An investigation was made to determine: a) the effects of milk fat mix products (MFM) on quality, relative consumer preference and cost for manufacture of ice cream and ice milk products, and b) to make recommendations for continued use of MFM products in ice cream and ice milk. The study consisted of 15 experimental ice cream and 15 experimental ice milk products. The ice cream contained 10%, 12% and 14% fat and the ice milk 2%, 4% and 6% fat. Ice cream and ice milk made with cream as the source of fat were designated as controls. These products were compared with ice cream and ice milk made with a butteroil MFM and three imported MFM products. The ice cream and ice milk products were scored for flavor, body and texture and melting quality. Relative consumer preference was determined by ten consumer panelists using the Triangular procedure. Results showed that the control and the butteroil ice cream and ice milk products were superior in quality and were preferred by the consumer panel. When off-flavors were observed in MFM products, they carried over into the ice cream and ice milk and significantly lowered relative consumer preference. The peroxide test indicated oxidation of the fat. There was a significant cost advantage in using imported MFM products in-ice cream and ice milk with the percent saving being more substantial as the fat levels increased. / Master of Science

Sherwood Lake, a 165 acre public fishing impoundment in Greenbrier County, West Virginia, was treated with calcium carbonate for four years. The limestone treatment was done by revolving limestone drums installed above the lake on Meadow Creek. The limestone drum provided continuous treatment throughout the period. Limnological conditions of Meadow Creek and Sherwood Lake were monitored throughout the treatment period. Physicochemical and plankton data were collected monthly and the fish population sampled annually. The water quality of Sherwood Lake improved gradually during treatment, however, by the end of 1968 the lake could only be classified as a soft water lake. The growth of Elodea was encouraged by the addition of limestone. A lack of available nutrients and decreased productivity at higher trophic levels was attributed to the dense growths of Elodea. The mean annual volume of plankton decreased during lime treatment, however, this decrease was attributed to the usurping of available nutrients by higher aquatic plants. Low concentrations of available phosphorus was considered to be the major chemical factor limiting biological production. No significant growth increments were evident for any species of fish of any age that could be attributed directly to the limestone treatment of Sherwood Lake. An increase in the standing crop of fish was noted but could not be ascribed entirely to the addition of limestone. / Master of Science

A previously developed technique was adapted to study the influence of certain microbiological populations and their effects on processed meat. The technique consisted of an initial reduction of surface bacteria on conventionally handled muscle tissue via a hot water dip, followed by processing at 28ºC in a sterile plastic isolator where Pediococcus cerevisiae was introduced into the curing solution. This treatment was compared to Reduced Initial Count and Conventional samples. Identification of the bacteria in the curing solution of each treatment indicated that a Lactobacillus spp. was predominant in the Reduced Initial Count treatment. The inoculated Pediococcus cerevisiae was predominant in the Gnotobiotic treatment, while Staphylococcus epidermidis and Flavobacterium diffusum were predominant in the Conventional treatment depending upon the trial. Tenderness, pH, and bacterial load were significantly affected by treatment. Oxidation and muscle composition were not affected by treatment. Samples from all treatments were acceptable organoleptically. / Master of Science

Feeding growing rats a diet deficient in magnesium results in a deficiency condition whose major characteristic, that of kidney calcification, exhibits a mechanism very similar to that of urolithiasis in humans. Work done with lysosomal stabilizers and rats fed this deficient diet shows a reduction in calcification with the administration of these drugs. Accordingly, a study was undertaken to examine the mechanism of this process more closely with regards to a possible involvement of kidney lysosomes or the vacuolar apparatus. Lysosomal enzyme levels in the kidneys of rats fed either a low magnesium or a control diet were examined and an attempt made to determine if there were any differences due to treatments. While biochemical evidence suggests no differences, histochemically we see what appears to be a shift in activity to the area where calcification occurs. At the same time, while there is no effect from treatment, there appears to be a time effect, enzyme activity decreasing or increasing significantly with day. This seems to appear histochemically in the form of increased PAS sustainability in sections from rats on either low magnesium or control diet compared to rats on a rat pellet diet. / Master of Science

The Christiansburg map area consists of about 19 square miles in Montgomery County, Virginia, and is underlain by sedimentary rocks ranging in age from Middle Cambrian to Middle Ordovician. Post-Ordovician strata have been eliminated by thrusting and erosion. From south to north the rocks belong to five fault blocks: the Max Meadows, Pulaski, Saltville, Salem, and Catawba blocks. The Max Meadows block contains only the Middle Cambrian Rome Formation, the oldest rocks exposed within the area. The parautochthonous Saltville block includes rocks from Upper Cambrian to Middle Ordovician in age, which are exposed in windows of the Pulaski fault block. The Pulaski block contains highly fractured and brecciated Cambrian carbonates. The Salem block contains rocks ranging in age from Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician. The Salem fault terminates west of Christiansburg, Virginia. Rocks of the Catawba block range from Middle Cambrian to Mississippian in age, but only the section up to the Middle Ordovician is exposed in the map area. The windows through the Pulaski thrust sheet expose the large Christiansburg anticlinorium of the Saltville fault block. The size of each window is proportional to the size of the anticlinal fold developed on the crestal portion of the anticlinorium. The faulting may have occurred shortly after deposition of the Mississippian strata exposed in the Price Mountain window north of the area. The apparent parallelism of the thrust sheets and the overridden strata indicates that much of the present structural relief was formed after emplacement of the thrust sheets. / Master of Science

A method of calculating the yearly owning and operating cost of a distribution transformer is developed taking into consideration the loss of life due to overload. Using the developed methods, the potential benefits of managing an overloaded distribution transformer was calculated for a transformer on the Virginia Electric and Power Company (Vepco) System. By loading the transformer according to a saturation type load growth curve considered typical for Vepco System, its life was approximated. The fixed carrying charges were then applied at a rate sufficient to recover all invested capital during the life of the transformer. The potential savings were calculated when cutting the secondary and adding a transformer of equal one size smaller and two sizes smaller than the original. The study indicated no savings would be obtained when cutting the secondary. The only savings indicated were obtained by taking down an overloaded transformer and replacing it with the next larger size. The potential savings of managing these transformers presently installed, as well as those to be installed in the next years, as well as those to be installed in the next ten years, was calculated using a critical rate of return of 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 percent. The calculated savings were $3,251,500 at 6 Percent, $2,674,400 at 7 Percent, $2,075,400 at 8 Percent, $1,602,200 at 9 Percent, $1,257,300 at 10 Percent. / Master of Science

The feasibility of the excess lime process for color removal from textile dye wastes was evaluated. The lime dosages were optimized by using anionic, cationic, and nonionic polyelectrolytes as coagulant aids. The effect of the process on the removal of organic pollutants was determined. The time interval between coagulant additions was analyzed. Color reductions of at least 94 per cent were obtained by the lime and lime-polyelectrolyte processes. The lime dosage of 980 to 1,060 ppm was decreased by at least 30 per cent using 5 ppm polyelectrolyte dosages. The processes reduced the Total Organic Carbon concentration by 73 per cent approximately, the Chemical Oxygen Demand by 50 per cent, and suspended solids by about 85 to 90 per cent. The excess lime process was more efficient in removing organic matter than the lime-polyelectrolyte processes, and also incurred the least chemical coagulant cost. The excess lime process was most effective at 30 minutes flocculation and 30 minutes settling. The lime-polyelectrolyte processes were more effective when the polyelectrolyte was added after about 30 minutes lime flocculation and settled for 5 minutes. The lime-polyelectrolyte processes produced a floe which settled rapidly. The volume of sludge produced was about 8.1 to 12.8 per cent, resulting in a sludge to supernatant ratio range of 1:7 to 1:11. The lime-polyelectrolyte sludge volumes were usually higher than the lime sludge volumes. / Master of Science

Montréal Trigonix inc. 2018

Québec Université Laval, Bibliothèque 2012

Nous avons entrepris l'étude de la substitution electrophile des polyméthylnaphtalènes en utilisant différentes méthodes de la mécanique quantique. L'étude porte notamment sur trois indices de réactivité : la densité électronique (q_r), l'énergie de localisation (L_r) et la superdélocalisabilité (S_r). Nous croyons que ces indices sont suffisamment représentatifs des trois principales approches existantes: approche statique, de localisation et de délocalisation. Dans une étude préliminaire où les indices ont été calculés à l'aide de la technique Oméga (ω = 1.4) telle que proposée par Streitwieser et où le modèle d'hétéroatome (h_x = 3.0 et k_c-x = 0.7) a été choisi comme modèle du groupement CH₃, les résultats ne semblent guère satisfaisants. Une étude des divers aspects du problème s'impose. Nous avons ainsi comparé la technique Oméga à la technique de Pople, Pariser et Parr, méthode la plus souvent employée dans la littérature. Les résultats indiquent que la technique Oméga avec l'inclusion de la variation de l'intégrale de résonance est parfaitement équivalente à la technique de Pople, Pariser et Parr et l'anomalie observée dans l'étude préliminaire ne semble donc pas due à la méthode de calcul. Parallèlement, nous avons observé que les indices de réactivité sauf la densité électronique sont fortement dépendants des valeurs des paramètres inductif et d'hyperconjugaison. Le choix des valeurs des paramètres doit ainsi jouer un rôle primordial dans ce genre d'études et l'anomalie observée dans l'étude préliminaire s'est avérée tout simplement un mauvaix choix des valeurs des paramètres. En ce qui concerne la représentation du groupement méthyle, le modèle d'hétéroatome, un modèle d'hyperconjugaison, semble plus commode que le modèle inductif surtout dans les calculs où intervient un modèle du complexe activé dont la structure n'est pas bien définie (le calcul de l'énergie de localisation en l'occurence). Enfin, avec un choix approprié de la méthode de calcul (technique Oméga modifiée, ω = 1.4) et de la représentation du groupement CH₃ (hétéroatome, h_x = 2.0, k_c-x = 0.8), les résultats indiquent que la superdélocalisabilité et l'énergie de localisation sont de bons indices de réactivité. La densité électronique, un indice purement statique, par contre, donne de mauvais résultats. Seules certaines combinaisons de ces indices statiques (q_r et π_r_r, q_r et f_r) dont l'interprétation revient à une certaine inclusion du réactif électrophile dans les calculs peuvent donner des comparables à ceux des deux autres indices (S_r et L_r) / Montréal Trigonix inc. 2018