In many experiments, it is tentatively assumed that the experimental response is related to some independent variables, x, by η₁(x) = x₁’ β₁. However, there is frequently some doubt whether this model adequately approximates the true response function, so a lack of fit test is used as part of the analysis. We suppose that the true response function is η₁(x) = x₁’ β₁ + x₂’ β₂. The power of the usual lack of fit test is a monotone increasing function of the non-centrality parameter λ = σ⁻² β₂’ L β₂, where the positive semi-definite matrix L is determined by the experimental design. We use λ as a measure of a design's ability to detect the higher-order parameters, β₂. This investigation has concentrated on the development and evaluation of criteria for the selection of experimental designs that have good properties for the detection of model inadequacy. We suppose that the inadequacy of our proposed model is measured by the positive definite quadratic form τ = σ⁻² β₂’ T β₂, where T is specified by the experimenter according to his own interests. Two choices for τ are proposed. τ₁ is proposed as a measure of the inherent departure of a response surface from an assumed class of models. Another choice for τ, τ₂, is the ratio of the average squared bias to the sampling variance, σ². Whereas τ₁ measures the inherent departure of a response surface, τ₂ measures the departure of the fitted model from the response surface. As a result, τ₁ is independent of the design, whereas τ₂ depends upon the experimental design. We examine the following criteria: (1) maximize the minimum value of λ for τ = δ, (2) maximize the average value of λ for τ = δ, (3) minimize the maximum value of τ for λ = ρ, and (4) minimize the average value of τ for λ = ρ, where δ and ρ are any positive constants. We show that criteria (1) and (3) are equivalent. They select designs that maximize the minimum characteristic root of [T⁻¹ L]. We also show that criterion (2) selects designs that maximize Tr[T⁻¹ L], and that criterion (4) selects designs that minimize Tr[L⁻¹ T]. In addition, we propose a modification of (2) to allow the experimenter to favor designs that afford greater "protection" in the sense of minimizing τ, and a modification of (4) to allow the experimenter to favor designs that afford greater "detection" in the sense of maximizing λ. We show that all of these criteria, referred to as the Λ(T) criteria, are invariant under non-singular linear transformations of the independent variables provided that τ is invariant to such transformations, and we show that τ₁ and τ₂ are invariant to such transformations. In addition, we obtain several results for rotations of D-optimal and Λ(T)-optimal designs. Optimal designs for all of these criteria are obtained and evaluated for a variety of cases. Primary consideration is given to the use of τ₁ and τ₂ for one and two factor, first-order vs. second-order and second-order vs. third-order, polynomial models. We have found that the Λ(T)-optimal designs generally have much better variance properties than minimum bias designs, lower bias than D-optimal designs, and greater power than either for detecting lack of fit. Criterion (2) was also selected and used as the basis for a more extensive investigation of the types of designs generated by our approach. / Ph. D.

The mathematical problem governing the motion and temperature in a two dimensional condensate film are formulated. The linearized stability problem is derived under the parallel flow assumption. A second—order perturbation solution of the stability problem is presented using the Nusselt solution as base flow. The boundary layer equations of laminar film condensation are solved to first-order by using perturbation methods. A first-order perturbation solution of the stability problem is determined using the first-order solution of the boundary layer equations as base flow. The first-order solutions of the stability problem lead to approximate closed form expressions for the neutral stability curve. A nonlinear algebraic equation for the neutral stability curve is found from the second-order solution of the stability problem which is solved numerically. It is found that decreasing the temperature drop across the condensate film has a stabilizing effect. This is observed to be in qualitative agreement with the previous experimental studies. It is also found that increasing the Prandtl number or the surface tension has a stabilizing effect on the condensate film. Critical distances up to which the condensate film is completely stable are predicted. The predictions are discussed with reference to the previous experimental studies. The critical distance and neutral stability predictions disagree with the results from the previous stability analyses. The reasons for this disagreement are discussed. The results indicate that the effects of acceleration and convection in the base flow are negligible in the linearized stability problem for almost all practical situations. / Ph. D.

The fate of bifenox [methyl 5-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)-2-nitrobenzoate] in soil and plants following preemergence application of this herbicide, was investigated in greenhouse and laboratory studies. Radiolabeled ¹⁴C-bifenox had a half-life of 3 to 7 days after application to the soil and was characterized by hydrolysis to 5-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)-2-nitrobenzoic acid. The acid was found to be highly mobile in a soil elution column, accounting for the short half-life in soil as a result of leaching of the acid. Additional metabolites identified in the soil included: 2,4-dichlorophenyl-4-nitrophenyl ether and 5-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) anthranilic acid. Comparison of the total ¹⁴C in the sampling zone of 8 cm to that extractable by methanol showed increased binding of the compounds to the soil over a 313-day period. The uptake by plants was rate dependent in the range of 1.7 to 4.5 kg/ha, preemergence application. Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Medic.), a weed susceptible to the herbicide, absorbed and translocated more ¹⁴C-bifenox during early seedling growth than corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.). The patterns of absorption and distribution of ¹⁴C-bifenox, were different among corn, soybean, and velvetleaf. Autoradiographs of seedlings growing in treated soil showed the ¹⁴C to be confined to those areas of the crop plants in contact with the soil during emergence. Velvetleaf absorbed and translocated the labeled compound(s) to all areas, including the immature leaves. Root absorbed ¹⁴C-bifenox from nutrient culture was transported in equal quantity to the shoots of the three species. However, in corn and soybean the ¹⁴C-compound(s) was confined to the primary and secondary leaf veins while velvetleaf showed a general distribution of ¹⁴C throughout the leaf tissue. The test species were capable of metabolizing ¹⁴C-bifenox after root absorption from nutrient culture. Tissue macerates of the shoots of corn and soybean in vitro did not metabolize the bifenox, velvetleaf hydrolized it to the acid but to less than 1% of the total incorporated. / Ph. D.

The work is divided into two parts, a verbal section and a visual section. The former is supportive, the latter is the main body of the work. Described, this thesis would be closer to a philosophy of design rather than a polemic or manifesto about design. Although it is concerned with the investigation of aesthetic qualities of single objects, within each project lies a universal concern, the struggle for order. The intent is to address the gap between art and daily life and through the design of the immediate environment bring about a more pleasurable and meaningful set of experiences. The role of a designer is briefly discussed and the concept of always dealing with two as an approach to design is elaborated. But the important meaning of the work is succinctly expressed in a statement by David Jones, "There is no surrogate for being on the job." The designer must acknowledge the obligation not only to generate new ideas, but translate them into three dimensional realities. / Master of Architecture

Effects of fertilization with diammonium phosphate on growth and foliar N and P concentrations of 1-0 Quercus alba seedlings were evaluated one year after planting and fertilization. Soil P tests were made by three methods: dilute acid extractable P (Mehlich), acid flouride extractable P (Bray no. 1), and total P by perchloric acid digestion. Correlation analyses were performed on seedling growth, foliar P content, and soil P tests. Confounding factors, including site variation, seedling stress resulting from planting, and an equilibration period of only one growing season, suggest that first-year results are inconclusive. Site factors were the most common source of variation for growth and soil P measurements. Dilute acid extractable P was significantly correlated with height growth. Correlations of first-year responses may be obscured by factors discussed. / Master of Science

The use of ash pond water and cooling tower blowdown as possible SO_x scrubber liquors has been studied. Information on analysis of ash pond water indicates that this method may be feasible. lt was found that ash from the furnace contained salts which could be used to absorb SO_x in the scrubber. This would. significantly reduce the cost of lime or limestone addition to the scrubber water as presently proposed. Blowdown from cooling towers using sulfuric acid for calcium carbonate scale control does not appear to be an acceptable scrubber liquor. However, the makeup water may be passed through a flue gas cooler where a portion of the sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and sulfur trioxide (SO₃) are absorbed and the flue gas cooled before entering the scrubber. A scrubber design has been proposed which allows cleaning a portion of the scrubber packing while the scrubber is operating. A comparison of reheat versus fan power to assist in flue gas removal via the stack was made. A fan which would disperse the flue gas will be more economical if the maintenance costs of the fan and the saturated plume emitted from the stack at a high velocity are compatible. / Master of Science / Page 33 is upside-down.

Experiments were conducted to explore the feasibility of employing the storage iron compounds, hemosiderin and ferritin, as indicators for the detection and quantitation of spleen added to ground beef. Weighed amounts of ground beef and a composite spleen homogenate were combined to yield products with 0, 2.5, 5 and 10 percent spleen. A graded series was prepared at each of three fat levels. A quantitative procedure based on the organ specificity and insolubility of hemosiderin was tested. The soluble iron forms were removed by saline extraction and centrifugation. Any iron remaining in the residue was assumed to be hemosiderin iron. The retained iron was extracted by acid hydrolysis and quantitated colorimetrically with ferrozine and by atomic absorption. The residues from unadulterated samples held less than 4 μg Fe/g original sample. Insoluble iron increased linearly (Slope = 4.83) as the level of spleen in the product increased. The fat content of the products had little effect on the quantitation of added spleen. A qualitative spot test based on the solubility and heat stability of ferritin was investigated. Protein pellets prepared from unadulterated samples maintained a white to grey-white color after Prussian blue iron staining. Pellets from spleen-added samples developed a blue color. The amount and intensity of blue increased as the amount of spleen in the product increased. A presumptive test was performed by applying Prussian blue directly to the raw products. The spleen-added products developed a blue color. / Master of Science

Tests were conducted to determine the effect of spin on traction using elastohydrodynamically lubricated spheres, three driving and two driven, at maximum Hertzian contact pressures of 300 KSI, 333 KSI, 400 KSI, and 450 KSI. The angle between the axis of the driven ball and the normal to the plane of contact was varied from 40° to 50° and data were taken to determine the relation between coefficient of traction and percent slip for various rolling velocities ranging from 7.08 in/sec to 30.08 in/sec. For the percentages of slip ranging from 0 to 20 the coefficient of traction was found to increase as the angle between the axis of the driven ball and the normal to the plane of contact deviated from 45°. The cause of this increase was possibly due to the spin component of velocity across the contact area. However, this effect was reversed in the 20 to 100 percent slip range. The coefficient of traction increased as the maximum Hertzian pressure was increased for percent slips ranging between 0 to 20. The effect of maximum Hertzian pressure on coefficient of traction was reversed for percent slip values ranging between 20 to 100. An inflection point was incurred in the 16 to 20 percent range. The coefficient of traction increased with the rolling velocity after the inflection point. The traction curves also went to a maximum and then decreased as the percent slip was increased. / Master of Science

The general objective of this study is to estimate the U.S. demand for fish meal. Since fish meal is a feed input which is primarily used in broiler production, a demand equation for a feed input is estimated using a Nerlovian lag model. Deflated and non-deflated demand equation are estimated for the 1949-73 period by the ordinary least square technique. The variables are expressed in linear and linear-log form. The F test (21.05) is significant at the a.aas level, indicating that the parameter of all the predetermined variables cannot be considered equal to zero. Based on the coefficient of determination 90 percent of the variation in the quantity demanded of fish meal is accounted for by the predetermined variables. Based on t-tests, the estimated coefficients of the price of broilers and the price of soybean meal variables were significantly greater than zero at the 0.0005 level. The coefficients of the price of fish meal and the price of baby chicks were significantly less than zero at the 0.0005 level. The coefficient of the time variable was significantly different from zero at the 0.05 level. The coefficient of the time variable was significantly different from zero at the 0.05 level. The coefficient of the price of corn variable was significantly less than zero at the 0.10 level. The coefficient of the lagged quantity of fish meal disappearance was significantly greater than zero at the 0.025 level. Some conclusions drawn from the results of this study are: (1) the cross-elasticity of the quantity of fish meal with the price of soybean meal is inelastic -0.663 in the short-run but 1.045 in the long-run; (2) the elasticity of adjustment of the broiler industry is 0.64; (3) the price of fish meal is inelastic (-0.889) in the short-run and elastic (-1.4) in the long-run; (4) the price of broilers has a positive effect on the quantity of fish meal demanded; (5) the price of corn and the price of baby chicks have a negative effect on the quantity of fish meal demanded; and, (6) According to the elasticities, the most important variables are: the lagged price of broiler and the price of baby chicks. Consequently the demand for fish meal depends heavily on the broiler industry. / Master of Science

Accessibility has often been considered as a valuable evaluation criterion in attempt to analyze alternative transportation systems. The subject of this research is the development and application of a computerized accessibility model to aid in evaluating the distribution of transit services throughout an urban area. Included is an investigation of the various definitions of accessibility and a presentation of several past and present attempts to measure accessibility, both qualitatively and quantitatively. In attempting to establish an exact criterion for evaluation employing accessibility measures, the scope of the problem becomes quite complex. It must be broad enough for use in all transportation evaluation applications; precise enough to insure the optimization of established goals; and, obviously, simple enough to be understood by decision makers as well as engineers and planners. The development of a Transit Accessibility model, TRANSAC, meeting these qualifications, is described herein. The concept of accessibility employed within TANSAC is based primarily on the summation of opportunities accessible to small geographic zones via the transit system. The model is compatible with current UMTA Transportation Planning System (UTPS) programs, and incorporates travel time data computed by these programs as input data for accessibility calculations. / Master of Science