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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

GUIDE RNA-DEPENDENT AND INDEPENDENT tRNA MODIFICATIONS IN ARCHAEA

Joardar, Archi 01 December 2012 (has links)
Stable RNAs undergo a wide variety of post-transcriptional modifications, that add to the functional repertoire of these molecules. Some of these modifications are catalyzed by stand-alone protein enzymes, while some others are catalyzed by RNA-protein complexes. tRNAs from all domains of life contain many such modifications, that increase their structural stability and refine their decoding properties. Certain regions of tRNAs are more frequently modified than others. Two such regions are the anticodon loop, and the TψC stem. In the halophilic euryarchaeon Haloferax volcanii, tRNATrp and tRNAMet, both of which are transcribed as intron-containing pre-tRNA forms, contain Cm34 and ψ54, in addition to other modifications, in these two regions, respectively. The Cm34 modification in both cases is RNP-mediated: tRNATrp Cm34 formation being guided by its own intron, while that of tRNAMet being guided by a unique guide RNA called sR-tMet. We created genomic deletion of H. volcanii tRNATrp intron by homologous recombination based technique, and showed that this strain is viable, and does not demonstrate any observable growth phenotype. However, the corresponding modifications are absent in this intron-deleted strain. Our structural and functional characterizations of sR-tMet revealed that it is unique in its structural properties and deviates considerably from its homologs in other Archaea. We also identified a novel L7Ae (a core protein associated with archaeal methylation guide RNPs) binding motif in sR-tMet. ψ54, the near universal modification found in TψC stem-loop of archaeal tRNAs is catalyzed by the protein Pus10. An earlier study from our laboratory had shown that Pus10 from two different archaea, Methanocaldococcus jannaschii (MjPus10) and Pyrococcus furiosus (PfuPus10) have differential activities towards ψ54 formation. Using the crystal structure of Human Pus10 as template, we created homology models of MjPus10 and PfuPus10 proteins and identified several residues and motifs that might lead to this difference in activity. By a combination of both in vitro and in vivo mutational approaches, we confirmed several previously unidentified residues/motifs that serve as positive determinants of tRNA ψ54 formation. Finally, as an extension to this study, we have identified a novel tRNA ψ54 forming activity in mammalian nuclear extracts, and attributed this activity to Pus10.
2

A TALE OF TWO METHYLATION MODIFICATIONS IN ARCHAEAL RNAs

Chatterjee, Kunal 01 May 2014 (has links)
In all the three domains of life, most RNAs undergo post transcriptional modifications both on the bases as well as the ribose sugars of the individual ribonucleotides. 2'-O-methylation of ribose sugars and isomerization of Uridines to Pseudouridines are two most predominant modifications in rRNAs and tRNAs across all domains of life. Besides 2'-O-methylation of ribose sugars, methylation of pseudouridine (Ø) at position 54 of tRNA, producing m1Ø, is a hallmark of many archaeal species but the specific methylase involved in the formation of this modification had yet to be characterized. A comparative genomics analysis had previously identified COG1901 (DUF358), part of the SPOUT superfamily, as a candidate for this missing methylase family. To test this prediction, the COG1901 encoding gene, HVO_1989, was deleted from the Haloferax volcanii genome. Analyses of modified base contents indicated that while m1Ø was present in tRNA extracted from the wild-type strain, it was absent from tRNA extracted from the mutant strain. Expression of the gene encoding COG1901 from Halobacterium sp. NRC-1, VNG1980C, complemented the m1Ø minus phenotype of the ÄHVO_1989 strain. This in vivo validation was extended with in vitro tests. Using the COG1901 recombinant enzyme from Methanocaldococcus jannaschii (Mj1640), purified enzyme Pus10 from M. jannaschii and full-size tRNA transcripts or TØ-arm (17-mer) fragments as substrates, the sequential pathway of m1Ø54 formation in Archaea was reconstituted. The methylation reaction is AdoMet-dependent. The efficiency of the methylase reaction depended on the identity of the residue at position 55 of the TØ-loop. The presence of Ø55 allowed the efficient conversion of Ø54 to m1Ø54, whereas in the presence of C55 the reaction was rather inefficient and no methylation reaction occurred if a purine was present at this position. These results led to renaming the Archaeal COG1901 members as TrmY proteins. Another aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism of target RNA recruitment to a box C/D sRNP. From data obtained, we have made the following hypothesis- aNop5p, either alone or as a heterodimer with Fibrillarin, binds to single stranded bulges and loops of target RNA. This aNop5p bound target is then hybridized to an assembling guide sRNP complex containing the guide RNA and L7Ae or guide RNA, L7Ae and aNop5p. If the guide:target sequences are complementary to each other, they hybridize and the target nucleotide gets modified. We also think that post modification, the guide and target strands separate, the core proteins rearrange themselves on the guide RNA and then prime the guide RNA for next round of modification. Compared to the general archaeal populations, haloarchaea contain significantly fewer number of box C/D guide RNAs. In archaea, previous studies have underscored the importance of a symmetric assembly of the core proteins on the sRNA. This meant that if the core proteins were unable to bind to either the terminal box C/D or the internal box C'/D' motifs, the sRNP was not efficient to carry out the modification of the target RNA. Essentially the only two haloarchaeal box C/D sRNPs known before had a symmetric architecture. In this study we discovered the first naturally occurring asymmetric box C/D sRNP called sR-41 in Haloferax volcannii. The architecture of Haloferax volcanii sR-41 box C/D sRNP seems to be closer in conformation to eukaryal snoRNPs (eukaryal counterparts of archaeal sRNPs) in which the core proteins assemble asymmetrically on the RNA. Till date, no information regarding the catalytic mechanism of an asymmetrically arranged eukaryal box C/D snoRNPs are available, because of unavailability of any assembly systems or crystal structures. Hence, this archaeal sR-41 guide sRNP provides a unique opportunity to study mechanism of modification in an asymmetrically arranged box C/D sRNP molecule.
3

Impact de la composition du ribosome sur la fidélité de la traduction / Impact of ribosome composition onto translational fidelity

Gillot-Chafia, Sandra 26 June 2018 (has links)
Les ribosomes, acteurs principaux de la synthèse protéique, sont constitués de protéines et d’ARNs. Ces dernières années la notion de "ribosome spécialisé" est apparue. Cela implique que les ribosomes sont hétérogènes dans leur composition protéique et les modifications chimiques des ARNr. Ces différentes populations de ribosome présenteraient des spécificités de traduction différentes. Au cours de ma thèse, je me suis intéressée à une modification chimique des ARNr particulière, les 2’-O-méthylations des riboses, à leur variabilité et à leur rôle dans la fidélité et la régulation de la traduction.Pour réaliser cette étude, un modèle de cellules HeLa a été créé dans lequel la synthèse de la fibrillarine, la méthyltransférase responsable des 2’-O-méthylations, est inhibée par un shRNA (small hairpin RNA) intégré de façon stable dans le génome. L’étude de l’impact de la baisse de la fibrillarine sur les 2’-O-méthylations a permis de montrer que la diminution des méthylations des ARNr est globale mais varie selon la position. Ainsi, certaines positions sont plus sensibles que d’autres à la baisse du taux de fibrillarine.J’ai tout d’abord étudié les effets de la baisse de la méthylation des ARNr sur la traduction globale, par la technique de ribosome profiling. Cette technique est fondée sur le séquençage à haut débit des fragments d’ARNm protégés par les ribosomes. J’ai ainsi pu montrer que 43 gènes candidats étaient différentiellement traduits en condition d’hypométhylation des ARNr. A partir de cette liste j’ai cherché des éléments fonctionnels et/ou moléculaires communs à plusieurs gènes candidats. J’ai par la suite montré que les taux de translecture et de décalage de cadre de lecture augmentaient quand les ARNr sont hypométhylés. La baisse de la méthylation des ARNr entraîne donc une baisse de la fidélité de la traduction.Des études précédentes ont montré que l’initiation IRES-dépendante était impactée par la baisse des méthylations des ARNr. J’ai donc réalisé une étude globale sur l’initiation de la traduction en adaptant la technique de ribosome profiling de façon à identifier spécifiquement les ribosomes en cours d'initiation. J’ai ainsi révélé que 66 sites d’initiation étaient impactés par la baisse de la méthylation des ARNr.Nous avons localisé les positions méthylées les plus impactées sur la structure 3D du ribosome. Ceci nous a permis de regrouper les modifications par région. Nous nous sommes intéressés à un groupe de méthylations conservées entre la levure et l’homme et situées au niveau du tunnel de sortie du peptide. J’ai délété chez S. cerevisiae les snoARNs responsables de ces méthylations. J’ai ensuite cherché à démontrer si la perte de ces méthylations avait un impact sur la croissance cellulaire et la sensibilité à différents antibiotiques. J'ai aussi effectué des mesures de translecture et de décalage de cadre de lecture. L’ensemble de mes résultats a montré que la délétion conjointe de trois des quatre snoARNs impliqués dans les méthylations autour du tunnel de sortie du polypeptide n'a pas d'effet sur la fidélité de la traduction.Au cours de cette étude chez la levure, j’ai révélé un effet inédit de la délétion du gène ASC1 sur la translecture des codons stop. Asc1p est une protéine plateforme associée au ribosome, dont l’absence entraîne une diminution de la translecture du codon stop. Les mécanismes moléculaires impliqués demeurent actuellement inconnus.Au cours de ma thèse, j’ai pu montrer par des approches globales et spécifiques que la baisse de la méthylation des ARNr entraînait des variations spécifiques de l’expression protéique ainsi qu’une diminution spécifique de la fidélité de la traduction. Les mécanismes moléculaires impliquées sont toujours activement recherchés. / Ribosomes are composed of proteins and RNAs. During these last years, the concept of « specialized ribosome » has been revived. This concept is based on the principle that ribosomes are heterogeneous in protein composition and rRNA chemical modifications. These different ribosomes populations would present different translational specificities. During my thesis, I was interested in a particular rRNA chemical modification, ribose 2’-O-methylation, its variability and its role in translational fidelity and regulation.To make this study, a HeLa cell-line in which fibrillarin (the methyltransferase responsible for 2’-O-methylations) synthesis is inhibited by a shRNA (small hairpin RNA) stably integrated in the genome. The study of impact of fibrillarin decrease on 2’-O-methylations enabled us to show that rRNA methylation decrease is global but varies with the position. So, some positions are more sensitive than others positions to fibrillarin decrease.First I studied rRNA methylation decrease effects on global translation, by ribosome profiling. This method is based on high-throughput sequencing of ribosome-protected mRNA fragments. By this way I revealed 43 candidate genes that are differentially translated in rRNA hypomethylated condition. From this list I searched functional and/or molecular elements common to several candidate genes. Then I showed that readthrough and frameshifting rates increase when rRNA is hypomethylated. So rRNA methylation decrease leads to translational fidelity decrease.Previous studies have shown that IRES-dependant initiation is impacted by rRNA methylation decrease. Then I performed a global study of translation initiation by adapting ribosome profiling method to identify initiating ribosomes specifically. Therefore I revealed that 66 initiation sites are impacted by rRNA methylation decrease.We localized the most impacted methylated positions on the 3D ribosome structure. It enabled us to group modifications by region. We focused our interest on one group of methylations conserved between yeast and human and localized around the peptide exit tunnel. I deleted snoRNAs responsible for these methylations in S. cerevisiae. Then I analysed if the loss of these methylations impacts the cell growth and the antibiotics sensitivity. I also make measures of readthrough and frameshifting. My results show that the targeted deletion of three out of four snoRNAs involved in the methylations around the peptide exit tunnel has no effect on translational fidelity.During this study in yeast, I revealed an unprecedented effect of ASC1 gene deletion on stop codons readthrough. Asc1p is a scaffold protein associated with the ribosome, whose absence causes a decrease of codon stop readthrough. Currently molecular mechanisms implicated remain unknown.During my thesis, I showed with global and specific approaches that rRNA methylation decrease leads to specific variations of protein expression together with specific decrease of translational fidelity. Molecular mechanisms are still actively investigated.
4

Rôle de la protéine Bcd1p/BCD1 dans les étapes précoces de la biogenèse des snoRNP à boîtes C/D eucaryotes / Functions of Bcd1p/BCD1 in the early steps of box C/D snoRNP biogenesis

Paul, Arnaud 27 September 2018 (has links)
La biogenèse des ribosomes matures et fonctionnels est notamment dépendante de petites particules ribonucléoprotéiques composées d’ARN et de protéines, les snoRNP (small nucleolar RiboNucleoProteins). Celles-ci sont subdivisées en deux familles : les snoRNP à boîtes C/D et les snoRNP à boîtes H/ACA. Ces deux classes de snoRNP catalysent des modifications chimiques, respectivement de 2’-O-méthylation et de pseudouridylation, sur des positions spécifiques des ARN ribosomiques (ARNr), ou sont impliquées dans des clivages du long ARNr précurseur. Les snoRNP à boîtes C/D sont composées d’un snoARN à boîtes C/D servant de guide pour cibler la position à modifier, et d’un jeu invariant de quatre protéines : Snu13p/SNU13, Nop1p/Fibrillarine, Nop56p/NOP56 et Nop58p/NOP58 (levure/Homme). Ces snoRNP sont produites par la cellule grâce à la présence de plusieurs complexes protéiques constituant une machinerie pour leur assemblage. Outre plusieurs facteurs protéiques déjà connus dans la biogenèse de snoRNP à boîtes C/D comme les protéines Rsa1p/NUFIP, Hit1p/ZNHIT3 et les protéines du complexe R2TP, d’autres protéines pourraient compléter cette machinerie. Parmi ces facteurs additionnels, la protéine Bcd1p/ZNHIT6, pour Box C/D snoRNA protein 1, est essentielle pour maintenir spécifiquement la stabilité in vivo des snoARN à boîtes C/D, et des associations ont pu être identifiées entre Bcd1p/ZNHIT6 avec différents partenaires protéiques de la machinerie d’assemblage de ces particules. Toutefois, l’étape d’assemblage où Bcd1p/ZNHIT6 intervient et la fonction qu’elle y accomplit demeurent inconnues. L’utilisation d’outils in vivo et in vitro chez la levure S. cerevisiae et chez les mammifères nous ont permis de progresser dans la compréhension de la fonction de Bcd1p/ZNHIT6 dans l’assemblage des snoRNP à boîtes C/D. Bcd1p est un facteur d’assemblage recruté de manière co-transcriptionnelle sur les loci codant les snoARN à boîtes C/D et est requis pour le recrutement des complexes d’assemblage sur les snoARN en cours de transcription. Plus spécifiquement, Bcd1p affecte l’interaction de Nop58p avec le facteur d’assemblage Rsa1p, suggérant une fonction dans le recrutement de Nop58p dans une pré-snoRNP en cours d’assemblage. Ce travail a permis d’apporter des informations importantes permettant d’expliquer le caractère essentiel de Bcd1p dans la fonction et la biogenèse des snoRNP à boîtes C/D / Ribosome biogenesis is especially dependent on the action of small RNA/proteins complexes called small nucleolar ribonucleoproteins (snoRNPs). They are divided into two main families: the so-called box C/D snoRNPs and box H/ACA snoRNPs. Each category performs specific enzymatic processes, 2’-O-methylation and pseudouridylation, respectively, and induces target-specific chemical modification on rRNAs. Few snoRNPs are also essential for pre-rRNA processing. The box C/D snoRNPs are formed by the association of a box C/D snoRNA with a set of four invariant proteins: Snu13p/SNU13, Nop1p/Fibrillarine, Nop56p/NOP56 and Nop58p/NOP58 (yeast/Human). Biogenesis of these RNPs relies on the action of several proteins complexes which constitute a dedicated assembly machinery. Rsa1p/NUFIP, Hit1p/ZNHIT3, and components of the R2TP complex are the best characterized protein actors of this machinery. Additional protein factors probably participate in box C/D snoRNP biogenesis; Bcd1p/ZNHIT6 (Box C/D snoRNA protein 1) is such a candidate as it is essential for the in vivo stability of box C/D snoRNAs, and it was found associated with proteins involved in this machinery in yeast and Human. However, the mechanism governing the recruitment of this protein towards the biogenesis of box C/D snoRNP, and the step of the assembly process relying on the presence of Bcd1p are still unknown. In S. cerevisiae and Human, in vivo and in vitro tools allowed us to improve the understanding of the functions of Bcd1p/ZNHIT6 in box C/D snoRNP assembly. Bcd1p is an assembly factor that is recruited co-transcriptionally on box C/D snoRNA loci, and is required for the recruitment of assembly complexes on nascent snoRNAs. Bcd1p is important for Nop58p association with the assembly factor Rsa1p, which suggests that its primary function is to recruit Nop58p to nascent pre-snoRNPs. This work evidenced important information on the essential role of Bcd1p in C/D snoRNP biogenesis and function
5

Use of high-throughput sequencing for the characterization of extracellular RNA and to study the dynamics of bacterial RNA modification / Utilisation du séquençage à haut débit pour la caractérisation des ARN extracellulaires et l’étude du dynamisme des modifications des ARN bactériens

Galvanin, Adeline 17 September 2019 (has links)
Le séquençage à haut débit est une technique très utile pour l’étude des ARN. Pendant mon doctorat, nous l’avons utilisé pour la caractérisation des ARN extracellulaire (ARNex) du plasma humain. Les ARNex du plasma sont retrouvés soit à l’état soluble sous forme de complexes ribonucléoprotéiques (RNP) ou encapsulés au sein de vésicules extracellulaires (VE) de diverses origines (exosomes, microvesicles, …). Dans ce projet, j’ai démontré que le plasma contenait principalement des micro ARN, le fragment hY4 et des ARN ribosomiques dégradés. Par ailleurs, après chromatographie à exclusion de tailles ou par traitement consécutif protéinase K/RNase A, des VE hautement purifiées peuvent être obtenus. Nous ne retrouvons plus en majorité les micro ARN et l’ARN hY4 dans ces échantillons mais plutôt des ARN du microbiote humain, montrant une composition différente entre les ARNex solubles et ceux des vésicules purifiées. Par ailleurs, j’ai également effectué une étude comparative de kits commerciaux qui sont supposés purifier les exosomes par précipitation. La composition en ARN de ces fractions est très similaire au plasma humain total, montrant une forte contamination par les RNP solubles. Ainsi, nous sommes en mesure de proposer un protocole pour l’étude des ARNex dans le cadre de biopsies liquides avec des échantillons cliniques afin de découvrir de potentiels biomarqueurs de diagnostic. Au-delà de la caractérisation d’ARN, le séquençage à haut-débit peut être utilisé pour la détection et quantification des modifications post-transcriptionnelles. Pendant ma thèse, j’ai utilisé le séquençage pour l’analyse des 2’O-méthylation des ARN de transfert chez E. coli par RiboMethSeq. Sous plusieurs conditions de stress (manque de nutriments ou des concentrations non létales d’antibiotiques), certaines 2’O-méthylations montrent une réponse adaptative. Alors que plus de la moitié des 2’O-méthylations en position 18 (Gm18) sont augmentées dans toutes les conditions de stress étudiées, les positions Nm34 montrent un effet opposé avec une diminution dans certains stress (chloramphénicol et streptomycine). Chacun de ces deux comportements peut être relié à un phénomène de régulation cellulaire en réponse au stress : un changement au niveau de la wobble base pourrait être un moyen de réguler la traduction en modifiant l’usage des codons. En ce qui concerne Gm18, son rôle dans l’évasion du système immunitaire inné lors de l’invasion d’un hôte est en cours d’élucidation. / For less than a decade, high-throughput sequencing became a very powerful, sensitive and precise technique for the study of ribonucleic acids. During my PhD thesis, I used this technology for in-depth characterization of the extracellular RNA (exRNA) content of human plasma. exRNA in plasma exists either in a “soluble state” as a component of ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes or encapsulated into extracellular vesicles (EV) of diverse origins (exosomes, microvesicles, …). In this project, I demonstrated that whole human plasma contains mostly micro RNA and the fragment of RNA hY4, as well as degraded ribosomal RNA. Moreover, using a rigorous strategy via size exclusion chromatography or consecutive proteinase K/RNase A treatments, highly purified EVs can be obtained. miRNAs and RNA hY4 fragments were not present in majority of samples, demonstrating a huge difference between soluble exRNA and exRNA from purified EVs. The RNA content of these EVs mainly reflects RNA composition of human microbiota. In addition, I also performed a comparative analysis of commercially available “exosome-enrichment” kits which are supposed to purify human exosomes by precipitation. Their RNA composition was found to be almost identical to human plasma, showing strong uncontrolled contamination by soluble RNPs. Based on this study, we were able to propose a protocol for studies in exRNA in the field of liquid biopsies with clinical sample in order to discover new diagnostic biomarkers. Apart from the characterization of RNA, high-throughput sequencing can be used for detection and quantification of RNA post-transcriptional modifications. During my PhD thesis I applied deep sequencing for analysis of transfer RNA (tRNA) 2’-O-methylations in model bacteria (E. coli) using RiboMethSeq. Under several stress conditions, such as starvation and non-lethal antibiotics concentrations, some 2’-O-methylated nucleotides show an adaptive response. While over than half of Gm18 show a global increase under all investigated stress conditions, ribomethylated residues at position 34 show an opposite effect for some antibiotic treatments (chloramphenicol and streptomycin). Each of these dynamic profiles can be linked to cell regulation in response to stress. Change at the tRNA wobble base (position 34) could be a way to regulate translation by modifying the codon usage. Concerning Gm18, its role in the escape from the human innate immune system during host invasion is currently elucidated.
6

Vliv modifikací rRNA na iniciaci translace u eukaryot / Influence of rRNA modifications on translation initiation in eukaryots

Kročová, Eliška January 2013 (has links)
Modifications of ribosomal RNA are present in every livivng organism. The function of rRNA modifications could be studied only when the process of modifications was described. Currently, scientists study not only individual modifications but also the importance of global level of modifications for maturation and function of ribosome. This thesis deals with the influence of 2'-O-methylation of citidine 1639 and adenosine 100 in 18S rRNA and uridine 2729 in 25S rRNA on initiation in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae with special attention of translation controlled by internal ribosome entry site (IRES). Strains with deletion in genes snR51, snR70 and duoble deletion in both genes were successfully created during my master study. Pilot experiments showed the importance of products of both genes in translation initiation.

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