This is a study of self and authority in the popular spiritual field. Since Heelas's The New Age Movement (1996), the notion of a common Self-spirituality in which seekers trust the authority of the Self has been familiar within academe. Yet, contrary to the direction of Heelas's earlier work on indigenous psychologies and self-religions, the different ways participants conceive terms like seeker and self has largely escaped analysis. This omission allows scholars to homogenise diverse activities and portray broad cultural trends. But, it also black boxes the self, side-lines how authority actually works, and obscures conflicts between participants. I address such gaps by examining four international enlightenment cultures, each with a guru (Andrew Cohen; Gangaji; Tony Parsons; and Steven Saunders of Holigral ). Research materials include field experiences, recorded events, and participants printed and online publications. Combining multi-site ethnography with sociological conversation and discourse analysis, and drawing upon science and technology studies throughout, my argument addresses three themes: seekers; gurus; and truths. Developing Heelas's earlier work, I show seekers are not pre-constituted but configured in interactional practices which draw upon various cultural idealisations of the self. An enlightened self is likewise configured differently in each culture. I show such mundane local practices constitute gurus as experiential experts through associating their personas with participants configured experiences of self. Different configurations of self are consequential, implying differing modes of engagement with wider society and figuring in credibility contests between different cultures. I provide a way of understanding enlightenment cultures which avoids homogenising them, considers their respective potentials to promote social change, and accounts for antagonisms between them. As tangential themes, through a literary Seeker Self voice, I address issues of distance and engagement in studying spirituality and the often transparent penetration of academic discourse by the discourse of spirituality, or its spiritual repertoire.

This thesis examines the dissemination of visions of the otherworld in the long thirteenth century (c.1150-1321) by analysing the work of one enthusiast for such visions, Helinand of Froidmont, and studying the later transmission of three, contrasting accounts: the vision of the monk of Eynsham (c.1196), the vision of St. Fursa (c.656) and the vision of Gunthelm (s.xiiex). It relies on a close reading and comparison of different versions of these visions as they appear in exempla collections, religious miscellanies, history chronicles and sermons. In considering the process of redaction, it corrects two imbalances in the recent scholarship: a focus on searching for, then discussing ‘authorial’ versions of the narratives and a tendency among students of literature to treat visions of the otherworld as an independent sub-genre, prefiguring Dante’s later masterpiece. Instead, by looking at the different responses of a number of authors and compilers to visions of the otherworld, this thesis shows how they interacted with other elements of religious culture. On one hand it reveals how all medieval editors altered the narratives that they inherited to fit the needs and rules of genre. These rules had an important influence on how visions were spread and received by different audiences. On the other, it explains how individual authors demonstrated personal or communal theological and political motivation for altering visions. In doing so, it notes a divergence in the way that older monastic communities and travelling preachers responded to the stories. By explaining these variations, this study uncovers a range of complex reactions to trends in thirteenth-century eschatology (particularly the development of the doctrine of Purgatory) and how they interacted with wider religious concerns such as pastoral care. Finally, it shows how an examination of the pattern of a vision’s dissemination can lead to a re-consideration of the earlier texts themselves and the religious milieu from which they emerged.

Quelles sont les caractéristiques d’une théologie issue de la mystique ? Telle est la question à laquelle nous tenterons de répondre à partir d’un cas particulier, celui des Showings de Julian de Norwich (XIVe-XVe s.). La version longue de cet opus nous permet d’observer un phénomène d’amplification et d’élaboration qui touche les domaines de l’anthropologie, de la christologie et de la théologie trinitaire. Puisant dans l’expérience vive, le propos théologique de Julian est traversé des affects liés à ce vécu. Julian parle de Dieu en ne cessant de parler à Dieu et en établissant avec ses « semblables dans le Christ » une communauté émotionnelle et noétique. Mais une expérience mystique ne donne pas forcément lieu à une théologie mystique au sens où l’entendent le Pseudo-Denys et Jean Gerson. C’est plutôt à une théologie prophétique et visionnaire que nous avons à faire, qui assume pleinement son caractère partiel, situé. Nous nous trouvons ici à un tournant de l’histoire de la théologie et de la spiritualité qui voit l’émergence de deux domaines séparés, celui de la théologie scolastique ou universitaire et celui de la spiritualité, là où la patristique témoignait d’une profonde unité. Les différentes méthodologies mises en œuvre dans cette recherche sont au service d’une étude qui se situe tout à la fois dans le champ de la théologie et de l’histoire de la spiritualité. / What are the main characteristics of a theology stemming from a mystic experience ? This thesis attempts to answer this question by examining an individual case, that of The Showings of Julian of Norwich (C14th- C15th). The Long Text of this opus enables us to observe a development in the fields of anthropology, Christology and Trinitarian theology. Firmly rooted in her experience of life, Julian’s theological discourse is interwoven with the emotions drawn from that experience. Julian speaks about God in speaking to God and in establishing with her « fellow Christians » an emotional and noetic community. But a mystical experience does not automatically give birth to a mystical theology as understood by Pseudo-Dionysius and Jean Gerson. We are rather in the presence of a prophetical and visionary theology that is fully conscious of its partial, limited, and contextualised nature. We find ourselves at a turning-point in the history of theology and spirituality, which sees the emergence of two separate fields that of scholastic theology and that of spirituality, where previously patristic theology bore witness to a profound unity. The different methodologies used in this research are in the service of a study within two distinct fields : those of theology and the history of spirituality.