For a variety of reasons, the need for increased utilization of the world's pulpwood resource has become an important subject of discussion in the 1970's. Whole tree chipping, or the use of all above-ground portions of trees, is a feasible method of achieving this goal. Many reports have been published in the field of pulping whole tree chips, and articles pertinent to softwood pulping are discussed in the literature review of the present study. Because a noticeable lack of information on mixed component pulping of southern pines was observed in the literature, the present study was designed to investigate the following topics: 1) The chemical and biological differences between conventional chips and whole tree chips, and the nature of the variation in the composition of whole tree chips. 2) The results of pulping mixed whole tree components in a laboratory digester. 3) The nature of changes that could be expected to develop in a pulping system as the amount of whole tree chips was varied from 0 to 100% of chip input. Kraft pulping of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda, L) was chosen because it is the major pulping system and species in the southeastern U. S. Unscreened whole tree chips are highly variable in their composition, and age and species have a large effect on the chip composition. Mixed component cooks do not appear to have the poor qualities predicted by individual component cooks. When yield and pulping conditions are held constant and the percent of WTC material is increased, fibrous yield decreases, kappa number rises and pulp color darkens. This may be a result of liquor chemical exhaustion and precipitation of lignin onto pulp fibers. These results indicate that in a mill operation, WTC material should be pulped with increased chemical and liquor volume. / Master of Science

This study was undertaken to determine whether elected school boards are more representative of the populace than are appointed school boards. Since there have been debates for many years on whether elected school boards are more representative than appointed school boards, this study sought to reinforce the position that elected boards are more representative. For purposes of this paper, representativeness was defined as the replication in the school board of certain local demographic features, including occupation, level of family income, years of formal schooling, race, sex, place of work, age, and native born. The states selected for investigation were Kentucky, where all school boards are elected, and Virginia, where they are all appointed. Individual school districts within each state were classified according to both wealth and enrollment. The 1970 Bureau of the Census data were recorded for each district specifically for the demographic characteristics to be measured in this study. Composites of the individual districts according to both wealth and size were compiled in such a way as to preclude the identification of any one school district or school board. The school board data were compiled from information included in questionnaires submitted to randomly selected school boards in both states. The composite data of classifications by state, by low, medium, and high wealth districts, and by low, medium, and high enrollment districts were computerized and reported in a chi square statistical analysis. The chi square analysis demonstrated that, on the state level, both Virginia and Kentucky school board members were significantly different from their populations in all categories except in the native born category which did show a similarity between board members and their populations residing in the state of their birth. There were no discernible trends evidenced on the lesser composite levels according to either wealth or enrollment of the school districts, indicating that neither wealth nor enrollment of the school district made any difference in the composition of the school boards. Another comparison of school board membership and school district demography was included to denote the degree of representativeness as measured by a plus or minus ten percent difference between the two. These results indicated that on the state level, Kentucky had proportional representation in the race and native born categories. Virginia displayed proportional representation in only one category, native born. As a result of this study, typical school board members in both Virginia and Kentucky were found to be white collar workers, earning $15,000 or more in family income, college trained, white, male, working in the city or county of residence, between the ages of forty-five and fifty-nine, and born in their respective states. / Ed. D.

The present study identified which counselor types (male professional, female professional, male peer, female peer) were preferred by male and female college students for various problems (Vocational Choice, College Routine, Adjustment to Self and Others, Drug-Related, and Sex-Related Concerns). It also determined the effect of information on those preferences by exposing the treatment group in the sample to an audio tape with information about counselors and their roles. Warman's (1960) Counseling Appropriateness Check List was revised in order to serve as the questionnaire which determined respondents' preferences for the counselor types. The sample consisted of 351 students, representative by sex and college enrollment of the freshman class at a middle-sized university. A cross tabulation approach was utilized to descriptively define the data and a multivariate analysis of variance design was utilized to determine the effect on respondents' preferences of their sex and their exposure to the information. The following is a summary of the major results established from this study: (1.) Sex of respondents was significant (at the .01 level) in preferences for all four counselor types. (2.) There was an evident pattern of respondents preferring same sex counselors. However, more females chose males than vice versa. Males preferred counselors of their own sex for all problem areas while females chose same sex counselors on all categories but Vocational Choice Concerns. (3.) Both male and female students expressed an overall preference for the professional counselors as compared to the peer counselors. Vocational Choice Concerns, College Routine Concerns and Sex-Related Concerns reflected definite preference for professionals. Drug-Related Concerns was the one category in which more preference existed for peer counselors. Adjustment to Self and Others Concerns reflected equal preference for both counselor types. (4.) Treatment was significant in increasing preference for the peer counselors (at the .05 level for the male peer counselor and at the .10 level for the female peer counselor). Treatment was significant (at the .05 level) in reducing preference for the female professional counselor. (5.) There was no significant interaction effect between treatment and the sex of the respondents, indicating that there was no difference in the way the two sexes responded on preferences when in the treatment group as opposed to the control group. There are implications from these findings for the employment and placement of counselors in terms of their sex and their status as peers or professionals. Matching clients to preferred counselors might be attempted. When preferred counselors are unavailable, information attempts might be made to alter those preferences. / Ed. D.

Standard hydrothermal and gas-buffering techniques have been used to synthesize and investigate phase relations of amphiboles on the join Mg₇Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂-Fe₇Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂. Synthesized amphiboles from Mg₆Fe₁Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂ to Mg₁Fe₆Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂ are optically orthorhombic. Variation of unit cell parameters with composition suggests that they are members of a single, continuous solid solution. (a(Å) = 18.577(12) + 0.001284(190)X_Fe, b(Å) = 17.942(11) + 0.004862(170)X_Fe, c(Å) = 5.285(3) + 0.000617(50)X_Fe, V(ų) = 1760.8(1.7) + 0.8226(280)X_Fe ; X_Fe = mole % Fe end-member) Electron diffraction patterns of composition Mg₅Fe₂ are consistent with that of an orthorhombic amphibole with an a unit cell repeat of ~18.6 Å, but are unlike any known amphibole structure type. Even though the structure type is unknown, measured shifts in peak locations on the powder X-ray diffraction patterns allow compositions to be measured to within ±3 mole % Fe end-member. Combining these results with those of Forbes (1971) and Greenwood (1963), it is now clear that the entire range of amphiboles across the join can be synthesized. No change in unit cell parameters as a function of f_O₂ was observed, and thus there is no evidence for solution of oxy-amphibole component. At 2 kbar and f_O₂ defined by the MH buffer the maximum extent of 2 solution of Fe end-member in amphibole is 12 and 22 mole% at 725° and 630°C respectively; amphibole is unstable below 630°C, being replaced by the assemblage + talc + quartz + magnetite + hematite. At f_O₂ defined by the NNO buffer the extent of solid solution expands to 54, 62, and 65 mole % Fe end-member at 725°, 625°, and 600°C, respectively. Results obtained in this study have been combined with previously published data to produce a T-X section of the upper thermal stability of amphibole at 2 kbar and f_O₂ defined by the FMQ buffer. Temperatures for 2 the reaction: amphibole -> pyroxene + quartz + vapor decrease from ~765°C for the pure Mg end-member to ~710°C for 62 mole % Fe end-member. The breakdown reaction: amphibole -> olivine + quartz + vapor, was observed for the more iron-rich amphiboles, and takes place at ~675°C for amphibole of 73 mole % Fe end-member. Reversed tie lines have been determined between Fe-Mg amphiboles and pyrrhotites in the presence of excess magnetite and quartz at 2 kbar, and 650°, 675°, 700°, and 725°C. This assemblage represents the simultaneous equilibria: amphibole + O₂ -> magnetite + quartz + H₂O (1) amphibole + S₂ -> pyrrhotite + quartz + H₂O + O₂. (2) At 700°C, amphiboles of 29, 41, 49, and 57 mole % Fe end-member coexist with pyrrhotites of N = 0.928, 0.934, 0.943, and 0.950, respectively. Compositions of coexisting amphibole-pyrrhotite pairs apparently are not seriously affected by temperature over the range investigated although scatter of the amphibole data does not allow a rigorous analysis. Sulfur fugacity for runs was determined from pyrrhotite compositions while f_O₂ was known from an experimentally determined magnetite-pyrrhotite curve. Knowledge of these two fugacities allowed calculation of fugacities of all species, including H2o, assuming an H-0-S vapor, and thus reactions (1) and (2) were located in terms of f_O₂and f_S₂. Several models for the amphibole solid solution were used to explain the variation in composition of coexisting amphibole-pyrrhotite pairs at 700°C. The precision of measurement of both the amphibole compositions and the fugacities of volatile species does not justify other than an ideal solution model. A standard state enthalpy of formation (H°_{298°;1 atm}) of Fe₇Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂ amphibole from the elements of -2262 kcal/mole was calculated from a log K_eq vs 1/T plot for reaction (1). The results in the S-free system have been used to estimate temperatures of formation of amphibole-bearing metamorphic and extrusive igneous rocks. Application of the results in the S-containing system is limited by the scarcity of data on natural amphibole-sulfide assemblages. / Ph. D.

Several attempts have been made to find an estimator of a response which will have a smaller integrated mean square error than existing procedures. In this work another such attempt is made by introducing a shrinkage procedure. Suppose the true functional relationship between a response η and ρ independent variables is η<x> = β₀ + Σ_i=1^pβ_ix_i + Σ_i=1^pβ_iix_i² + Σ_i=1^p-1Σ_j=1^p-1β_ijx_ix_j. i < j We fit a model ŷ(x) = β̂̂₀ + Σ_i=1^pk̂_iβ̂_ix_i . We show that the k_i which minimize Σ_i=1^pE(k_iβ̂_i - β_i)² are of the form k_i = (μ₂Nβ_i²)/(σ² + μ₂Nβ_i²) We propose estimating k_i by k̂_i where k̂_i = (μ₂Nβ̂_i²)/(σ̂² + μ₂Nβ̂̂_i²) and where β̂̂ = (X₁′X₁)⁻¹X₁′y and σ̂² = (y′y - β̂′X′y)/(N-p) are the usual least squares estimators. A A The distribution of k̂_i is derived and the probability that k̂_i is closer to the optimal k_i than a k using upper bounds on the parameters is computed. Also an expression for the integrated mean square error of the proposed procedure is found. Various comparisons among least squares estimation minimum variance and minimum bias designs and optimal least squares and shrink.age estimation are made for the one, two, and three variable cases. / Ph. D.

The purpose of this investigative study was to determine whether scores on the Otis-Lennon Mental Ability Test (OLMAT) and General Aptitude Test Battery (G) (GATB (G)) were related to success on the practical nurse licensing examination (SBTP) using race and age as demographic variables. A second purpose was to determine if OLMAT and GATB (G) scores varied in their ability to predict success on SBTP. Related problems of the study were to determine whether significant differences between group mean scores of Caucasians and non-Caucasians existed when the same instrument was used. Scores of mature and young subjects in the sample population were analyzed for significant differences on the same instrument also. The coefficient correlations between OLMAT and SBTP and between GATB (G) and SBTP were examined to determine if they differed for Caucasians and non-Caucasians as well as young and mature sub-groups. Two primary hypotheses pertained to a positive relationship between (1) OLMAT and SBTP scores and (2) GATB (G) and SBTP scores. The third primary hypothesis indicated that OLMAT was a higher predictor than GATB (G) on SBTP for all sub-groups. Secondary hypotheses pertained to positive relationships between scores of the six sub-groups on OLMAT and SBTP scores as well as GATB (G) and SBTP scores. The sample consisted of 305 adult students enrolled in practical nursing in Norfolk City Schools during a three-year period. The subject population was first divided into Caucasians and non-Caucasians. These two groups were separated into young and mature subjects. Socioeconomic factors were not considered in this study. Statistical procedures used to test the hypotheses were univariate difference analysis, multivariate difference analysis, and correlational analysis. All hypotheses were tested at the .05 level. Major conclusions were as follows: 1. Both OLMAT and GATB (G) were significant predictors of success on SBTP for the total group . 2. Although OLMAT and GATB (G) were significant predictors of success on SBTP for this total subject population, they were not consistent for all sub-groups. One such exception appeared with the mature, non-Caucasian group which had a small number. 3. OLMAT was a significant predictor of success on SBTP for all groups in this subject population except for the mature non-Caucasians. 4. GATB (G) was a significant predictor of success on SBTP for all Caucasian groups in the sample. 5. GATB (G) was not a significant predictor of success on SBTP for non-Caucasian groups in this study. 6. There was no significant difference in coefficient correlations between sub-groups separated by race and age. 7. Mature practical nursing students performed better than young subjects on OLMAT, GATB (G), and SBTP . 8. Caucasians performed better than non-Caucasians on OLMAT, GATB (G), and SBTP as evidenced by an analysis of their combined scores on these three instruments. / Ph. D.

A great deal of interest in the field of education has been generated in recent years over leadership studies. Researchers and practitioners have evidenced a growing awareness not only about leadership but also with leadership behavior. Associated with every position or status in a social system, such as a public school system, there is a set of socially-defined expectations concerning what is appropriate behavior for a person occupying a leadership position. These expectations constitute a "behavioral model" for the incumbent of a position, providing him with a pattern to which he may adjust his own behavior. In addition, to the extent that the incumbent conforms to these expectations, he permits other persons with whom he interacts to anticipate his behavior in prescribed situations and thus enables the interacting individuals to function collectively as an integrated unit. Within this framework, the adult education administrator in the Public School System of the District of Columbia, as the officially designated leader in charge of the adult education program in his specific community, was confronted by major sets of responsibilities. He was responsible to his superiors, his students, his community, but just as importantly, he was also responsive to his own staff. Thus, the purpose of the study was to obtain information to aid in a better understanding of the nature of the leader behavior of the adult education administrator and to provide empirical evidence to serve as a basis for future studies in adult education administration. To fulfill the above purpose, the study was designed to ascertain the degree of divergence or congruence between the actual and ideal leader behavior of the adult education administrator as perceived by the adult education administrator himself and his instructional staff. The Leader Behavior Description Questionnaire, Form XII, was used to measure certain acts of leadership of the adult education administrators. The adult education administrators' self-opinions, as well as, the opinions of their instructional staffs were obtained on 200 items contained in the two parts (actual and ideal) of the instrument. Twelve variables of leadership were measured regarding the leader behavior of ten adult education administrators of regular adult education centers. The data were gathered in ten separate sessions, following initial interviews of the adult education administrators at their respective centers. This information was requested on the basis of how "does" the adult education administrator behave (real behavior) and how he "should" behave (ideal behavior). A total of ninety-one instructors and ten adult education administrators participated in the ten group interviews. Two inter-group hypotheses and two intra-group hypotheses in null form were tested for significance through three analyses of variance procedures: a one-way Multivariate Analysis of Variance, a one-way Univatiant Analysis of Variance and Multiple Correlated t-Tests. The results of the study were such that conclusions could be supported to the effect that both reference groups were essentially in agreement about the adult education administrators' real and ideal behavior; differences of opinions were most apparent when real behavior was compared to ideal behaviors from instructors' descriptions of leader behavior; both the expectations of the adult education administrators in describing their own leader behavior and the expectations of the instructors in describing their administrators' leader behavior were scaled slightly higher than descriptions by both groups on real leader behavior; finally, administrators' expectations were considerably higher than those of instructors on ideal behavior. The research findings also implied a need for a multiple criteria approach to the study of leader behavior effectiveness and an examination of leader behavior from the standpoint of role differentiation in future leadership studies. / Ed. D.

This study, based upon data obtained from a more encompassing research endeavor (Virginia Game Warden Project, Hatch Act, Project Number 616236), identifies and explores the nature of various occupational roles of selected Virginia Game Wardens. Only those wardens holding the rank of Area Patrol Leader or Regular Warden are included in the analysis (N=67). The methodology utilizes a variety of research techniques to obtain data from wardens (selected by enumerative and random sampling procedures) which include: (1) in-depth interviewing based on a structured interview schedule, (2) a self-administered questionnaire, (3) tape recording formal and informal conversations, and (4) direct observation of the activities of particular wardens. The roles which wardens perform are found to include: (1) wildlife law enforcement, (2) conservation activities, (3) education and public relations, and (4) a host of "other" related behaviors, including investigation of hunting and boating accidents and search and rescue work. The "master role" of wardens is found to be one of law enforcement, in that most wardens consider this to be the main aspect of their job, spend more work time engaging in such efforts, and indicate a preference for law enforcement activities over the others they perform. The law enforcement behavior of wardens involves an array of techniques employed to apprehend wildlife law violators. Primary among these are observation, patrol, the use of informers, and a variety of techniques the wardens identify as "sneaky". The wardens surveyed pride themselves on their ability to apprehend wildlife law violators at the most unexpected times and in the most remote geographical regions of the Commonwealth. The wardens' attitudes toward violators are, however, basically lenient. Only specific offenses, including spotlighting, intentional violations, and market poaching, prompt the wardens to attach the "criminal" label to offenders. A serendipitous finding of the study demonstrates that wardens experience a high degree of job satisfaction. Over three-quarters of the wardens surveyed would choose the same occupation again. In addition, on an eighteen item Index of Job Satisfaction, with a range of possible scores from eighteen to ninety (the higher the score the higher the satisfaction) the average total score for the sample was sixty-nine point six (69.6). It is hypothesized that this high level of job satisfaction is associated with a lack of constant supervision and coercion, a variety in work tasks, perceived meaningful work, and lack of isolation in work performance. Descriptive statistical and observational data are presented to strengthen this claim. The wildlife law enforcement behavior of wardens is compared to police roles previously explicated by other writers. While such models hold some utility for such comparative efforts, the isomorphic fit is far from exact. The development of other, more occupationally specific, typologies is suggested. / Ph. D.

This research is the first study on a nationwide basis to investigate the relationship between type or school calendar and job satisfaction of teachers. It was undertaken to provide information for school and community leaders who have a responsibility for or an interest in planning, implementing, and evaluating year-round educational programs and to add to the growing body or knowledge on YRE. Many school divisions have implemented year-round education in the last decade causing more school boards and administrators to study the feasibility of operating on a year-round calendar. Various studies have been made to support or negate the value of YRE, but one important aspect needed investigation: job satisfaction of teachers in YRE as compared to teachers in the traditional 9-3 calendar. The Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire was selected to measure job satisfaction of teachers, and a Personal/Situational Data Form was designed to determine the relationship between job satisfaction and type of school calendar and other demographic variables. School principals submitted a faculty list ancl named a contact teacher in the school to receive, distribute, collect, and return the research materials. Of these lists 50 percent or 759 teachers were included in the sample. Teachers in 61 schools from across the country, which included 380 teachers in YRE and 228 teachers in the traditional 9-3 calendar, participated in the research. Returns were received from 100 percent of the schools and 85.8 percent of the teachers who agreed to participate. Data were punched into cards and analyzed using programs--Correlation Matrix with Pairwise Deletion Options and with a Maximum of 150 Variables; BMD08M, Factor Analysis; and SPSSH, Version 5.01, for Chi-square test of association-- on the IBM 370/158 computer at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. No significant relationship was found between type of school calendar and job satisfaction of teachers, but a bias factor was identified and analyzed showing that teachers engaged in YRE or preferring YRE felt that the quality of education was enhanced by the year-round calendar, while teachers in or preferring 9-3 programs did not feel that the quality of education was enhanced by YRE. Since this bias could very well have accounted for the no difference in the responses on the MSQ, further research is needed to control this bias. Another conclusion of this study is that job satisfaction of teachers doos not depend on extrinsic factors from the personal/situational variables. This supports the theories of Maslow, Porter, and Herzberg and also the research done by the Minnesota Work Adjustment Project which produced the MSQ. / Ed. D.

The space-time behavior of a neutron distribution governed by nonlinear multigroup diffusion approximation is considered in this thesis. Stability criteria for equilibrium states of various reactor feedback models are determined by the methods of Liapunov, semigroup and comparison functions. Comparison of the three approaches are made with respect to applicability to various models as well as computational difficulties associated with the three methods. The models chosen serve as illustrative examples of stability analysis; they also complement the existing examples in literature. The primary objective of this work is to simplify computational difficulties by the use of generalized mean value theorem for functionals, and functions of several variables. The results are expressed in the form of a theorem for the semigroup method, where a necessary condition for asymptotic stability is proven. It is applied to the problem of xenon oscillations. The use of the generalized mean value theorem in connection with the method by comparison function is also shown to lead to computational simplification. The result is applied to two energy group reactor models with temperature feedback. A simple numerical example and a comparison of the three methods, together with their variations, is given. The results show that the proposed method of calculating stability conditions leads to more conservative conditions, that is, smaller domains of allowable perturbations. The calculational procedure is, however, simplified in that the equilibrium nonlinear problem does not have to be solved. / Ph. D.