The acld-oata17zed oyclodehydrat1on reaction of 2-benzylphenyl l-naphthyl ketone gives two products! 9-(1-naphthyl)anthracene, the expected product and in addition lO-phenyl-l,2-benzanthracene. This second product is the one expected it the ketone were subjected to the conditions of an .Elba reaction. The effect of substituents on the course of this reaction was investigated by synthesizing six 2-benzylphenyl 1- and 2-naphthyl ketones and subjecting each of them to the acid catalyzed reaction and to Elba reaction conditions. Of the six ketones, two had unsubstituted benzyl groups, two had 3'-methyl groups in the benzyl group and the remaining two had ,'-tr1fluoromethyl groups. The original finding was confirmed and the other ketones that cyoilzed by either treatment gave the expected products. When 2-(3'-methylbenzyl) 2-naphthl1 ketone was subjected to Elbs reaction conditions, 9-(2-naphthyl)anthraoene, the product of aromatic oyclodehydrat1on, was obtained. An explanation oft the unusual experimental results is suggested. The results of treat1ng the ketones w1th alumina and w1th l1qu1d hydrogen fluoride are reported. / Ph. D.

Using the Debye-Huckle approximation, the effects of Coulomb interactions on the equilibrium, frozen, and nonequilibrium flow of an ionized gas have been investigated. The gas is assumed to be monatomic, electrically neutral, and thermal equilibrium (i.e., a one temperature fluid); but the composition of the gas is arbitrary, that is, multiple ionization of any degree is allowed. The thermodynamic variables are derived starting from the appropriate expression for the Helmholtz free energy. Using Boltzmann statistics and assuming that the velocity distribution functions are given by their Maxwellian values, the rate of ionization is derived for atom-atom, atom-ion, and atom-electron collisions. The resulting expressions are then employed in solving the quasi-one-dimensional flow in a converging-diverging nozzle for the equilibrium, frozen, and nonequilibrium cases. Numerical examples, using argon as the working substance, are discussed and the results presented graphically. The results of these calculations indicate that, for single ionization, the effect of Coulomb interactions on the performance of rocket engines is negligible; but that data obtained from hypersonic arc jet wind-tunnels can be significantly influenced by the presence of the interactions. / Ph. D.

The problem of this study was to determine what influence the labor codes of Virginia and West Virginia have bad on their respective economies. Data for the study was collected from several state and federal agencies, the bulk of this information coming from the commerce and labor departments of each state. This thesis contains information that could be a valuable guide to regulatory bodies in determining the need for possible changes in existing labor legislation in these states or the need for new legislation in the respective states. It was determined that the extent of influence that a state’s labor code has had on the economy of the state or the degree of influence that a state's economy has had on the development of it's labor code could not be determined based upon the statistical data that is now available. Data was selected from key industries in the two states with particular emphasis placed upon those statistics pertinent to the subject matter of collective bargaining and concerning such matters as weekly wages, hours worked per week. and average hourly earnings. / Master of Science

An experiment to adjust a programmed college business mathematics text to the level of comprehension suitable for high school students of low ability was prompted by the writer’s awareness of the need for a similar text for high school business majors. The writer was especially concerned with those students who lack ability to attend college, but who go into business offices seeking employment-- positions which invariably require a knowledge of the fundamentals of business mathematics. The case study approach was used in conducting the experiment. The research involved a programmed text of 432 frames, entitled Fundamentals of College Business Mathematics, by Dr. Harry Huffman. Two major objectives were established as a basis for this study. The first objective was to adjust Huffman’s programmed business mathematics text to a level of comprehension of students of below average ability, so that their completed work, without a teacher's help, would be approximately 95 percent accurate. The second objective of the study was to determine whether students could retain the material covered in the programmed unit. This objective was achieved by means of intermediate tests given to each student throughout the unit. Four revisions of Huffman’s original programmed text were necessary to accomplish the objectives of the study. Five panels of student-editors, each panel comprised of three students of below average ability, participated in the research. Revisions to the original programmed text were made on the basis of incorrect responses by individual students working through the unit. Written and oral comments by these students were also taken into consideration in making revisions. Analysis of the data revealed the following results of the total experiment. A total of 104 new frames were added to the original program of 432 frames. This represented a 24.1 per cent increase of frames in the total unit which required an additional 208 responses. There was a total decrease in errors from Panel One to Panel Five of 5.20 per cent. The average score on the six intermediate tests increased 9.1 points from the beginning to the end of the experiment. Results of the experiment lead the writer to conclude that: 1. The error rate of successive panels dropped from 8.03 to 2.83 per cent. This represents a total decrease of 5.20 per cent from the beginning to the end of the experiment. Therefore, it was concluded that senior students, in high school, of below average ability can complete the adjusted programmed unit with an average error rate of less than 5 per cent. 2. Test score average for the panels rose from 78.2 to 87.3, an increase of 9.1 points, from the beginning to the end of the experiment. Therefore, it was concluded that students of below average ability can successfully perform on the retention tests used to measure the result of the programmed unit on fundamentals of business mathematics. / Master of Science

The present paper summarizes observations made on Mountain Lake, Virginia during 1961, 1962, and 1963. It includes data on the annual cycle of physical and chemical events occurring in the lake, and will serve as a point of departure for future, more specialized studies there. Observations made on the profundal bottom fauna of the lake during the same period are also reported. / Master of Science

X-ray diffraction studies of 29 Virginia Blue Ridge and Piedmont soil profiles and petrographic examinations of the parent rocks reveal that even after prolonged chemical weathering, physical and mineralogical differences exist between soil types which are due largely to changes in the parent rock, and to a lesser extent changes in the topography. Soils developed from different source rocks can be distinguished on the basis of color, texture, degree of contrast between horizons, and depth to fresh rock. The clay minerals of such soils differ in their distribution, amount and kind. The role of parent material in soil and clay mineral formation is a complex function of several variables: (1) chemical composition (2) mineralogical composition (3) rock texture and (4) rock structure. Soils developed from calcium-aluminum rich rocks or from basic rocks which have structures or textures not conducive to good drainage are characterized by kaolin and montmorillonite clay minerals and by dense plastic, poorly drained, clayey subsoils. In all other soils and in the surface horizon of these soils, the major clay minerals are kaolin and vermiculite. Topography affects the degree of profile development, color, and soil texture and controls the rate of clay mineral accumulation and weathering. The climates of the Blue Ridge and Piedmont are most favorable to the formation of kaolin minerals. However, greater amounts of kaolinite appear to be formed in the warmer Piedmont climate and more vermiculite in the cooler Blue Ridge climate. The most important mechanism for clay mineral formation is probably by direct alteration of the primarily silicate minerals. The distribution of these clays in the profile is determined by the weathering stability of the primary silicate. All ferromagnesium silicates weather to 14 A clay minerals. An intermediate 14 A chlorite phase was not observed. The most common product is vermiculite. The formation of montmorillonite is controlled by the four parent material factors listed above. Hornblende and augite are the chief source materials of montmorillonite. Biotite possibly weathers to montmorillonite if the internal drainage is strongly retarded. Montmorillonite weathers to vermiculite in the surface horizons. Kaolinite forms early in the profile during the weathering of feldspar. Medium- to coarse-grained muscovite is also a source of kaolinite. There was no evidence found to indicate that kaolinite is a weathering product of the 12 A clay minerals. Illite occurs in minor amounts in a few micaceous profiles but appears to be the result of mechanical break-down of larger mica particles. / Master of Science

The main objective of this project was to determine the possibility and feasibility of creating wildlife clearings through the use of herbicides as compared to conventional methods of bulldozing and hand clearing. The selected study area adjoining a series of 3 compartments designated as Broad Run Research Area, designed to study various methods of habitat manipulation. Twelve areas were selected for treatment and numbered consecutively. Two were abandoned; No. 1 because of its small size and No. 3 because of the value in its natural condition. A square clearing design was arranged in each of the remaining 10 areas. Four herbicides were selected for testing, each proposed clearing was divided into 4 equal sections in order to apply the 4 herbicides to each clearing; one per quarter-section. The 4 herbicides tested were Monuron, Fenuron, 2,4,5-T, and Ammonium sulfamate. Nonuron and Fenuron, in granular form, were applied around the base of each stem at rates of 5 and 10 grams per stem. Stems 0-4.9 inches d.b.h. received 5 grams and stems 5 inches d.b.h. and larger received 10 grams. Ammonium sulfamate and 2,4,5-T were applied to frills cut at waist height. The ax cute in 2,4,5-T treatment were spaced at 4 inch intervals, and in the ammonium sulfamate treatment were continuous and overlapping. These two chemicals were applied by the use of 2 gallon garden sprayers; ammonium sulfamate at a rate of 7lbs. of crystals dissolved in 2 gallons of water and 2,4,5-T at a rate of 12 lbs. active ingredient per 100 gals. of No. 2 diesel fuel. Frills were filled to overflowing. The granular herbicides were applied in June and July 1958 and the frill treatments were made in August of that year. Two stem counts by species were made on each entire area. The first was made immediately after treatment and the second after one complete growing season. The percent of kill was computed for each herbicide based on the stem counts. Herbaceous sample plots 1/100 acre in size, were established in 4 areas representing 4 topographical features. Two stem counts were made on each of these 4 areas. An incidental field study using 1,2, and 4-grams of Fenuron per stem revealed that most woody species can be controlled with 1 gram of active ingredient per stem. Openings were satisfactorily established with Fenuron and Monuron; a lower rate of application could have been used. Techniques used in frilling would have to be altered to obtain satisfactory results when using 2,4,5-T and ammonium sulfamate; complete frills are necessary for 2,4,5-T treatments and the ax cuts placed closer to the root collar in ammonium sulfamate treatments. Sight observations revealed the areas were being used by deer, rabbit, grouse, turkey, and woodcock. / Master of Science

Relaxation spectra were determined for a high chromium-high nickel vacuum cast stainless steel. The specimens were tested in the following three conditions: (1) as-received and solution heat treated, (2) nitrided 20 hours and solution heat treated, and (3) nitrided 40 hours and solution heat treated. No internal friction peaks were found in any of the experimental runs. There was no precipitation of nitrides during testing in the torsional pendulum. This was verified by an electron microscopic examination of the specimens after testing. Since there were no nitrides precipitated, no internal friction relaxation peaks were evident. / M.S.

The thesis reports an investigation of 1060 freshman admissions to Virginia Polytechnic Institute in fall, 1961. Multiple regression methods were used to produce equations linking college performance with high school rank and College Board verbal and mathematical scores. Analyses were done for males and females, civilians and cadets. The three predictors accounted for only 34 percent of the variation in first year QCA among males. High school rank contributed most to the prediction; verbal score was found to be a very poor predictor. Predictions were more reliable for accumulative year performance than for first quarter only. Prediction error is discussed and expectancy tables constructed. Actual and predicted quality credit averages were used to investigate subgroups of the sample. Differences were found between civilians and cadets, Virginians and Out Of-Staters. Cooperative, drop-out, and trial summer school groups all had distinct characteristics. Curriculum groups differed widely in actual performance, but in most cases, corresponded to prediction. Exceptions are discussed. The same data was subjected to discriminant analysis, using two extra variables, civilian or cadet status, and Virginia or Out Of-State school. The function divided students by a predicted QCA of 1.000, with 28 percent probability of misclassification. Rank alone was found to be more effective in prediction than verbal and mathematical scores combined. Results of investigation into subgroups using discriminant predictions agreed with regression findings, with different exceptions to curriculum non-significance. Prediction is advised by regression rather than by discriminant analysis, but the present results are not recommended for future application, for reasons discussed. / Master of Science

A study was conducted to determine the break-even point of three comparative fluid milk casing and stacking operations. The first comparative models consisted of two filling machines with the processed cartons manually cased and stacked, compared with automated casing and stacking, on a cost basis. The second comparative models consisted of three filling machines with the processed cartons cased and stacked as in the first comparative models. The third comparative models consisted of four filling machines with the processed cartons cased and stacked as in the first and second set of models. The break-even point of the first comparative models was not reached within a 24 hour period based on 260 operating days per year. However, components of automation in the packing handling phase of the fluid milk plant operation were considered. The break-even point of the second comparative models was reached after 18-1/2 hours of operation. It is advisable for the operator of this combination of filling equipment to consider automation if he is operating the plant more than 18-1/2 hours per day. If this is not feasible, then those components of automation should be considered that would result in the greatest reduction in the packing handling costs of the processed milk. The break-even point of the third comparative models was reached at slightly over seven hours of operation. The operator will realize a savings by installing the automated equipment if it is operated at or above seven hours per day. / Master of Science