Denna uppsats avser lämna ett bidrag till ökad spårbarhet mellan den svenska UAV-utvecklingen och Försvarsmaktsidé 2020. Detta görs genom att undersöka vilka uppgifter UAV:er kan komma att lösa vid ett väpnat angrepp på Sverige. / The Swedish development of Unmanned Air Vehicles (UAV) is not entirely in accordance with the Swedish Armed Forces’ intention for the future battlefield in Defence Idea 2020 (FMI 2020). This essay aims at increasing the accordance between Defence Idea 2020 and the development of UAVs by examining tasks for UAVs in one out of three strategic situations in Defence Idea 2020. The chosen strategic situation 1 (STS 1) deals with an armed attack on Sweden. Furthermore an attempt will be made to decide if there are any tasks given to UAVs in STS 1 that are unsuitable for its development as well as if there are any tasks that could be given priority. The essay gives proposals on a definition of UAVs, a classification of them and describes the experiences of the global UAV-development. These experiences are analysed and compared with the Swedish intention for the future battlefield represented by the nature of the future battle, Revolution in Military Affairs and STS 1. The analysis will result in an example of what tasks UAVs can fulfil in STS 1. / Avdelning: ALB - Slutet Mag 3 C-upps.Hylla: Upps. ChP 99-01

Det övergripande syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka vilka konsekvenser införandet av Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA) får avseende väpnad strid med brigadsystem 122/90. Tidsperspektivet är 2010-2020. Arbetet har ett induktivt  förhållningssätt. Uppsatsen beskriver och förklarar innebörden av RMA. Vidare beskrivs hur brigadsystem 122/90 genomför väpnad strid. Analysen ger följande konsekvenser: ökad interoperabel förmåga, informationsöverläge möjliggörs, informationsöverföringen ger större säkerhet i genomförandet, bättre kvalitet i beslutsunderlagen, ledningskrigföring och vilseledning ökar i betydelse, beslutsstödet möjliggör högre rörlighet samt precisionen i våra insatser ökar. Uppsatsen pekar på tänkbara utvecklingsområden inom förmågorna ledning, underrättelser, bekämpning, rörlighet och uthållighet. För att erhålla optimal effekt i väpnad strid utgör informationsinhämtning och överföring av information i nära realtid en avgörande förmåga. Teknikutvecklingen blir en realitet först då den tillvaratas genom utveckling av doktriner, taktik och stridsteknik. / The overall purpose of this paper is to investigate what consequences the implementation of Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA) will have regarding armed combat for theBrigade System 122/90. The time perspective is 2011-2020. An inductive method of working is used in this paper. The paper aims to describe and explain the implications of RMA. Furthermore, there will be a description of how the brigade system 122/90 carries out armed combat. The analysis gives the following conclusions: increased inter-operability capacity, facilitated information superiority, information dissemination gives greater security of execution, better quality in the basis of decision, command and control warfare and deception increase in importance, support for decision making enables a higher level of mobility and the precision of our efforts increases.The paper points out possible areas of development within the capabilities of command and control, information, interdiction, mobility and sustainability. In order to achieve an optimal effect in armed combat, collection and dissemination of information in real time constitute a decisive ability. The development of technology will become a reality only when it is exploited through the development of doctrines, tactics and combat techniques. / Avdelning: ALB - Slutet Mag 3 C-upps.Hylla: Upps. ChP 99-01

Uppsatsen beskriver en undersökning av Försvarsmaktens och Försvarshögskolans attityder till outsourcing av officersutbildning. Huvudmannaskapets betydelse för  officersutbildningen belyses genom att jag har djupintervjuat personer med strategiskt inflytande inom Försvarsmakten och Försvarshögskolan. Undersökningen utgår från den institutionella teorin som menar att organisationer strävar efter att vara effektiva och rationella, men hindras av olika sociala och kulturella mekanismer. Detta skulle innebära att även om outsourcing av officersutbildning vore det mest effektiva för Försvarsmakten, så kan detta förhindras av sådana sociala och kulturella mekanismer.Underlag för frågeställningar inför intervjuerna har hämtats från utredningen ”Försvarsmaktsgemensam utbildning för framtida krav” samt ”Riksdagens revisorers förslag angående Försvarshögskolan i det nya försvaret”. Intervjuade befattningshavare är: C GRO, stf C GRO, C FHS, C MHS K, stf C ÖS och C FHS Chp. / Several changes of the Swedish system for officers training has taken place during the nineties and at the same time has the use of so called outsourcing increased within the administration of governments and local governments, mainly within the healthcare sector, real-estate administration and maintenance of different computer systems.During the same time, the Armed Forces has shown an increased interest  for outsourcing. The reason for this is the aim to buy better or equal quality in services and products for less money. Those reasons has been the motive for me to do this research.As several researches has been done of the subject outsourcing from an economical view, this work uses the institutional theory as a take-off. This theory means, very briefly described, that organisations strive for effectiveness and rationality but find themselves held back by different social and cultural mechanisms.In consequence of the above, the author has chosen to examine the attitude to outsourcing with in selected, placed in strategic seats, persons in the Armed Forces and the National Defence College. To be able to examine if the theory is relevant in this case, the subject for the research is what might be described as “a sacred cow” namely outsourcing of officers training and to find out who can be the responsible authority for officers training.The research has been implemented through the use of qualitative interviews with the chosen respondents and the questions has its foundations in two governmental reports: “Joint officers training for future demands” and “ The accounts of the Swedish Parliament proposal about the National Defence College with-in the new National Defence”.The conclusions in this research support the standpoints of the institutional theory and also raise some suggestions for future research in this area. / Avdelning: ALB - Slutet Mag 3 C-upps.Hylla: Upps. ChP 99-01

The last two decades have changed the society from the Industrial Age to the Information Age. The technological development, especially in IT, has caused a ”Revolution in Military Affairs”. However; how big are the changes RMA will give, or will it even change the foundation of the Art of War and if so, in what way? RMA has three cornerstones DBA, DS and PE all closely integrated in an NCW-concept. In future armed conflicts, the RMA-force will decisively achieve the objectives of military operations through information and C2 advantages over the adversary. The advantages will enable the force to choose where, when and how to engage the opponent.  The RMA also has great influence on the Armed Forces in Sweden. Under a different name, “den nya krigföringen” Sweden will implement the RMA-intentions in the Armed Forces suited for Swedish conditions. Sweden will not develop a world-wide but a local or regional RMA.The Visby class corvette is developed to meet the future requirement in the maritime environment. The unique hull construction gives Visby a multipurpose capability never seen before. The ship has high survivability and good manoeuvrability.   A comparison between the Visby and RMA directed Armed Forces indicates that the vessel in all essentials meets the requirements posed. However, some crucial aspects remain to be solved, for example how will communication, in order to contribute to DBA, take place, without risking the safety of the vessel. Revolution in Military Affairs, Dominant Battlespace Awareness, Decision Superiority, Dynamic Engagement, Information Technology, Swedish Armed Forces, Visby class corvette, the Art of War. / Avdelning: ALB - Slutet Mag 3 C-upps.Hylla: Upps. ChP 99-01

Mot bakgrund av den omfattande förändring som Försvarsmakten påbörjat under namnet ”den nya krigföringen”, är det relevant att undersöka vilka system organisationen skall innehålla för att möta de framtida kraven. Syftet med denna uppsats är att klarlägga om eldrörs- respektive raketartilleri tillför något unikt så att en materiell förnyelse av artilleriet är motiverad. För att kunna värdera om artilleri tillför något unikt, beskrivs de krav på markmålsbekämpningsförmåga som kan förutsägas i tidsperspektivet 2010-2020. Därefter definieras artillerisystemförmåga och förmågan hos andra möjliga bekämpningssystem. Bekämpningskraven framarbetas genom en tvådelad analys. Inledningsvis analyseras grunddokumentet för Försvarsmaktens utveckling inom den definierade tidsramen - Försvarsmaktsidé och målbild 2020. Därefter listas de krav som en doktrin baserad på manöverkrigföringens principer ger upphov till. Systemförmågorna utgår ifrån moderna artillerisystem, JAS som attackflygplan samt moderna attackhelikopter- och markrobotföreträdare. För varje systemtyp dras operativa slutsatser samt anges den förväntade utvecklingen inom uppsatsens tidsperspektiv. Systemförmågorna byggs på oberoende, eller till Försvarsmakten knutna, källor. Genom att värdera i vilken omfattning respektive bekämpningsplattform har de egenskaper som krävs för att uppfylla de varierande kraven, åskådliggörs om artilleri har en förmåga som är unik. Det visar sig härvid att artilleri i två avseenden ej kan ersättas av andra system. Båda rör tillgänglighet och de är: Förmågan att verka mot mål med kort exponeringstid samt bekämpning på det stridstekniska djupet. / Based on the extensive changes which the Armed Forces are undergoing within the framework of a RMA-concept (Revolution in Military Affairs), there are reasons to examine what systems are needed to meet future demands. The aim of this thesis is to clarify if tube- or rocket artillery brings any unique abilities to the battlefield of tomorrow. Thus justifying upgrading existing, and/or procuring new equipment. In order to evaluate if artillery has any unique system abilities, the demands in terms of fire support in the timeframe 2010 -2020 are described. After this, the capabilities of artillery- as well as other potential fire support systems are defined. The fire support demands are based on an analysis of two main sources. Initially the most important document concerning the Armed Forces’ aims, objectives and evolution, FMI 2020, is analysed. After that, demands based on the principles of maneuver warfare are listed. The capabilities of systems are founded on modern artillery systems, JAS-39 in the ground attack role together with up to date attack helicopters and surface to surface missiles. For each type of system, operational conclusions are drawn, and presented accompanied by a predicted system evolvement within the specified timeframe. The systems abilities are based upon independent sources, or such connected to the Armed Forces. By evaluating to what extent each of the fire support platforms has the ability to meet the various demands, it is possible to ascertain if artillery is in any way unique. It is this way shown that artillery is irreplaceable by any of the other systems in two aspects. They are both connected to availability. The two areas are – the ability to engage short dwell targets, and the ability to perform direct support tasks to maneuver units / Avdelning: ALB - Slutet Mag 3 C-upps.Hylla: Upps. ChP 99-01

Den Europeiska Unionen är idag inne i en intensiv process som syftar till att ha en autonom förmåga att genomföra militära krishanteringsoperationer från år 2003. Denna uppsats syfte är identifiera eventuella brister i denna kapacitet. För detta ändamål nyttjas en metod av Gunnar Sjöstedt som i sin utvecklade form innebär att analys genomförs av gemensamma mål, resurser, managementsystem för hantering av kriser samt beslutsfattning. Hela analysen sker utifrån den realistiska teoribildningen som väl lämpar sig för att nå syftet. Det empiriska materialet utgörs av fördragstexter, ordförandeskapens slutsatser, relevanta officiella EU-dokument samt samtal med officiella EU-tjänstemän. Utöver detta används en stor mängd annan forskning, bl a för att verifiera dragna slutsatser. Avseende gemensamma mål studeras Helsinki Headline Goal för att utröna vilken typ av operationer som EU planerar att genomföra samt i vilka delar av världen som detta är avsett att kunna ske. En analys huruvida EU eller NATO  skall vara den aktör som genomför en potentiell krishanteringsoperation genomförs också. De resurser som EU har att tillgå enligt Headline Taskforce ställs mot de potentiella krishanteringsuppgifterna och förmågan att mobilisera ytterligare resurser studeras. Institutioner och procedurer analyseras för att eventuellt identifiera brister i EU:s förmåga att detektera och följa upp krishärdar som kan beröra unionen. Avseende beslutsfattning studeras såväl det formella institutionaliserade systemet som de informella faktorer som kan ha påverkan. Analysresultatet visar att i de uppsatta målen finns utrymme för tolkningsskillnader, resurserna är ej tillräckliga för uppgifterna och avseende institutioner och procedurer förekommer oklarheter och visst dubbelarbete. Beslutsfattningssystemet brister huvudsakligen i den mellanstatliga strukturen och det påverkas i viss utsträckning av informella faktorer.Under rubriken diskussion förs avslutningsvis ett resonemang om orsakerna till, och förhållandena runt, några av de resultat som analysen givit. / The European Union is in the middle of a very intense process with the purpose of establishing an ability to carry out military peace support operations from the year of 2003. The aim of this essay is to detect any shortcomings in this capacity. To accomplish this, a method by Gunnar Sjöstedt is used so as to be able to analyse common goals, resources, management-systems dealing with crises and decision making.The analysis will be carried out from a realistic theoretical point of view, which is suitable for the purpose. The empirical material consists of treaty documents, presidency conclusions, official EU-documents and information from EU officials. Apart from this, a quantity of research from other scholars is used to verify the conclusions drawn. The Helsinki Headline Goal is used to analyse the common goals and to find out what kind of operations the EU plans to carry out and where on the globe these could take place. The question of which actor is supposed to realise this operation, EU or NATO, is also dealt with. The resources at the disposal of EU are compared with the implied tasks and also the ability to mobilise further resources is studied. Institutions and procedures are analysed to identify shortcomings in the ability to detect and monitor different crises, which can have an influence on the EU. In reference to the decision-making, formal as well as informal circumstances are studied.The results show that the goals contain a risk of divergent interpretations, the resources are not sufficient and regarding institutions and procedures, there are some obscurities and duplication of work. The decision-making process shows shortcomings principally in the intergovernmental structure and this is also influenced by informal circumstances. The essay is completed with a chapter where some of the reasons and circumstances concerning the results of the analysis are discussed. / Avdelning: ALB - Slutet Mag 3 C-upps.Hylla: Upps. ChP 99-01

Rammebetingelsene for Forsvaret er endret etter den kalde krigens slutt.  Det nye Forsvaret som er i ferd med å vokse fram, skal bli et forsvar betydelig mindre enn det gamle.  Samtidig skal organisasjonen bygges opp av kvalitativt bedre avdelinger enn det Forsvaret hadde tidligere.  En slik ombygging krever en gjennomgående fokusering på kompetanse. Endret trusselbilde, ny økonomisk realitet og en rivende teknisk utvikling i samfunnet preger Forsvarets nye virkelighet.  Hovedoppgaven belyser hvilken påvirkning disse utviklingstrekkene har på kompetansebehovet i Forsvaret med eksempler hentet fra teknisk kompetanse i Luftforsvaret.Forsvarets viktigste kompetanse er kompetansen som er knyttet til Forsvarets kjernevirksomhet. Begrepet er ikke offisielt definert, men er i denne hovedoppgaven knyttet til operativ virksomhet.  Forsvaret behøver dessuten betydelig kompetanse i innkjøp av varer og tjenester – også innen områder som i dag er en del av Forsvaret (outsourcing). Kjernekompetanseteori trekkes fram som en bra hjelpemiddel for å belyse sammenhenger mellom de ulike kompetansebehov i Forsvarets organisasjon.  Men for å finne grensen mellom hva som må beholdes i Forsvaret, og hva som kan outsources er kjernekompetansemetoden utilstrekkelig. / The situation for the Norwegian Armed Forces has changed significantly after the end of the Cold War.  A new and smaller organization is evolving, and the consequence of this development is that the focus on competence within the military must increase. Changed threat, a new economic reality and the ongoing technical development in the world are all factors that will form the new organization. This thesis discusses these factors impact on future competence in the Norwegian Armed Forces.  Examples are taken from the technical branch within the Air Force. The most important competence is the competence necessary for conducting the core activity.  Core activity for the Norwegian Armed Forces is not officially defined, but in this thesis it is regarded as Operations.  The future organization must also contain more and better competence in specifying and buying materiel and services than the case is today. This also includes activities that are a part of the military organization today (outsourcing).  Core Competence Theory is a good tool for clarifying the relation between the different necessary needs for competence within the military organization. However the method is not suitable for finding the line between competences that must stay within – and competences that can be outsourced. / Avdelning: ALB - Slutet Mag 3 C-upps.Hylla: Upps. ChP 99-01

Dissertation--Rechtswissenschaftliche Fakultät--Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 2002. / Bibliogr. p. 269-275.

It cannot be argued that according to the recent Omani law the accused has the right of access to a lawyer at any stage of the criminal proceedings. Nevertheless, it could be argued that the accused at some points may access a lawyer if he has one, otherwise the state is not obliged to offer him one under any circumstances and in any kind of crimes. There is no single rule stating that the accused must be represented by a lawyer even if he is facing capital punishment. Although the Omani law gives the accused the right to have the lawyer that he hired present with him during the investigation in general terms, there are no provisions to ensure that mechanisms are put in place which guarantee the effectiveness of such right. The Omani legislator has followed the approach upon which the presence of the lawyer is permissible, although this does not necessarily apply during the pre-trial stages in all cases. This research argues that, having no right of free access to a lawyer privileges those who are wealthier because such accused have the means to appoint a lawyer from the outset, a capacity that often evades the poorer accused. If the accused cannot afford a lawyer, the state should appoint one for him, grounded in the motivations of the state being concerned with achieving justice. The research addressed the question whether the Omani Law and particularly the Penal Procedures Code succeed in guaranteeing the accused right of access to a lawyer. Moreover, it considered whether the Omani law set the required procedures and safeguards to make all officials in charge of investigations and trials commit to respecting this right at all circumstances. These issues are considered by critically analysing the relevant Omani law and case law as well as looking at other legal frameworks, with special reference to the Egyptian System. This comparison has been provided in order to give a contextual base upon which the practicing of this right within the Omani Procedures Code can be critically analysed. This study found that there is a great deal of reform for the Omani legislator to urgently do in regard to the right of access to a lawyer during all criminal proceedings stages.

The Phaedra and Hippolytus myth is a frequently dramatized narrative of uncontrollable desire. This thesis examines two versions, Euripides' Hippolytus, first presented in 428 B.C. as part of the Athenian festival of Dionysus, and Sarah Kane's 1996 play, Phaedra's Love, first presented as part of the Gate Theatre of London's "new playwrights, ancient sources" series. In each play, Phaedra's desire is constructed according to sociohistorical conditions which are temporary in their cultural significance. Once the moment of creation has passed, so have the conditions in which each version of desire is originally understood. However, these constructions of Phaedra's desire also bear a simultaneously transhistorical quality as they complicate human notions of agency. In the West, therefore, Phaedra's desire is represented as a tragically constructed emotion. This thesis posits desire as transhistorically relevant in its ability to question modes of human subjectivity.