Paediatrics became a viable medical specialty in Australia and New South Wales between 1945 and 1965. Paediatricians took possession of occupational spaces previously claimed by other medical groups and created their own new spaces. They argued that children were still growing and differed physically and emotionally from adults. Their special needs warranted the formation of a new division in medicine. Paediatricians adopted the new knowledge, technology and therapeutics that became available in the post-war period and demonstrated that they were capable of following the scientific medicine paradigm, the prevailing standard in internal medicine. Access to the children's hospital was essential for paediatricians as a workshop for their professional development, to treat their seriously ill patients, to support their claims for occupational space and for their authority and status as specialists in medicine.. Scientific medicine demanded more of the time of the paediatricians and in RAHC they elected to continue working in an honorary capacity. In another children's hospital, RCH in Melbourne, paediatricians were employed in a version of the full-time system. The different approaches to staffing illustrate the conflicts of interest found in specialty development in Australia and the pervasive influence of medico-political issues. As members of a privileged autonomous profession paediatricians in RAHC owed a duty to the people of NSW, and in their honorary positions, to the hospital. They had responsibilities to their patients, both private and public. They were committed to their own professional development and they had to make a living in private practice. By retaining the honorary system paediatricians in RAHC were obliged to give priority to their interests outside the hospital so that scientific medicine expanded only slowly. In RCH service development and research were enhanced because the conflicts of interest were reduced and paediatricians could devote more of their time to the hospital without compromising their other roles. The development of a new specialty required the acquisition by members of professional power, authority and status. This process was assisted by the formation of a professional association, but paediatricians had difficulty in creating an independent body that they controlled. For professional authority and status paediatricians in RAHC were strongly dependent on maintaining their dominant position in the hierarchy of the hospital. Although children were central to the development of paediatrics, their place at the bottom of the institutional hierarchy meant they were disempowered and unable to influence the development of the specialty. / PhD Doctorate

Orientador: Vera Teresa Valdemarin / Banca: Rosa Fátima de Souza Chaloba / Banca: Elizabeth Madureira Siqueira / Banca: Ademilson Batista Paes / Banca: Adriana Aparecida Pinto / Resumo: No alvorecer do Período Republicano, a educação primária passou a ser uma das preocupações dos governantes mato-grossenses, pois a busca por um modelo educacional de qualidade era idealizado pelo poder público de Mato Grosso. Assim, foram realizadas tentativas legais a fim de colocar a educação estadual no cenário nacional como uma unidade federativa avançada e desenvolvida. No regime republicano, já haviam sido promulgados em Mato Grosso dois Regulamentos da Instrução Pública Primária, em 1891 e em 1896. Ambos não trouxeram resultados significativos, pois o primeiro indicou a obrigatoriedade escolar com a fiscalização das famílias que não matriculassem seus filhos na escola e o pagamento de multa, caso isso não ocorresse. No entanto, não havia preocupações com as unidades escolares e tampouco com a oferta educacional para toda população do Estado. O segundo Regulamento organizou a instrução dividindo o ensino em primário e secundário, as escolas receberam as denominações de elementar, para o 1º grau, e escola complementar, para o 2º grau, mas, mesmo assim, não ocorreram mudanças significativas na qualidade e expansão da educação. Outra tentativa do poder público ocorreu no período republicano e se efetivou por meio do Regulamento promulgado em 1910 e instituiu o modelo de escola graduada, representada pelos Grupos Escolares. A educação recebeu uma injeção de ânimo, por se acreditar que esse modelo de organização, dados seus requisitos e condições de funcionamento, contribuir... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: In the Republican period primary education to be one of the concerns of Mato Grosso government since the search for a quality educational method was idealized by the public law of Mato Grosso. Legal attempts were made to place the state education in the National scenario as an advanced and developed Federal Unit. In the Republican regime had been promulgated two regulations of the primary public institution in Mato Grosso in 1891 and in 1896. Both didn't bring significant results since the first indicated mandatory school supervision because if families who doesn't enroll their children in school they have to pay a few as a penalty if this did not occur. However there was not a concern with the school units and so little with the educational offer for the entire population of the state, the second regulation organized the instruction dividing into primary and secondary and the schools received the denomination from elementary to 1st grade supplementary school to second degree but even so there were no significant changes in the quality and expansion of Education. The other Treaty that the public law took place in the republican period and it is effected by means of the regulation promulgated in 1910, it instituted the graduated school model, represented by the school groups. The education received an motivation for believing that this model of regularization, given its requirements and operating conditions, would contribute to the resolution of the quality of education in the... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

The starting point of this thesis was a desire to explain the rapid demise in the popularity which the Communist Party enjoyed in Queensland during the second world war. Wartime Queensland gave the Australian Communist Party its highest state vote and six years later Queensland again gave the Communist Party its highest state vote - this time however, to ban the Party. From this I was led into exploring the changing policies, beliefs and strategies of the Party, as well as the many sub-groups on its periphery, and the shifts in public response to these. In 1939 Townsville elected Australia's first Communist alderman. Five years later, Bowen elected not only Australia's first but also the British Empire's first, Communist state government member. Of the five electorates the Australian Communist Party contested in the 1944 Queensland State elections, in none did the Party's candidate receive less than twenty per-cent of the formal vote. Not only was the Party seemingly enjoying considerable popular support but this was occurring in a State which, but for the Depression years (May 1929 - June 1932) had elected a Labor State Government at every state election since 1915. In the September 1951 Constitution Alteration Referendum, 'Powers To Deal With Communists and Communism', Queensland regist¬ered the nation's highest "Yes" majority - 55.76% of the valid vote. Only two other states registered a majority in favour of the referendum's proposals, Western Australia and Tasmania. As this research was undertaken it became evident that while various trends exhibited at the time, anti-Communism, the work of the Industrial Groups, Labor opportunism, local area feelings, ideological shifts of the Party, tactics of Communist-led unions, etc., were present throughout the entire period, they were best seen when divided into three chronological phases of the Party's history and popularity. The first period covers the consolidation of the Party's post-Depression popularity during the war years as it benefited from the Soviet Union's colossal contribution to the Allied war efforts, and this support continued for some six months or so after the war. Throughout the period Communist strength within the trade union movement greatly increased as did total Party membership. The second period was marked by a rapid series of events starting in March 1946, with Winston Churchill's "Official Opening" of the Cold War by his sweeping attack on Communism and Russia, at Fulton. Several days later the first of a series of long and bitter strikes in Communist-led unions occurred, as the Party mobil¬ized for what it believed would be a series of attacks on the working class from a ruling class, defending a capitalist system on the verge of an economic collapse. It was a period when the Party believed this ruling class was using Labor reformism as a last desperate 'carrot' to get workers to accept their lot within a capitalist economic framework. Out of the Meat Strike emerged the Industrial Groups, who waged not only a determined war against Communist trade union leadership but also encouraged the A.W.U.-influenced State Labor apparatus to even greater anti-Communist antagonisms. The Communist Party's increasing militancy and Labor's resistance to it, ended finally in the collapse of the Chifley Labor government. Characteristically the third period opens with the Communist Party making an another about-face, desperately trying to form an alliance with the Labor Party and curbing its former adventurist industrial policy, as it prepared for Menzies' direct assault. The Communist Party's activities were greatly reduced, a function of both a declining member-ship and, furthermore, a membership reluctant to confront an increasingly hostile society. In examining the changing policies, beliefs and strategies of the Party and the shifts in public response to these, I have tried to distinguish between general trends occurring within Australia and the national party, and trends peculiar to Queensland and the Queensland branch of the Party, The Communist Party suffered a decline in support and membership right across Australia throughout this period as a result of the national policies of the Party, and the changing nature of world politics. There were particular features of this decline that were peculiar to Queensland. I have, however, singled out three features of particular importance throughout the period for a short but more specifically detailed analysis, than would be possible in a purely chronological study: i.e. the Party's structure, the Party's ideological subservience to Moscow, and the general effect upon it of the Cold War.

No description available.

Orientador: Romualdo Dias / Banca: Elizabeth Siqueira Madureira / Banca: Silvia Maria dos Santos Stering / Banca: Ademilson Batista Paes / Banca: Maria Helena Moreira Dias Serra / Resumo: A escola rural em Mato Grosso é um objeto de estudo que oferta ao pesquisador possibilidades de análise em diferentes momentos históricos. Para cada período, tendo por base a conjuntura social em que a mesma se encontra atrelada, marca mudanças e posturas educacionais que somente analisando "o não aparente" e o processo em que culminaram os acontecimentos podem-se formular hipóteses e buscar respostas paras as indagações que se apresentam durante o percurso da pesquisa. Entender esse fato foi crucial para a elaboração desta pesquisa. O presente trabalho tem como centralidade analisar a constituição do educador leigo/a e as mudanças de paisagem que inculcaram neles a necessidade de passarem por um processo de recuperação para estar qualificados a ser docentes nas escolas rurais de Mato Grosso. O cenário da pesquisa é o estado de Mato Grosso (uno) e abarca um período de mudanças que começaram a ser desenhadas na década de 1940, com o caminhar para a finalização do Estado Novo, momento ainda encabeçado pelo grupo getulista, e tendo como baliza final na década de 1960, período em que foram implementadas no país as reformas educacionais que visou recuperar um contingente significativos de professores sem formação para o magistério e que ministravam aulas nas escolas primárias de todo Brasil. Objetivando também demonstrar como a educação primária se configurou, bem como a maneira como a escola rural atravessou esse período. Para fundamentar essa tese, foram consultados autores como... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The rural school in Mato Grosso is a study of object that offering the searcher possibilities of analysis at different historical moments. To each period, based on the social context that find in the same harness, trace changes and educational positions that only analyzing "no apparent" and the process that was the highest events you can formulate hyphotheses and get answers to the reasons that arise during the course of the search. To understanding this fact, it was crucial for the elaboration of this search. The present work have been to centrality to analyze the constitution of lay educator and changes representetion have mark them a necessity to pass for a recovery process to be qualified to be teachers in rural schools of Mato Grosso. The scene of the State of Mato Grosso (uno) covers a period of changes that started to be desingned in 1940, with the progress of the completion of the new state, in this moment formed by the getulista group, and having as end point the years of 1960, period that they were implemented in the country the educational reforms, which recovered a significant uncertain of teachers without training for the magisterium and that administer classes in primary schools from all over Brazil, evidencing how the primary education was configured, as well as the way the rural school cross this period. To ground this thesis, were consulted authors such as Adorno (1995), Mészáros (2008), Biesta (2013), Sá (2006) and Paes (2011) and others, which proposes to t... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Orientador: Luis Carlos Ribeiro / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná / Resumo: O presente trabalho concentra suas discussões sobre o estudo das pressões socioculturais existentes entre o personagem Willy Barth e as comunidades do Oeste paranaense, durante os anos iniciais de sua colonização: 1945 a 1965. Neste espaço, busca-se visualizar variados ângulos que moldam a constituição de um mito político que integra elementos relacionados aos mitos modernos. Com isso, evidenciam-se aspectos que circulam em torno de questões culturais e poderes que referendam sensibilidades políticas, apresentando este sujeito enquanto um significativo componente da memória coletiva. Tal característica destaca Willy Barth e o universo de suas ações, inseridas no contexto das comunidades desta região. / Abstract: The present work concentrates its discussions on the study of the existente sociocultural pressures between the character Willy Barth and the communities of the West "paranaense", during the initial years of its colonization: 1945 to 1965. In this space, it is looked for to visualize varied angles that mold the constitution of a political myth that integrates elements related to the modern myths. With that, aspects are evidenced that circulate around cultural subjects and powers that refering political sensibilities, introducing this subjects while a significant component of the collective memory. Such characteristic highlights Willy Barth and the universe of its actions, inserted in the context of the communities of this area.

Die Dissertation befasst sich mit der Planung und dem Aufbau der Magdeburger Innenstadt nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg. Dabei werden vor allem die verschiedenen Aufbauetappen von 1945 bis 1965 betrachtet.

Esta dissertação pretende discutir a unidade e a pluralidade no meio arquitetônico paulista, a partir de suas redes de sociabilidade, espaços de profissionalização e movimentações críticas, tendo como material primário as revistas especializadas publicadas na cidade no período de 1945 a 1965. Trata-se de percorrer a dupla direção das relações entre um grupo intelectual - uma parcela de arquitetos atuantes na cidade - e suas manifestações, procurando traçar o espaço particular no qual se desenvolveram parte de seus laços profissionais, de suas trocas culturais e ideológicas, e de seus posicionamentos projetuais. Operando na intersecção entre espaço urbano, organizações culturais, instituições profissionais e acadêmicas, o primeiro capítulo procura traçar as redes de sociabilidade dos arquitetos em São Paulo. O segundo capítulo busca percorrer os meandros da crítica paulista - suas aproximações, desarticulações, rupturas e deslocamentos críticos - a partir de seus diálogos internos e dos diversos olhares lançados sobre a arquitetura contemporânea no Brasil, principalmente aquela produzida no Rio de Janeiro. Por fim, o terceiro capítulo é uma tentativa de aproximação das interlocuções projetuais entre os arquitetos locais através da análise de alguns dos concursos de arquitetura realizados em São Paulo no período e que encontraram eco nas revistas de arquitetura locais. / This work intends to discuss the unity and plurality of the architectonic environment of São Paulo, through their social networks, professional spaces and critical movements, using as primary source some specialized magazines, published in the city between 1945 and 1965. The study will investigate the relationship between an intellectual group - a parcel of architects working in São Paulo - and its manifestations, seeking to understand the particular space in which some of its professional ties, cultural and ideological exchanges, and projetual attitudes were developed. The first chapter seeks to outline the social networks of those architects, through the intersection of urban space, cultural, professional and academic institutions. The second chapter studies the local criticism - their intellectual approaches, disarticulations, fractures and dislocations - across their inner dialogues and their different looks launched on Brazilian contemporary architecture, especially the one produced in Rio de Janeiro. Finally, the third chapter aims to approach the projectual dialogues between the local architects through the analysis of some architectural competition held in São Paulo in the period and that found an echo in local architecture magazines.

Esta dissertação pretende discutir a unidade e a pluralidade no meio arquitetônico paulista, a partir de suas redes de sociabilidade, espaços de profissionalização e movimentações críticas, tendo como material primário as revistas especializadas publicadas na cidade no período de 1945 a 1965. Trata-se de percorrer a dupla direção das relações entre um grupo intelectual - uma parcela de arquitetos atuantes na cidade - e suas manifestações, procurando traçar o espaço particular no qual se desenvolveram parte de seus laços profissionais, de suas trocas culturais e ideológicas, e de seus posicionamentos projetuais. Operando na intersecção entre espaço urbano, organizações culturais, instituições profissionais e acadêmicas, o primeiro capítulo procura traçar as redes de sociabilidade dos arquitetos em São Paulo. O segundo capítulo busca percorrer os meandros da crítica paulista - suas aproximações, desarticulações, rupturas e deslocamentos críticos - a partir de seus diálogos internos e dos diversos olhares lançados sobre a arquitetura contemporânea no Brasil, principalmente aquela produzida no Rio de Janeiro. Por fim, o terceiro capítulo é uma tentativa de aproximação das interlocuções projetuais entre os arquitetos locais através da análise de alguns dos concursos de arquitetura realizados em São Paulo no período e que encontraram eco nas revistas de arquitetura locais. / This work intends to discuss the unity and plurality of the architectonic environment of São Paulo, through their social networks, professional spaces and critical movements, using as primary source some specialized magazines, published in the city between 1945 and 1965. The study will investigate the relationship between an intellectual group - a parcel of architects working in São Paulo - and its manifestations, seeking to understand the particular space in which some of its professional ties, cultural and ideological exchanges, and projetual attitudes were developed. The first chapter seeks to outline the social networks of those architects, through the intersection of urban space, cultural, professional and academic institutions. The second chapter studies the local criticism - their intellectual approaches, disarticulations, fractures and dislocations - across their inner dialogues and their different looks launched on Brazilian contemporary architecture, especially the one produced in Rio de Janeiro. Finally, the third chapter aims to approach the projectual dialogues between the local architects through the analysis of some architectural competition held in São Paulo in the period and that found an echo in local architecture magazines.

Although organised Marxist organisations did not emerge in Nigeria until the mid-1940s, leftist ideology had been prevalent among nationalist and labour leaders since the late 1920s. Both official documents and oral histories indicate deep-rooted support for leftism in Nigeria and anxiety among British colonial officials that this support threatened the Colonial Office's own timetable for gradual decolonisation. This study analyses the development of leftist ideology and attempts to establish a nationwide leftist organisation in colonial and post-independent Nigeria. The role of the Zikist movement is retold in light of new evidence, while other leftist organisations are salvaged from the footnotes of Nigeria nationalist history. More importantly, the adaptability of Marxist-Leninist ideology to colonial reality by the different leftist groups in Nigeria is emphasized. The reaction of Anglo-American officials in Lagos and the metropolis towards the Communist Party of Great Britain and other leftist organisations' sponsorship of Marxist groups in Nigeria are discussed. Lastly, the continuity between the departing colonial power and the Balewa administration is addressed to juxtapose the linkage between the two governments. The study thus provides a lucid explanation for the failure of leftist ideology and organisations in Nigeria during the twentieth century. In this eight-chapter thesis I consistently argue, based on official documents from England, Nigeria, and the United States, that the role of Marxists and Soviet Cold War interests in colonial territories are relevant to nationalism and decolonisation in Nigeria; that the issue is not to determine or measure whether or not Anglo-American policies are direct response to Soviet interests; that there are political, economic, and diplomatic policies carried out as part of the transfer of power process; and that the success of these is partly a result of collaboration with local subaltern leaders and official resolve to institutionalise imperial preferences before independence on October 1, 1960. / History / D.Litt. et Phil. (History)