殷子俊. / "2004年7月". / 論文(哲學碩士)--香港中文大學, 2004. / 參考文獻(leaves 101-106). / "2004 nian 7 yue". / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Yin Zijun. / Lun wen (zhe xue shuo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2004. / Can kao wen xian (leaves 101-106). / 摘要 --- p.i / 鳴謝 --- p.iii / Chapter 第一章 --- 引言 --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- 本文主旨 --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- 二十世紀語意整全論的先驅一奎因 --- p.2 / Chapter 1.3 --- 整全論的性質 --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- 整全論與分子論 --- p.8 / Chapter 1.4 --- 整全論的分類 --- p.12 / Chapter 第二章 --- 真理與意義 --- p.14 / Chapter 2.1 --- 戴維森的語意理論 --- p.14 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- 戴維森的約定T理論 --- p.15 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- 外延滿足性及組合性 --- p.17 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- 約定T理論的技術問題 --- p.22 / Chapter 2.2 --- 戴維森的真理理論 --- p.24 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- 爲真理的槪念辯護 --- p.24 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- 兩種錯誤的真理觀 --- p.29 / Chapter 2.3 --- 意義、信念與真理 --- p.34 / Chapter 第三章 --- 徹底的詮釋 --- p.37 / Chapter 3.1 --- 翻譯與詮釋 --- p.37 / Chapter 3.2 --- 徹底的詮釋 --- p.40 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- 寬容原則 --- p.42 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- 三角測量 --- p.48 / Chapter 3.3 --- 戴維森的整全論 --- p.51 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- 從徹底的詮釋到整全論 --- p.52 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- 戴維森整全論的歸類 --- p.56 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- 整全論與組合性 --- p.59 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- 整全論與理解 --- p.62 / Chapter 第四章 --- 溝通的整全性一論弗達與拿玻的反整全論 --- p.65 / Chapter 4.1 --- 弗達與拿玻的立場與前設 --- p.65 / Chapter 4.2 --- 弗達與拿玻的論證 --- p.67 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- 組合性論證 --- p.69 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- 規範性論證 --- p.80 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- 寬容原則論證 --- p.84 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- 信念的基本性論證 --- p.89 / Chapter 4.3 --- 總結：徹底詮釋論與語意整全論 --- p.94 / 詞彙翻譯對照表 --- p.98 / 哲學家譯名對照表 --- p.100 / 參考書目 --- p.101

La Sclérose en Plaques (SEP) est une maladie d'origine multifactorielle qui se développe chez des individus génétiquement susceptibles en présence de facteurs environnementaux inducteurs. Ma thèse avait pour objectif d'analyser les effets d'un facteur génétique, le variant R63W du gène Vav1 et d'un facteur environnemental, la souche "Escherichia coli Nissle 1917", sur le développement de l'encéphalomyélite auto-immune expérimentale (EAE), un modèle animal de la SEP. Une région de 1cM comportant un polymorphisme dans le gène Vav1 a en effet été identifiée au laboratoire comme étant responsable de la résistance des rats Brown-Norway à l'EAE. Afin d'établir formellement le rôle de ce polymorphisme dans ce modèle, une souris Knock-In Vav1R63W a été générée. Nous avons montré que les souris Vav1R63W développent une EAE moins sévère. Ceci est associé à un défaut de production de cytokines inflammatoires intrinsèque aux lymphocytes T (LT) CD4 qui n'est pas lié à une augmentation de la fréquence de LT régulateurs. Sur le plan moléculaire, Vav1R63W présente une activité adaptatrice défectueuse conduisant à la diminution de la phosphorylation de ERK, AKT et p38 mais à une activité enzymatique normale. Nos résultats montrent un rôle de la fonction adaptatrice de Vav1 dans les fonctions des LT CD4 et son implication dans la susceptibilité à l'inflammation du système nerveux central (SNC). L'analyse de l'effet d'un traitement oral par le probiotique E. coli Nissle 1917 (ECN) montre un effet bénéfique sur le développement de l'EAE. Ceci est associé à un défaut de la sécrétion de cytokines par les LT CD4, ainsi qu'à une diminution de l'infiltration de LT CD4 auto-réactifs dans le SNC. De plus, la barrière intestinale est moins altérée chez les souris traitées par ECN au cours du développement de l'EAE. L'effet bénéfique de ECN semble être dû à la production d'une génotoxine, la colibactine. Par contre, la colonisation néonatale des souris C57BL/6 par ECN ne reproduit pas le même effet observé à l'âge adulte. Dans l'ensemble, nos résultats montrent un effet bénéfique du changement de la fonction de Vav1 ainsi que du traitement par ECN sur le développement de l'EAE. L'analyse approfondie des mécanismes mis en jeu, permettra une meilleure compréhension de la pathogenèse de la SEP et pourrait contribuer à l'identification de nouvelles options thérapeutiques. / Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. It develops in genetically susceptible individuals when they encounter specific environmental factors. The aim of my thesis was to analyze the role of a genetic factor (Vav1R63W variant) and an environmental factor (Escherichia coli Nissle 1917) in the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS. Previous genetic studies of my team suggest the implication of a polymorphism in the Vav1 gene in the resistance of Brown-Norway rats to EAE. In order to analyze the role of the identified polymorphism in the susceptibility to EAE, we generated a Knock-In mouse bearing the same polymorphism (Vav1R63W). Using this model, we showed that Vav1R63W mice develop less severe EAE due to a defect in cytokine production by CD4 T cells. This defect is intrinsic to CD4 T cells and is not linked to the increased proportion of regulatory T cells observed in Vav1R63W mice. We also showed that Vav1R63W present an altered adaptor function as shown by reduced ERK and AKT phosphorylation and decreased calcium flux after TCR stimulation, with no effect on Vav1 enzymatic activity. Thus, our results highlight the role of Vav1 adaptor function in CD4 T cell functions and susceptibility to central nervous system inflammation. Next, I analyzed the impact of the treatment with the probiotic E. coli Nissle 1917 (ECN) on EAE development. Our results showed that the daily oral treatment of adult C57BL/6 mice with ECN ameliorates the course of the disease. In addition to their defect in cytokines production, MOG specific CD4 T cells from ECN treated mice were increased in the periphery. Consequently, ECN treated mice exhibited reduced CD4 T cell infiltration in their central nervous system. Furthermore, analysis of intestinal permeability revealed that its alteration after MOG immunization was partially reversed after ECN treatment. The reduced EAE seems to be due to the secretion of a genotoxin by ECN, the colibactin. In contrast, neonatal colonization of C57BL/6 mice did not protect against EAE. Together, our data showed a beneficial role of the imbalance of Vav1 function and ECN treatment in EAE development. Further analysis of the involved mechanisms will help us to better understand the pathogenesis of MS and to develop new therapeutic strategies for MS.

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This thesis is an inquiry into Muh&dotbelow;ammad al-Ghazali's (1917-1996) model of da'wah. It uses Ghazali works as well those of his critics to build up a coherent model of da'wah for contemporary societies. The research first delves into Ghazali's life, learning, and career. It examines his association with the Muslim Brotherhood as well as his intellectual and professional contributions to da'wah and society. This examination provides us with a better understanding of the socio-cultural and intellectual background of Ghazali. The research also explores Ghazali's personality in order to find out the reasons underlying his harsh language or simply the stylistic problems that earned him much criticism. This examination shows that Ghazali was a traditional scholar who profoundly understood the dynamics and implications and of the Islamic development, with a modern approach to the question of religion and society. More importantly, it demonstrates his critical sense, in light of his reviews of contemporary of da'wah . / This study also examines Ghazali's conceptual framework of da'wah. This highlights his understanding of major concepts, definitions and characteristics including da'wah in the Quran and the models of da'wah as illustrated by prophets. It also addresses some essential questions, such as innate human nature, People of the Interval ('Ahl al-Fatrah) and the universality of da'wah. It provides a closer look at the effects of society, culture and freedom on da'wah, and demonstrates Ghazali's perspective on the requirements for undertaking modern da'wah. This section provides us with a clear understanding of how Ghazali understood da'wah in light of revelation and with a serious consideration of the socio-cultural, economic and political context of Muslim societies. / The above framework led Ghazali to the catalyst of da'wah, the da'i. In light of his conceptual framework of da'wah, Ghazali addresses the various spiritual, moral and educational requirements of da'is . This is made in reference to his ambitious search to quickly and comprehensively fill the serious gap between Muslim life and Islamic ideals, which caused him to produce an ideal image of da'wah. This was not easily achievable, given the many problems and deficiencies affecting contemporary Islamic learning, society and culture, which Ghazali repeatedly raised throughout his analysis. In his discussion of da'wah and da'is, Ghazali used a highly vigorous and critical approach, one that unfortunately employed harsh tones and sometimes demeaning language in his extensive discussion of da'is' undertakings and contributions. / This research also considers Ghazali's methodology, including the da'is' approach to da'wah and, most importantly, his fiqh al-da'wah (legal methodology of da'wah), where he attempt to rebuild the priorities of contemporary da'wah in light of his own understanding of the best interest of da'wah (mas&dotbelow;lah&dotbelow;at al-da'wah). Often, Ghazali justifies his criticism of legal interpretations about da'wah based on the mas&dotbelow;lah&dotbelow;a or his re-interpretation of religious texts, yet does not provide or elaborate a systematic methodology or even clear criteria, which would assure consistency and uniformity in his approach towards the problems and challenges of da'wah. At the core of his discussion of the legal methodology of da'wah, Ghazali consistently showed a concern about the opinions of Westerners and the question of what could yield a positive impression of Islam. / The various studies of Salafi scholars and da'is have intensely criticized his works as too general, literary, speculative and even destructive for the healthy development of Muslims. In contrast, his contribution was and still is viewed as strongly positive and authoritative by a considerably large number of Muslim scholars, da'is and Muslim activists. His ideas are continually drawn upon whenever modern da'wah and the relationship between East and West in particular are discussed. It is very likely that his contributions will gain increasing intellectual and academic attention, most precisely when developing a new modern model for da'wah in Muslim societies, when trying to analyze and solve the problems and challenges of Muslim societies, or when striving to present Islam and Muslims to the Western world.

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There is no abstract available for this thesis.