph Warton's An Essay on the Writings and Genius of Pope. I show that Warton's Essay on Pope should not be taken as a denigration of Pope's poetic achievement, and suggest ways in which Pope's work permeates his, and his brother Thomas', poetry. In the second, I examine the response to Pope's Iliad, a text which prompted conflicting reactions among his successors. In particular, I appraise William Cowper's response to Pope's translation, not only as contained in his prose discussion of it, but also as revealed by his own translation. My third chapter considers ways in which Wordsworth plays with Pope's poetic legacy, and acknowledges Pope's contribution to the formulation of his own ideas of what constitutes good poetry. In the final chapter, I illustrate that even in the poetry of Keats - who, at times, vociferously rejects Pope as a mere handicraftsman - there is a sympathy in song between brother-poets. Literary criticism has often stressed the prominence of authors such as Lord Byron, Erasmus Darwin and George Crabbe in Pope's poetic reception and legacy. Yet Pope haunts other writers in subtler, but no less compelling, ways. As Samuel Taylor Coleridge observes, in Biographia Literaria, 'many ... formed ... their notions of poetry, from the writings of Mr. Pope'. What I try to give colour to here are some of the ways in which subsequent 'notions of poetry' were 'formed' from 'the writings of Mr. Pope'.

Orientador: Brunno Vinicius Gonçalves Vieira / Banca: Vanda Anastácio / Banca: Heloísa Maria Moraes Moreira Penna / Banca: Maria Celeste Consolin Dezotti / Banca: Giovanna Longo / Resumo: Com a intenção de dar continuidade à pesquisa na área de História da Tradução, mais especificamente ao resgate de textos do legado clássico traduzidos em Língua Portuguesa em períodos anteriores e por autores pouco explorados, o presente trabalho pretende estudar e editar, à luz do contexto de recepção e produção, a tradução de D. Leonor de Almeida (1750-1839), a quarta Marquesa de Alorna, para a Arte poética de Horácio, que foi publicada em 1812, em Londres. Essa poeta, "quase" canônica, tem uma biografia que despertou o interesse dos críticos literários desde o século XIX até os dias de hoje; frequentemente os acontecimentos de sua vida entrelaçam-se com a história de Portugal; e desperta o interesse dos historiadores a sua presença nos círculos literários de sua época. Além disso, a investigação histórica do contexto de produção dessa tradução permitiu o contato com textos que facilitaram o estudo de possibilidades pelas quais os poetas e tradutores do período entendiam a tradução e, por consequência, permite verificar como essas questões se materializam na poética e na tradução de D. Leonor. Para além de breve estudo histórico e tradutório, pretende-se aqui apresentar a edição da tradução da Arte poética a partir do manuscrito autógrafo, encontrado no Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo, em Lisboa. / Abstract: Proceeding the research of Translation History, in particular the recovery of classic legacy texts translated to Portuguese in previous ages and by less known writers, the actual work intends to study and to edit, in connection to accepting and producing, the translation of D. Leonor de Almeida (1750-1839), the fourth Marchioness of Alorna, for the Poetic Art of Horace, published in London in 1812. This poet, almost "canonical", has a biography that increased the interest of literary critics from the nineteenth century to the present day; often the events of her life intertwine with the history of Portugal; and increases the interest of historians to her presence in literary circles of her time. Furthermore, the historical investigation in connection to the creation of this translation allowed the contact with texts that made easier to study the possibilities that the poets and translators in that time understood the translation and, consequently, allows us to check how these questions materialize the poetics and translation of D. Leonor. In addition to a brief historical and translation study, we intend to present the edition of the Poetic Art translation from the manuscript, found in the National Archive of the Torre do Tombo, in Lisbon / Doutor

This thesis examines the role of tradition and discursive knowledge transmission on the formation of the ‘ulamā’, the learned scholarly class in Islam, and their approach to the articulation of the Islamic disciplines. The basis of this examination is the twelfth/eighteenth century scholar, Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad al-Dardīr, an Egyptian Azharī who wrote highly influential treatises in the disciplines of creedal theology, Mālikī jurisprudence, and taṣawwuf (Sufism). Additionally, he occupied a prominent role in the urban life of Cairo, accredited with several incidents of intercession with the rulers on behalf of the Cairo populace. This thesis argues that a useful framework for evaluating the intellectual contributions of post-classical scholars such as al-Dardīr involves the concept of an Islamic discursive tradition, where al-Dardīr’s specific contributions were aimed towards preserving, upholding, and maintaining the Islamic tradition, including the intellectual “sub-traditions” that came to define it. Chapter 1 provides an introduction to al-Dardīr, the social and intellectual climate of his era, and an overview of his writings. Chapter 2 analyses the educational paradigm that preceded al-Dardīr, and affected his approach to the Islamic disciplines. We then focus our attention to al-Dardīr’s contribution to the Islamic educational paradigm, in the form of taḥqīq (verification). Chapter 3 analyses al-Dardīr’s methodology in the synthesis of the rational and mystical approaches to knowledge located within the Islamic disciplines of creedal theology and Sufism. Chapter 4 analyses al-Dardīr’s to the Mālikī fiqh tradition, specifically his methodology of tarjīḥ (weighing of juristic evidence between different narrations). Chapter 5 examines his societal roles, and the influence of tradition on his relationships with the ruling elite, the ‘ulamā’ class, and the masses. The thesis ends with a conclusion that summarises the results of all of the above.

This diploma paper deals with the two very first purely moral weekly magazines that used to appear in Prague in the beginning of the 70's of the 18th century, Die Unsichtbare and Die Sichtbare. The goal of the diploma paper is to describe the contentual and also the formal aspect of the text in order to enable depicture of the genre's function and its influence on public. There are questions established concerning the source basis and the used methodics in the first chapter. The second chapter tries to get into the history and the structure of the moral magazines using the period hand-books and all available literature. There are the Prague enlightenment and the task of the moral magazines in it brought closer in the third chapter. The fundamental part of my work is the fourth chapter that contains the analysis of the surveyed magazines from the view of the subject-matter, content and marginally language. The last chapter outlines the end of both of the magazines and the fading of this genre in czech lands. The supplement is made of photocopies of the front pages of both of the magazines and examples of the text.

“The existing work is easy to summarise; despite the ever present nature of furniture in people's lives, and its obvious position in a social context as a reflection of taste, wealth and progress, the study in Scotland of the trade which made it, and the furniture itself, has until recently been sadly neglected.” -- From the Preface. “This thesis is intended to hang flesh on the bones of Francis Bamford's ‘Dictionary of Edinburgh Wrights', rather than to be a counterpart to Pat Kirkham's study of the London trade¹². Whereas in Glasgow 'no rich vein of documentation has revealed the existence of a dominant city manufacturer comparable with Trotter of Edinburgh, whose furniture and business activities can be traced back into the eighteenth century¹³', in Edinburgh rich veins do exist. They have been used not only to illuminate the careers of individuals but also to explore the great range of services which these individuals offered. The editorial of the 1992 volume of ‘Regional Furniture' states that 'some work on Norwich, Chester, Doncaster, Lancaster and Glasgow is in print, but coverage is patchy'. That Edinburgh had such a clearly vibrant trade will hopefully be of encouragement to historians of all major British cities, even those that did not benefit from the privileges of a capital city, or bask in the reflected glow of the Enlightenment.” – From the Introduction.

ABSTRACT THE TRINITARIAN THEOLOGY OF JOHN GILL (1697–1771): CONTEXT, SOURCES, AND CONTROVERSY Steven Tshombe Godet, Ph.D. The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, 2015 Chair: Dr. Michael A. G. Haykin In the eighteenth century in Britain, a major controversy arose over the doctrine of the Trinity. This controversy embroiled both the Established Church and Dissenters. One of the champions among the Dissenters was John Gill, a Particular Baptist minister. This dissertation will examine how Gill defended the doctrine of the Trinity against various unorthodox views. Chapter 1 introduces the thesis, history of research, and methodology. Chapter 2 examines the political, cultural, and theological context of John Gill and then surveys his life and works. Chapter 3 examines the trinitarian crisis in two phases: phase 1 (1688–1711) and phase 2 (1712–29). Chapter 4 surveys Gill as a Patristic scholar and analyzes his use of Patristic sources in the debate over the Trinity. Chapter 5–8 introduces Gill’s doctrine of Trinity. Chapter 5 defines Gill’s key trinitarian terms while also considering the importance, revelation, and mystery of the Trinity. Chapter 6 seeks to understand Gill’s defense of the unity of God and plurality of the Godhead. Chapters 7 and 8 examine the distinction of the three persons in the Godhead and the distinct personality and deity of the three persons who are one God. Chapter 9 considers how Gill applied the doctrine of the Trinity to several areas of the Christian life. Chapter 10 summarizes the main arguments and suggests some areas of future study in Gill.

La reine Tiyi de la XVIIIème dynastie est bien connue en tant que grande épouse d’Amenhotep III, mère d’Amenhotep IV/Akhenaton et grand-mère de Toutankhamon (au moins). Elle est fréquemment mentionnée dans les ouvrages ou les articles traitant de ces règnes, mais l’inventaire total concernant la reine, présenté ici (plus de huit cent objets, inscriptions, représentations, etc.) révèle qu’elle fut une actrice extraordinaire de l’Histoire égyptienne et qu’elle fut, de plus, la reine la plus titrée de la dynastie, peut-être même de tout le Nouvel Empire. Enfin nous pouvons établir que, comme cela a toujours été pressenti, Tiyi ne fut pas une « simple » reine. Notre étude établit clairement qu’elle joua un rôle important aux côtés de son mari et qu’elle peut être considérée comme la véritable contrepartie féminine du roi, plus particulièrement lors des fêtes-sed de la fin du règne. Le présent travail tente de dresser un bilan exhaustif de ce qui est actuellement connu sur la reine, afin de pouvoir servir de base à de futurs travaux concernant cette période de l’Histoire égyptienne. / Queen Tiye of the XVIIIth Egyptian dynasty is well known as great wife of king Amenhotep III, mother of king Amenhotep IV/Akhenaten and, at least, grandmother of king Tutankhamun. She is very often mentioned in books or articles related to these reigns. However, the complete catalogue of objects and mentions concerning this queen which has been constituted for the present work — with more than 800 artefacts, inscriptions, depictions, etc. — reveals that she was a prominent actress of the Egyptian History and that she was simultaneously the highest-ranked of all the queens of the dynasty, and perhaps of the entire New Kingdom. Lastly, it is possible to claim now that - as it was often presumed - Tiye was not “merely” a queen among others. Our investigation establishes clearly that she played an important role close to her husband and that she can be considered as an actual "female counterpart" of the king, and specially during the sed-festivals at the end of the reign. The present work aims to figure out an exhaustive balance-sheet of what is actually known about the queen Tiye, in order to serve as a basis for future studies concerning this period of the Egyptian History.

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