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This diploma thesis deals with camarilla changes of three Russian rulers. Sources and literature of this theme are dealt in the thesis introduction. Camarilla, favourite, favouritism and absolutism are defined in another chapter. Subsequent chapters deal with particular rulers, their accession to the throne, key government institutions and mainly with the most important camarilla members. Last chapter compares the three regimes. Firstly it goes in for qualifications of rulers to rule. Further it compares their favourites and then it focusses at the most successful persons who were able to maintain their position throughout several regimes and gives reply to questions if those people had common features which were reasons for success and if these positions sometimes changed or remained constant.

O objetivo desta tese é analisar, partindo de uma perspectiva filológica, um conjunto de cartas manuscritas, lavradas durante a década de 1765 a 1775, na capitania de São Paulo. Transcrevem-se os textos, para, a partir desse trabalho inicial, buscar-se definir algumas de suas coordenadas sincrônicas e diacrônicas, situacionais e linguísticas.1 Realiza-se um estudo minucioso de aspectos materiais e formais de um corpus predominantemente homogêneo quanto à espécie documental (carta), porém que mostrou apresentar variações. Ao final do trabalho filológico, publica-se a edição semidiplomática dos 137 fólios que compõem o corpus, acompanhada dos facsímiles. Por seu caráter conservador, a edição interessa a linguistas, e, pelo assunto tratado nas cartas, é fonte rica para historiadores. A partir do exame atento das fontes publicadas, trabalha-se com a hipótese da existência de uma relação entre a categoria socioprofissional dos destinatários e as formas de tratamento a eles dirigidas. A contextualização sócio-histórica dos documentos setecentistas culmina com a pesquisa sobre a origem dos remetentes, que localizou e permitiu traçar um perfil social mínimo de metade deles, atestando que pelo menos 32 documentos foram escritos, ou ditados, por homens nascidos na Colônia, principalmente na capitania de São Paulo. A partir dessas informações, da descrição sócio-histórica do período e do estudo de Marquilhas (2000), apresenta-se uma proposta de categorização socioprofissional que dê conta do corpus. As formas de tratamento (FT\'s) em língua portuguesa têm sido objeto de vários estudos, sincrônicos e diacrônicos: parte busca explicar de que maneira se deu a inclusão do pronome você, advindo da forma nominal vossa mercê, no sistema de tratamentos brasileiro; parte concentra-se na análise das formas nominais e pronominais, buscando descrever sua utilização e comparar o uso em documentos públicos e privados e entre períodos distintos. Número significativo de investigações linguísticas sobre o tema constituem corpora a partir de cartas, espécie documental bastante produtiva para tal análise. A teoria do Poder e da Solidaridade, desenvolvida por Brown e Gilman, e a análise das relações epistolares a partir das classificações em simétrica e assimétrica são comumente utilizadas em trabalhos recentes. No presente estudo, a análise das FT\'s comprova que a forma mais frequentemente empregada é vossa mercê, resultado que contraria a literatura especializada com relação a documentos oficiais. Além disso, chega-se à conclusão de que tal forma, diferentemente do que se verifica em outras pesquisas, não é utilizada preferencialmente nas relações assimétricas descendentes. O que condiciona seu emprego, na esfera pública, é a categoria socioprofissional do destinatário. Assim, aqueles que pertenciam às categorias socioprofissionais dos militares e dos administradores locais (juízes, ouvidores, provedores) eram tratados por vossa mercê. A análise sob o ponto de vista de categorias socioprofissionais permite também identificar que algumas delas, como a dos eclesiásticos, marcavam linguisticamente as posições hierárquicas superiores por meio do uso de FT\'s de alto valor honorífico, como vossa senhoria e vossa reverendíssima, enquanto outras, como a dos militares, não apresentavam essa diferenciação, sendo todos tratados por vossa mercê. / The present study uses a philological perspective to analyse a group of handwritten letters drafted during the decade of 1765-1775, in the Sao Paulo captaincy. From this initial work, the texts are transcribed for one try to define some of their syncronic and dyacronic coordenates, situational and linguistics. Thus, one can do a detailed philological study of material and formal aspects of a mostly homogenous corpus of one type of document (letters) but which shows variations. At the end of this philological work, the semidiplomatic edition of 137 folios is published, along with document facsimiles. Because of its conservative character, the edition is of interest to linguists, and because of the topics covered in the letters, it is a rich source for historians. From the attentive observation of the published sources, it has been possible to raise a possible relation between sociohistorical factors of senders and receivers and about the adress forms used on the texts. To make clear the relationship between social factors and linguistic elements, it has been done a social-historical description of the documents, culminating with research on the senders\' origin, and allowing the researcher to outline a basic social profile of half the authors. At least 32 documents were written, or dictated, by men born in the Colony, mainly in the Sao Paulo captaincy. Based on this information, of the social-historical description of the period and of Marquilha\'s study (2000), we propose a socialprofessional classification that takes the corpus into account. Forms of address (FAs) in Portuguese have been the object of various synchronic and diachronic studies. Some seek to explain how the pronoun você (from vossa mercê) was included in the Brazilian FA system; some focus on analysis of nouns and pronouns, describing and comparing their use in public and private documents at specified time periods. A significant number of linguistic investigations on the subject base their corpora on letters, a very productive kind of document for this analysis. Brown and Gilman\'s Theory of Power and Solidarity and the analysis of epistolary relationships in symmetrical and asymmetrical classifications have often been used in recent works. On the present study, the analysis of the FAs proves that the form of address most frequently used was vossa mercê, a result that contradicts the specialized literature related to official documents. Furthermore, one may conclude that this form, differently from that found in other researches, is not used preferentially in descending asymmetrical relationships. What determines one\'s employment in the public sphere is the social-professional classification of the recipient. Thus, those who belonged to categories of military social-professionals and local administrators (judges, ombudsmen, providers) were addressed as vossa mercê. The analysis from the socialprofessional point of view also allows us to identify that some of them, such as clergy, were linguistically marked, by means of highly honorific FAs, such as vossa senhoria and vossa reverendíssima, superior hierarchical positions, while others, like those in the military, did not make this distinction, all being addressed as vossa mercê.

The primary aim of this thesis has been to describe the complex influences governing the production of fashionable furniture in C18th England and France in order to reassess the connection between material practices, the cultures in which they reside and the philosophical ideas from which they emerge. This has been achieved by detailing the factors influencing the design and production of late C18th furniture in England and France and developing a comparative model developed around the Harewood Library Table by Thomas Chippendale and The Wallace Collection F302 Secrétaire á abattant by Riesener, in order to isolate, identify and interpret differences between them. This innovative case study sits at the heart of this thesis and describes in detail how these pieces were designed and constructed and how they relate to the wider cultures from which they emerged. The result of this is apparent in a number of outcomes. Firstly, the thesis offers a definitive summary of the key characteristics of Chippendale’s and Riesener’s work which will better enable practitioners (conservators, curators, collectors, etc.) to identify pieces made by these makers, analyze their condition and help conserve these important pieces of furniture: furniture history currently is over‐dependent on much more subjective approaches to this process of identification. Secondly, the thesis examines different aspects of furniture making in England and France (literature on the workshops, information on economic conditions, evidence relating to tools and materials etc.) and integrates them in such a way as to provide an authoritative account of the complex processes involved in the commissioning of such fashionable furniture. The thesis not only helps us better understand furniture making in England and France at a structural level during this key period of transition but also provides an original and systematic approach to writing a history around such material cultures, demonstrating how important it is to the full(est) comprehension of history that such fashionable objects be understood. Where other frequently more privileged objects (written documents, paintings and sculptures etc.) have been seen to provide valuable historical insights, this thesis argues that fashionable furniture can now be seen to provide its own unique perspectives on the time and on the society in which it was created.

La thèse porte sur la famille Batthyány, qui a joué un important rôle au XVIIIe siècle à la Cour de Vienne, à la Diète, dans l’Armée et dans l’Eglise, par ses représentants : le palatin Louis –Ernest (1696-1765), le cardinal primat Joseph (1727-1799), l’évêque de Transylvanie Ignace (1741-1798) et par Charles Joseph (1697-1772), feld-maréchal de l’Armée autrichienne, tous, conseillers de Charles VI, de Marie-Thérèse et de Joseph II. La monographie familiale étudie les élites et analyse les mécanismes de fonctionnement de la politique de la Maison d’Autriche des Habsbourg. La thèse est structurée sur trois niveaux : la Cour de Vienne, le Royaume de Hongrie et la Transylvanie et développée dans quatre chapitres : I. Les Batthyány une famille des magnats ; II. Dominer ; III. Dominer et servir : les Batthyány, le Royaume de Saint Etienne et la Maison d’Autriche ; IV. Servir : les Batthyány et la dynastie des Habsbourg. La principale conclusion : les Batthyány appartienne aux élites européennes par les alliances, les faits et les acquis dans des multiples domaines. / The thesis treats the Batthyány family’s role in the eighteenth century and its’ involvement in Vienna’s Court, Diet, Army and Church structures, through its’ representatives: palatine Louis-Ernest (1696-1765), cardinal Joseph (1727-1799) primate of the Catholic Church, Ignace (1741-1798), Transylvania bishop and Charles-Joseph (1797-1772), field-marshal of the Austrian army. In addition, all have been advisors to Charles VI, Maria Theresa, and Joseph II. The family’s monography studies the existent elites and analyses the political mechanisms inside the Austrian Habsburg Court. The thesis revolves around three axes: the Vienna Court, the Hungarian Kingdom and Transylvania, developed into four chapters: “I. Batthyány, a magnates family„; “II. Domination„; “III. Dominating and serving: Batthyány, Kingdom of Saint Stephen and the House of Austria„; “IV. Serving- Batthyány and the Habsburg dynasty„. The main conclusion: the Batthyánys belong to European elites through their alliances and their involvement in various domains.

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This thesis documents a personal journey that asks the reader to consider the volatility of genres and their use value as a hierarchy and/or in the Academy. It places itself in the limitary disciplines of cultural studies, gender studies and fiction, and offers a map of a journey across disciplines. The thesis (w)rites against the grain of the patriarchal Order, and the author articulates gender as a variable in knowledge making and takes an experimental approach to the collection and analysis of data through reading and writing strategies. The use of the bracket is to make a ritual of (w)riting and a contingency of (k)now-ing. The thesis comes in three parts, all of which are interrelated. Parts one and two contain collections of the author's short stories and poetry and Part three is comprised of her correspondence. / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Guided by the feminist intention of reasserting the importance of neglected female writers, I have used this work to re-examine the lives and texts of eighteenth-century diarists Hester Thrale-Piozzi and Frances Burney. Adopting an interdisciplinary methodology, I draw on both literary and non-literary material to examine the effect of familial and social patriarchy in eighteenth-century England. Using the diaries, journals and letters of Hester and Frances, I ask why female conformity to masculine domination was expected, and how violence was used to extract subserviant behaviour from women. Beginning with gossip, and encompassing social, editorial and physical abuse, I use the medical profession's manipulation of female vulnerability to exemplify the way society legitimates violence to ensure female ductility. Moving beyond this physical aspect, I then examine the psychical, and question the existence of a ‘self’ which is vulnerable to external manipulation. By diverging from the influence of Freudian psychology, and developing a form of Jungian feminism, I propose the existence of an essential female Self which transcends the constraints of societal expectations and physical violence. In this work, both Hester and Frances emerge as physically and psychically strong entities who were forced to adopt socially conformist personae to survive.

The purpose of this study is to review Pennsylvania's use of paper money through two distinct periods: the first seven years of currency issues starting in 1723 and concluding in 1730, and the second period encompassed by the French and Indian War in 1755-63. They represent two significant periods affecting Pennsylvania's paper money prior to the Revolutionary War. Specifically investigated are the deciding factors influencing Pennsylvania's currency issues during those periods and the degree of success achieved by those issues. The relationship between Pennsylvania's monetary policy and provincial politics is an important feature of the analysis. / Graduation date: 1996