Using a new and unique multiparticle detection device, we have measured the average final state multiplicity for a sample of 1,500 events from the reaction pp → pp (nw<super>±</super>) at 28.5 GeV/c where both protons were constrained to limited regions of phase space. We find that the resulting average charge multiplicity depends linearly on the recoil mass from both protons, and on the inelasticity. A rapidity analysis indicates that low multiplicity final states are produced by one fragmenting proton, while as the multiplicity increases, so does the probability of the other proton also fragmenting. No evidence was found for multiperipheral production. We compare our data with events in which only one proton is constrained and find that the multiplicity varies with the behavior of both final state protons, the higher multiplicities occurring for more central collisions. / Ph. D.

This thesis develops a transitional approach for moving the design and construction installation of the mechanical systems of the single family dwelling from its custom construction to industrialized products and construction. The approach is referred to as the MECHCORE Approach. Research of the past attempts to industrialize mechanical systems showed that the primary reasons for failures were high production and product coats, lack of flexibility, and demands for changes too rapid for the housing industry to bear. A review of physical, technical, economic, and business factors of the industry shows that there is a need for industrialized mechanical systems that the industry can take steps toward this end if the steps are transitional enough to cushion the shock of change. The objectives industrialized mechanical systems must reach for to succeed are formulated from research data and used to guide the MECHCORE Approach. Examins.tion of conventional house framing revealed no real attempt to coordinate it with the physical requirements of medical systems. Ways are suggested to alleviate the problem. A study of distribution and intensity of mechanical systems in the home indicate that there is a great potential for integrating components and coordinating their installation. This can be capitalized on by dividing mechanical components into three functional areas (core, transport, and service) and dealing with them in terms of these areas. This thesis organizes the home’s mechanical system on this three element basis and proposees component integration and levels of rationalization that evolve to industrialize systems. / Master of Architecture

Change in prediction confidence was studied as a determinant of the sequential effects of prediction outcome (PO) in a two-stimulus, two-response reaction time task. In a between-groups experiment, the RTs of "consonant" Ss, whose average confidence in a stimulus prediction increased following correct POs and decreased following incorrect POs, were reliably influenced by preceding PO. In contrast, "dissonant" Ss, whose average confidence decreased following correct POs and increased following incorrect POs, exhibited no reliable effect of preceding PO on RT. Analogous results were obtained in a within-Ss experiment when each trial was categorized according to the relationship between preceding PO and Ss statements of having "more" or “less" prediction confidence than on the previous trial. “Consonant” trials, on which Ss indicated “more" confidence following correct POs and "less" following incorrect POs evidenced a significantly greater preceding PO effect on RT than did "dissonant" trials. The results partially support a continuous expectancy model of the sequential effects of PO on choice RT. / Master of Science

The purpose of this investigation was to study the aerobic digestion of trickling filter humus and the relationship between digestion and the subsequent filterability of the sludge. Five individual, ten liter, batch-type digestion studies were conducted at 20°C for detention periods ranging from 22 to 38 days. Various water quality parameters were monitored during the three digestion runs of trickling filter humus, one digestion run of a 70% primary and 30% trickling filter sludge (by volume), and one digestion run of waste activated sludge completed during this investigation. Results of the investigation showed that trickling filter humus responds to the aerobic digestion process in a manner similar to that of waste activated sludge. Significant total and volatile solids reductions along with consistent mixed liquor BOD₅ reductions were noted for digestion periods of 22 days. Using the concept of specific resistance, the filtration characteristics of the aerobically digested humus were determined to be poorer than those usually obtained for aerobically digested waste activated sludge. The degree of filterability was observed to deteriorate during periods of prolonged endogenous respiration. The primary-trickling filter sludge mixture was observed to adapt to the aerobic digestion process in a manner strikingly similar to that of the purely biological trickling filter humus. / Master of Science

The present study investigated the effects of locus of control and differential instructions on speech performance under delayed auditory feedback (DAF). It was hypothesized that internals would perform better under skill instructions than under chance instructions, and conversely, that externals would perform better under chance instructions than under skill instructions. In a 2x2x2 design, internal and external <u>S</u>s received either skill or chance instructions prior to performing under DAF. The results indicated that Internal-males under skill instructions made fewer speech errors than Internal-males under chance instructions and that External-females under chance instructions made fewer speech errors than External-females under skill instructions. It was also demonstrated that internal <u>S</u>s take less time to complete the DAF task under skill instructions than under chance instructions. Thus the hypothesis was only partially confirmed. The results were interpreted in terms of Rotter and Mulry's (1965) theory which attributed better performance to motivational factors; Watson and Baumal's (1968) theory which attributed poorer performance to anxiety; and to an additional factor defined as an active-passive dimension. / Master of Science

This investigation was undertaken to study the effects of feeding two levels of caloric density factorially with two levels of activity on the growth rate and body composition of male weanling pups from 25 to 67 days of age. The effects of ad libitum feeding the dams of these pups the same two diets during gestation and lactation on the growth rates and activity levels of these pups were also examined. Following weaning, the pups in both Studies A and B, were placed by weight in outcome groups of four each. The pups in each outcome group were then randomly assigned to one of the following four treatments: I - high-fat diet, spontaneous exercise; II - high-fat diet, restricted exercise; III - chow diet, spontaneous exercise; IV - chow diet, restricted exercise. The pups whose dams were given the 60% fat ration during gestation and lactation (B) attained a higher weaning weight (73 g) than the pups of the dams fed a 4.5% fat ration (Purina Chow) during gestation and lactation - A (55 g). The final body dimensions (length and width) did not appear to be different (Tables IV and V). Pups in Study B tended to run considerably more meters per day than the pups in Study A although the differences were uncertain because of the wide variation. The final body weights attained were greater for the pups in Study B than the pups in Study A except for treatment I. Except for treatment I, the Except for treatment I, the order of the weight gains within treatments among experiments was comparable. It appeared that the differences in final body weight attained could be attributed to the initial differences present at weaning which reflected the dietary treatments of the dams during gestation and lactation. The difference of treatment I in Study B from the trends exhibited by the other three treatments, was manifest by the lower final body weight attained (246.25 ± 9 g) and the lower total weight gain (170.77 ± 8 g) of Study A. The animals in Study B all consumed a greater number of kcal per day than the animals in the corresponding treatments in Study A. The differences in feed consumption between the two experiments appeared to be significant only for those animals receiving the 60%-fat diet. / Master of Science

A general history of voting requirements, primarily minimum age requirements, was reviewed. Merits of and objections to the eighteen-year-old vote were brought out, as well as individual state action and past Congressional action to lower the voting age. However, the main emphasis of the paper concerned efforts to secure ratification of the Twenty-sixth Amendment, which provided that the minimum voting age in all elections be lowered to eighteen. Common Cause, a nonpartisan, citizens' lobby, headquartered in Washington, D.C., was one of the principal organizations which lobbied for the passage of the Twenty-sixth Amendment. Their lobbying techniques and approach to individual states were investigated. Their campaign was successful in securing ratification of the amendment. It was also important because it was the first nationwide, state-by-state effort to lobby for ratification of a federal constitutional amendment and because of its effect on the ratification process. / Master of Arts

Stannic oxide films on glass, deposited by th ·spray technique, are found to be n-type semiconductors. The large carrier concentration (~10¹⁹/cm³) of these films causes the donor level to blend into an impurity band. Annealing the stannic oxide film results in a diffusion of glass components on the film surface which is also accompanied by the increase in the sheet resistance. Donors such as antimony, phosphorus and tellurium raise the infrared absorption and carrier concentration and lower the sheet resistance and extrinsic activation energy. At higher concentrations (≥ 5-10 mole%) the impurities do not act like dopants, instead they become the bulk part of the film which causes an increase in the sheet resistance, infrared transmittance and the extrinsic gap energy. Addition of acceptors like indium and thallium shows an increase in the sheet resistance resulting from the neutralization of the conduction electrons. This also causes the impurity band to shrink and show an increase in the extrinsic activation energy and near infrared transmission. / Master of Science

Much discussion has taken place among local citizens in recent years about the possibility of the Town of Blacksburg, Virginia assuming city status. Many of the issues surrounding such a change in government form, however, appear unclear. This study explores some of the economic issues surrounding such a transition in an effort to: (1) clarify some of the arguments which are frequently encountered, and, (2) determine if there is economic rationale for the assumption of city status. The findings suggest that Blacksburg does indeed have considerable economic bases for assuming cityhood. This conclusion was reached after analysis of some of the economic issues involved--both preference-wise and finance-wise--was conducted. / Master of Arts

This study compares the sensitivity of biological and chemical parameters for monitoring water quality, examines several methods of analyzing diversity of the aquatic organisms and attempts to assess water quality in the three streams investigated. The Cairns-Dickson DI_T diversity index was applied to two trophic levels of aquatic organisms and the results were compared to ascertain whether this diversity index is applicable to all levels of the trophic\structure or of greater use for a particular level. Two diversity indices, Cairns-Dickson DI_T and Wilhm-Dorris d̅, were used to analyze the same component of the biological community and the results of these two indices were compared. A correlation test was performed among chemical and biological data and among chemical parameters. / Master of Science