John Locke claims both that ‘person' is a forensic term and that personal identity consists in sameness of consciousness. The aim of my dissertation is to explain and critically assess how Locke links his moral and legal account of personhood to his account of personal identity in terms of sameness of consciousness. My interpretation of Locke's account of persons and personal identity is embedded in Locke's sortal-dependent account of identity. Locke's sortal-dependent account of identity provides an important theoretical framework for my interpretation: It makes clear that Locke's account of personhood is to be considered separately from his account of personal identity. My approach gives full credit to Locke's claim that ‘person' is a forensic term, because I argue that persons, according to Locke, belong to a moral and legal kind of being: they are subjects of accountability. On this basis I argue that two components explain why Locke argues that personal identity consists in sameness of consciousness: firstly, his particular moral and legal conception of a person, and, secondly, his particular understanding of the conditions of just accountability and just reward and punishment. Given one accepts Locke's conception of a person and his understanding of the conditions of just accountability, it will be easy to see why Locke regards sameness of consciousness to be necessary for personal identity, but the more challenging question is whether sameness of consciousness is also sufficient. I critically assess this question by considering Locke's account of persons and personal identity within Locke's epistemological, metaphysical and religious views. I will argue that, at least from the divine perspective, the underlying ontological constitution has to be taken into consideration and that it is a verbal question whether Locke's term ‘consciousness' refers not only to phenomenologically given consciousness, but also to the underlying ontological constitution.

No description available.

H.R. Johnson [and] M.W.P. Strandberg. / "March 14, 1951." / Bibliography: p. 20. / Army Signal Corps Contract No. DA36-039 sc-100 Project No. 8-102B-0 Dept. of the Army Project No. 3-99-10-022

My thesis is that the say-show distinction is the basis of Ludwig Wittgenstein’s conception of philosophy in both the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (1921) and the Philosophical Investigations (1953).Wittgenstein said that the Investigations should be read in conjunction with the Tractatus. To understand the Tractatus we must understand the say-show distinction: the principle that "what can be shown, cannot be said". A correct interpretation of Wittgenstein's philosophy will explain the significance of the say-show distinction for the Investigations. I evaluate three available readings of the say-show distinction which fail to meet this challenge. I argue that Wittgenstein's main purpose throughout his career was to replace traditional philosophy with an alternative conception of philosophy, which can only be understood through the say-show distinction. The Tractatus and the Investigations are different attempts to present the same conception of philosophy. I describe how, in both cases, they present a distinctive account of the nature of philosophical problems, the appropriate methods of philosophy, the end result of a philosophical task and the overall aim of philosophy. I argue that my interpretation provides a correct view of the significant continuities and discontinuities between the Tractatus and the Investigations. The failure of the Tractatus was not a flaw in the conception of philosophy presented in it, nor a flaw in the say-show distinction, hi the Tractatus, Wittgenstein failed properly to implement his proposed conception of philosophy, as he remained in the grip of traditional philosophical presuppositions. The Investigations presents the same conception of philosophy, but freed from the presuppositions of the Tractatus. The say-show distinction remains the basis of Wittgenstein’s conception of philosophy in the Investigations.

No description available.

Dans La théorie des sentiments moraux, Adam Smith établit un schéma pluraliste, avec quatre types de jugements moraux, pour expliquer l'approbation morale : 1) par rapport au motif de l'action, le jugement en détermine la convenance ou l'inconvenance (propriety ou impropriety) ; 2) par rapport aux effets immédiats de l'action, le jugement détermine le mérite ou le démérite ; 3) analysant l'accord entre l'acte et ses règles générales de conduite, le jugement détermine si l'agent a agi conformément à son devoir ; et 4) par rapport aux effets révolus de l'acte, c'est-à-dire, à la manière selon laquelle cet acte s'insère dans le fonctionnement global de la société (ce dernier type de jugement moral est analysé sous le nom d'apparence d'utilité). Ces quatre types de jugements moraux se fondent dans l'imagination et forment la totalité du principe de l'approbation qui structure la partie spéculative de sa théorie morale. / In The Theory of Moral Sentiments, Adam Smith establishes a pluralist scheme to explain moral approbation, with four kinds of moral judgments: 1) regarding the motives of the agent, the judgment determines its propriety or impropriety; 2) regarding the immediate effects of the action, the judgement determines its merit or demerit; 3) analyzing if this act is a particular case of a general rule, the judgement determines if the agent has acted according to his duty; and 4) regarding the remote effects of the action, that is, the way this action is a part of the global operations of society (a judgement that Smith calls the appearance of utility). These four kinds of moral judgments are grounded in imagination and form the totality of the principle of approbation that structure the speculative part of his moral philosophy.

This dissertation examines aspects of John Millar's philosophical history in order to provide grounds for a critical appraisal of the content of his contribution to social and historical science. Using Millar's published books and lectures in civil law as primary sources, it is suggested that Millar applied an empiricist method to the principles of jurisprudence. Millar shared this method with Hume and Smith. Implicit within the method was the abstraction of an ideal observer or spectator. This abstraction was derived from the use of an empiricist method to understand the operations of the minds of particular individual subjects on the pre-determined experience of immediate circumstances. The method assumed that the operations of subjects' minds on the objects of their experience included classification, comparison, generalisation, conjecture, inference, imaginative identification and experiment. Millar's method is therefore characterised as both conjectural and individualistic. Through a critique of Ronald Meek's seminal statements on Millar's materialism, certain issues are investigated for further critical appraisal. These include Millar's political economy, his conception of civil society, and his political theory. It is argued that Millar had a conception of generalised commodity production and exchange; that this conception was derived from the assumption that subjects are self-interest; and that the latter assumption was necessary to explain the origins, emergence and development of civil and political society. Millar assumed that individuals' pursuit of self-interested goals gave rise to ideas of positive law, freely alienable property, different distributions of property, and feelings of liberty. It is suggested that Millar's theorisation of the effect of the latter on forms of government is derived from a combined use of Smith's principles of authority and utility with Hume's commercialised Harringtonianism.

Doctor of Philosophy(PhD) / The aims of this project were to contribute to the elucidation of the role of the cholinergic system in attention and memory, two cognitive processes severely compromised in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and to evaluate and develop tools for the functional molecular imaging of this system with a view to improving knowledge of AD and other neurological disorders. Towards the first aim, the specific anti-cholinergic toxin 192 IgG-saporin (SAP) was administered to female Sprague-Dawley rats via either an intracerebroventricular (icv) or an intracortical route and animals were tested with a vibrissal-stimulation reaction-time task and an object recognition task to evaluate their attentional and mnemonic function, respectively. The second aim was approached in two ways. Firstly, relative neuronal densities from animals with icv lesions were assessed with both ex vivo and in vitro autoradiography with the specific cholinergic radiopharmaceuticals [123I]iodobenzovesamicol (123IBVM) and 125I-A-85380, ligands for the vesicular acetylcholine transporter and the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, respectively. Secondly, a number of in vivo and in vitro studies were performed on a novel and unique molecular imaging system (TOHR), with which it had been hoped initially to image eventually SAP-lesioned animals, with a view to measuring and ameliorating its performance characteristics and assessing its in-principle suitability for small-animal molecular imaging. The behavioural studies support a critical role for the cholinergic system in normal attentional function. Additionally, in accord with literature evidence, no significant impairment was observed in mnemonic function. It is postulated however that the results observed in the intracortically-lesioned animals support the published hypothesis that cholinergic projections to the perirhinal cortex are critical for object-recognition memory. In autoradiographic studies, SAP-lesioned animals demonstrated reduced uptake of 123IBVM in multiple regions. A reduction of nicotinic receptors was also seen in SAP-lesioned animals, a novel finding supportive of the excellent characteristics of radioiodinated I-A-85380. Examination of the performance characteristics of the TOHR support in principle its utility for targeted small-animal molecular imaging studies.

Le [18F]Fluoro-éthoxybenzovesamicol ([18F]FEOBV) a été identifié comme étant un des agents radioactifs les plus prometteurs pour l'imagerie du transporteur vésiculaire de l'acétylcholine en utilisant la tomographie par émission de positrons (TEP). Nous rapportons ici que cette approche est en mesure de détecter de subtiles pertes de terminaux cholinergiques, comme celles associés avec le vieillissement ou suivant la lésion partielle du noyau basal de Meynert (NBM). Vingt-et-un rats adultes ont été distribués également en trois groupes : 1) Rats âgés (18 mois); 2) Jeunes rats (3 mois); et 3) Rats avec une lésion unilatérale du NBM induite par une infusion locale de saporine-IgG 192. Pour les rats normaux et ceux avec lésion, la plus haute valeur de liaison du [18F]FEOBV a été observée dans le striatum, suivi de valeurs similaires dans le cortex frontal et le thalamus, puis de valeurs plus faibles pour les hippocampes et le cortex temporo-pariétal. Les rats avec lésion du NBM ont démontré une liaison de [18F]FEOBV diminuée principalement dans la partie ventrale du cortex frontal. Cette perte est plus importante du côté de la lésion, mais également présente dans la région homologue de l'hémisphère controlatéral. Le vieillissement a entraîné une diminution de liaison de [18F]FEOBV localisée dans les hippocampes. Le [18F]FEOBV semble être une marqueur très prometteur pour la quantification in vivo du transporteur vésiculaire de l'acétylcholine dans le cerveau; l'imagerie TEP avec cet agent permet la détection de réductions physiologique et pathologique de la densité des terminaisons cholinergiques. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Tomographie par émission de positrons, transporteur vésiculaire de l'acétylcholine, neurodégénérescence, vieillissement, saporine-IgG 192, [18F]Fluoro-éthoxybenzovesamicol

Doctor of Philosophy(PhD) / The aims of this project were to contribute to the elucidation of the role of the cholinergic system in attention and memory, two cognitive processes severely compromised in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and to evaluate and develop tools for the functional molecular imaging of this system with a view to improving knowledge of AD and other neurological disorders. Towards the first aim, the specific anti-cholinergic toxin 192 IgG-saporin (SAP) was administered to female Sprague-Dawley rats via either an intracerebroventricular (icv) or an intracortical route and animals were tested with a vibrissal-stimulation reaction-time task and an object recognition task to evaluate their attentional and mnemonic function, respectively. The second aim was approached in two ways. Firstly, relative neuronal densities from animals with icv lesions were assessed with both ex vivo and in vitro autoradiography with the specific cholinergic radiopharmaceuticals [123I]iodobenzovesamicol (123IBVM) and 125I-A-85380, ligands for the vesicular acetylcholine transporter and the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, respectively. Secondly, a number of in vivo and in vitro studies were performed on a novel and unique molecular imaging system (TOHR), with which it had been hoped initially to image eventually SAP-lesioned animals, with a view to measuring and ameliorating its performance characteristics and assessing its in-principle suitability for small-animal molecular imaging. The behavioural studies support a critical role for the cholinergic system in normal attentional function. Additionally, in accord with literature evidence, no significant impairment was observed in mnemonic function. It is postulated however that the results observed in the intracortically-lesioned animals support the published hypothesis that cholinergic projections to the perirhinal cortex are critical for object-recognition memory. In autoradiographic studies, SAP-lesioned animals demonstrated reduced uptake of 123IBVM in multiple regions. A reduction of nicotinic receptors was also seen in SAP-lesioned animals, a novel finding supportive of the excellent characteristics of radioiodinated I-A-85380. Examination of the performance characteristics of the TOHR support in principle its utility for targeted small-animal molecular imaging studies.