My dissertation examines Muslim-Christian relations in Palestine during the British mandate period, specifically, around the question of what constituted Palestinian-Arab identity. More broadly speaking, the dissertation addresses the topic within the context of the larger debate concerning the role of material factors (those related to specific historical developments and circumstances) versus that of ideological ones. in determining national identities. At the beginning of the twentieth, century, two models of Arab nationalism were proposed-a more secular one emphasising a shared language and culture (and thus, relatively inclusive of non-Muslims) and one wherein Arab identity was seen as essentially an extension of the Islamic religious community, or umma. While many historians dealing with Arab nationalism have tended to focus on the role of language (likewise, the role of Christian Arab intellectuals), I would maintain that it is the latter model that proved determinative of how most Muslim Arabs came to conceive of their identity as Arabs. Both models were essentially intellectual constructs; that the latter prevailed in the end reflects the predominance of material factors over ideological ones. Specifically, I consider the impact of social, political and economic changes related to the Tanzimat reforms and European economic penetration of the nineteenth century; the role of proto-nationalist models of communal identification-particularly those related to religion; and finally, the role played by political actors seeking to gain or consolidate authority through the manipulation of proto-nationalist symbols.

緒論 第一章 護法運動的源起 第一節 護法運動發生的歷史背景 第二節 中山先生號召護法之目的 第二章 軍政府大元帥時期 第一節 護法軍政府的成立 第二節 軍政府的困境 第三節 軍政府的改組 第三章 離粵赴滬時期 第一節 護法政府名存實亡 第二節 南北和會的召開及影響 第三節 中山先生與新文化運動 第四節 革命理論的奠基─建國方略 第章章 正式政府非常大總統時期 第一節 重振護法聲威─粵軍回粵 第二節 組織正式政府的經過 第三節 中山先生與聯省自治 第四節 中山先生廣州蒙難 第五章 護法運動的終結 第一節 中山先生重回廣州 第二節 中山先生放棄護法 第六章 護法運動失敗的原因和影響 第一節 護法運動挫敗的反省 第二節 挫敗後的奮起─國民革命的再出發 結論

This thesis attempts to construct a complete study of John F. Kennedy's senatorial years. The study uncovers relevant material pertinent to Kennedy's senatorial involvement. By examining a vast amount of material, it was possible to construct an overview of Kennedy's career in the United States Senate. This thesis accurately indicates John F. Kennedy's ideology, record, and role within the Senate.John F. Kennedy is depicted as the political man. The pressures that influenced his decisions are discussed. Decisions are not made without consequences and, therefore, the consequences of his decisions are included. He was a man motivated by power, and power became one of his major ambitions. Kennedy's career was evolutionary, and as the years passed, he became a well-known senator. As his career broadened, so did his perspective. This paper develops a picture of Kennedy's aspirations as opposed to his political successes.

The purpose of this study is to examine I. M. Pei and his partner Harry Cobb's downtown Dallas architecture within the context of their overall stylistic development. This paper explores the structure of five buildings within the framework of the city, and addresses their possible influence on the city's future architectural direction. The thesis is divided into six chapters. Chapter I introduces and states the problem as it discusses the fabric of Dallas architecture. Chapter II outlines a brief biography of I. M. Pei, looking to those who have influenced him, while discussing the key public buildings of his stylistic development. Chapter III is devoted to Pei's first structure in the city, the Dallas Municipal Administration Center. Chapter IV explores the concepts of his planned Morton H. Meyerson Symphony Center. Chapter V outlines a brief biography and focuses on the work of Harry N. Cobb: One Dallas Centre, ARCO Tower, and the Allied Bank Tower. Chapter VI summarizes the contributions of Pei and Cobb by placing them within the context of twentieth century architecture, and pointing out their specific achievements with their additions to the fabric of Dallas architecture.

The succeeding chapters of this thesis are concerned with Carson McCullers' method of handling the Gothic. Their purpose is to describe the modern Gothic elements in McCullers' first three novels: The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter (1940), Reflections in a Golden Eye (1941), The Member of the Wedding (1946) and in her novella: The Ballad of the Sad Cafe (1943).

The problem of this research was to compare the ideas of Emile Durkheim and Max Weber concerning the relationship between society and religion. The primary sources for the study were The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life by Durkheim and The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism and The Sociology of Religion by Weber. An effort was made to establish similarities and differences in the views of the two theorists concerning (1) religious influences on social life and, conversely, (2) social influences on religion.

Si repasáramos de manera minuciosa, retrocediendo en el tiempo por supuesto, los diferentes momentos y estilos de la dramaturgia peruana, e intentáramos reconocer en la tarea, aquellos elementos en formas y temas que podrían servir para identificarnos y distinguirnos frente a otras dramaturgias de la región, probablemente nos llevaríamos una grata sorpresa. Más aún cuando, de manera entendible, el intento, por lo general, ha venido al revés; vale decir, ubicar los proyectos y las tendencias dramáticas de un grueso de países latinoamericanos bajo el manto de algún fenómeno particular –un boom, quizás-, sustentado por una maravillosa generación de escritores con formas y/o contenidos comunes, y divulgado con éxito a todo el mundo. Así, es propio resumir la literatura latinoamericana de fines del siglo diecinueve e inicios del veinte, bajo el concepto del Modernismo, a veces sin pensar que un escritor, que simplemente guarda ciertos vínculos con la corriente, podría estar representando ya una tendencia nueva o construyendo nuevos cimientos. / Tesis

This is an intellectual biography of the classically trained Egyptian Muslim scholar, Muḥammad al-Ghazālī (1917-1996). A one-time leading intellectual of Egypt’s influential Islamic organization, the Muslim Brotherhood, Ghazālī was a popular author with a vast public following. Although his ideas have shaped the trajectories of various Islamic groups that emerged in Egypt during the 1970s “Islamic Revival,” he remains understudied. Through an analysis of his writings, this study presents a novel account on modern Islamic political thought, arguing that its sources extend well beyond what the secondary literature, as well as Muslims today, portray as the mainstays of the Islamic tradition—that is, the Qur’ān, the Sunna (Prophetic traditions), and fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence). In contrast, it places Sufism and Islamic philosophy, or more specifically Islamic philosophical ethics, at the heart of Ghazālī’s modern-day political critiques. Additionally, it moves beyond the scholarly narrative that depicts contemporary Islamic political thought as simply Islamic reformulations of concepts and categories derived from modern Western social thought. By examining Ghazālī’s considerable interest in Euro-American self-help, spiritualism, and psychical research, it shows how his engagement with these new forms of religion was mediated by Islamic theological concepts, which he deployed to not only make sense of his interlocutors’ claims, but also correct and build upon their work. In highlighting the corrective and productive impulse behind his engagement with Euro-American thought, it demonstrates that Ghazālī was not merely an assimilator of Western ideas, but rather a contributor to a global project of rethinking the human potential.

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