At least from the time of Augustine, Christians have been reflecting on the question of moral conflicts. Since the mid-1960s this issue has become the center of attention for several scholars, including Norman L. Geisler, who developed ethical hierarchicalism in an attempt to resolve these conflicts. The question therefore arises: Is ethical hierarchicalism comprehensive, consistent, and biblically sound, and the only viable approach for Christians, as Geisler claims? Because Geisler is the most articulate and influential proponent of this strategy, his ethical method was selected for this research. To provide some framework, a brief survey was made of various methods relating to ethical dilemmas. In addition to observing the contrasting ways in which eminent early Christians, Reformation leaders, post-Reformation thinkers, and twentieth-century scholars have dealt with moral conflicts, this overview examined utilitarianism, situationism, non-conflicting absolutism, conflicting absolutism, hierarchicalism and the principle of double effect. Additional background traced Geisler's philosophical, theological, and ethical development over the years. Then, after outlining what Geisler considers the fundamental presuppositions of theistic morality and Christian ethics, hierarchicalism was delineated. Next, Geisler's moral methodology was critiqued, firstly against his own basic presuppositions, then by comparing contradictory concepts within hierarchicalism, and finally by contrasting his theories with those of other Christian thinkers, and with the biblical passages that Geisler uses. Following this, positive aspects of hierarchicalism were enumerated, a synopsis and recommendations made, and a final conclusion drafted. This study indicates that ethical hierarchicalism contradicts most of the essential characteristics of theistic morality and Christian ethics as specified by Geisler himself. careful research suggests that, while this theory holds to divinely-derived objective moral norms, it also embraces relativistic, utilitarian, situational, antinomian, and teleological components. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that hierarchicalism is based on falsely assumed responsibilities, inaccurately specified absolutes, naturalistic definitions, a descriptive approach to Scripture, a bifurcation in God's law, and subtle semantic strategies. Though hierarchicalism does grapple with difficult issues, emphasize personhood and individual responsibility, and offer relief from false guilt, this method of moral reasoning appears unacceptable for Christians since it is incoherent, inconsistent, self-contradictory, and unscriptural. / Theological Ethics / D.Th, (Theological Ethics)

This thesis considers one theatre of the Second Punic War for a limited number of years. The period of the Spanish theatre extends from the beginning of Hannibal's career in 221 B.C. until the deaths of Gnaeus and Publius Scipio in 211 B.C. The following chronology is adopted: 237 - Hamilcar begins the reconquest of Spain. 231 - A Roman embassy visits Hamilcar; an agreement is reached between Saguntum and Rome. 229 - Hamilcar dies; Hasdrubal acclaimed commander. 226 - The Ebro treaty. 222/221- Hasdrubal murdered; Hannibal new leader in Spain. 220 - Roman political intervention at Saguntum. 219 - Hannibal attacks and captures Saguntum. 218 - War declared between Rome and Carthage. 218 - Hannibal marches overland from New Carthage to northern Italy. Publius to Spain to meet Hannibal; turns back at Rhone River; sends Gnaeus and troops to Spain. 217 - Romans victorious at sea off mouth of Ebro. Publius’ command in Spain extended; Romans obtain hostages from Saguntum. 216 - Hasdrubal occupied in south; minor Roman advances south of Ebro. 215 - Siege of Ibera. 214 - Romans recover Saguntum. 213-211- Gradual Roman advance into Carthaginian territory. 211 - Death of Scipios; retreat of Romans to Ebro River. / Arts, Faculty of / Classical, Near Eastern and Religious Studies, Department of / Graduate

Os pára-raios radioativos foram fabricados no Brasil até 1989, quando a Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear (CNEN) suspendeu a concessão de uso de material radioativo nesses artefatos. Desde então, o pára-raios radioativo tem sido substituído por outro, do tipo Franklin, e recolhido como rejeito radioativo. Entretanto, apenas 23 % do total fabricado no país foram entregues à CNEN. Esta situação é preocupante, pois a chance, desses artefatos serem descartados como resíduo comum e chegarem a lixões, é grande, uma vez que, segundo dados do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), em 2000, 63,6 % dos municípios brasileiros dispunham o resíduo nesses locais. Além disso, o amerício, o radionuclídeo mais empregado, é classificado como sendo um elemento de alta toxicidade, quando ingerido ou inalado. No presente trabalho, foram realizados experimentos de migração de Am-241 em lisímetros, com o objetivo de se avaliar o risco de contaminação provocada por pára-raios radioativos descartados como resíduo comum. Fontes radioativas removidas de pára-raios foram inseridas em lisímetros preenchidos com resíduo orgânico, coletado no restaurante do Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN-CNEN/SP, e chorume gerado foi periodicamente analisado para determinar suas características como pH, potencial redox, teor de sólidos e a concentração do material radioativo. O crescimento microbiano também foi avaliado, pelo método de contagem direta do número de unidades formadoras de colônia. A estimativa de risco foi baseada no cálculo de dose para membros do público, sendo a ingestão de água a via mais provável de exposição. O valor obtido foi cerca de 1000 vezes inferior ao limite de dose anual estabelecido, pela Comissão Internacional de Proteção Radiológica (ICRP), demonstrando que o risco de contaminação provocado pelo descarte de pára-raios em lixões é baixo. / Radioactive lightning rods were manufactured in Brazil until 1989, when the licenses for using radioactive sources in these products were lifted by the national nuclear authority. Since then, radioactive devices have been replaced by Franklin type one and collected as radioactive waste. However, only 23 percent of the estimated total number of installed rods was delivered to Brazilian Nuclear Commission (Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear – CNEN). This situation is of concern to us as there is a possibility of the rods being discarded as domestic waste, considering that in Brazil, 63.6 percent of the municipal solid waste is disposed at uncontrolled garbage dump, according to Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) in 2000. In addition, americium, the most common employed radionuclide, is classified as a high toxicity element, when ingested or inhaled. In the present study, it was performed migration experiments of Am-241 by lysimeter system in order to evaluate the risk of contamination caused by radioactive lightning rods disposed as a common solid waste. Sources removed from lightning rods were placed inside lysimeters filled with organic waste, collected at the restaurant of Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN-CNEN/SP, and the generated leachate was periodically analyzed to determine its characteristics such as pH, redox potential, solid content and concentration of the radioactive material. Microbial growth was also evaluated by counting the number of colony forming units. The equivalent dose to members of the public has been calculated considering the ingestion of drinking water, the most probable mode of exposure. The final result was about 145 times below the effective dose limit of 1 mSv.year-1 for members of the public, established by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), demonstrating that the risk caused by lightning rods disposed at uncontrolled garbage dump is low.

Os pára-raios radioativos foram fabricados no Brasil até 1989, quando a Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear (CNEN) suspendeu a concessão de uso de material radioativo nesses artefatos. Desde então, o pára-raios radioativo tem sido substituído por outro, do tipo Franklin, e recolhido como rejeito radioativo. Entretanto, apenas 23 % do total fabricado no país foram entregues à CNEN. Esta situação é preocupante, pois a chance, desses artefatos serem descartados como resíduo comum e chegarem a lixões, é grande, uma vez que, segundo dados do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), em 2000, 63,6 % dos municípios brasileiros dispunham o resíduo nesses locais. Além disso, o amerício, o radionuclídeo mais empregado, é classificado como sendo um elemento de alta toxicidade, quando ingerido ou inalado. No presente trabalho, foram realizados experimentos de migração de Am-241 em lisímetros, com o objetivo de se avaliar o risco de contaminação provocada por pára-raios radioativos descartados como resíduo comum. Fontes radioativas removidas de pára-raios foram inseridas em lisímetros preenchidos com resíduo orgânico, coletado no restaurante do Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN-CNEN/SP, e chorume gerado foi periodicamente analisado para determinar suas características como pH, potencial redox, teor de sólidos e a concentração do material radioativo. O crescimento microbiano também foi avaliado, pelo método de contagem direta do número de unidades formadoras de colônia. A estimativa de risco foi baseada no cálculo de dose para membros do público, sendo a ingestão de água a via mais provável de exposição. O valor obtido foi cerca de 1000 vezes inferior ao limite de dose anual estabelecido, pela Comissão Internacional de Proteção Radiológica (ICRP), demonstrando que o risco de contaminação provocado pelo descarte de pára-raios em lixões é baixo. / Radioactive lightning rods were manufactured in Brazil until 1989, when the licenses for using radioactive sources in these products were lifted by the national nuclear authority. Since then, radioactive devices have been replaced by Franklin type one and collected as radioactive waste. However, only 23 percent of the estimated total number of installed rods was delivered to Brazilian Nuclear Commission (Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear – CNEN). This situation is of concern to us as there is a possibility of the rods being discarded as domestic waste, considering that in Brazil, 63.6 percent of the municipal solid waste is disposed at uncontrolled garbage dump, according to Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) in 2000. In addition, americium, the most common employed radionuclide, is classified as a high toxicity element, when ingested or inhaled. In the present study, it was performed migration experiments of Am-241 by lysimeter system in order to evaluate the risk of contamination caused by radioactive lightning rods disposed as a common solid waste. Sources removed from lightning rods were placed inside lysimeters filled with organic waste, collected at the restaurant of Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN-CNEN/SP, and the generated leachate was periodically analyzed to determine its characteristics such as pH, redox potential, solid content and concentration of the radioactive material. Microbial growth was also evaluated by counting the number of colony forming units. The equivalent dose to members of the public has been calculated considering the ingestion of drinking water, the most probable mode of exposure. The final result was about 145 times below the effective dose limit of 1 mSv.year-1 for members of the public, established by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), demonstrating that the risk caused by lightning rods disposed at uncontrolled garbage dump is low.

Repo improvizacija – sudėtingas, subtilus ir didelių gebėjimų reikalaujantis žanras. Pasaulyje egzistuojantis jau nuo senų laikų kaip pasakojamoji dainuojamoji improvizacijos forma, frystailas dabartinę savo formą įgavo hip-hop‘o kultūros pagalba ir egzistuoja jos kontekste. Pirmaisiais repo improvizacijos atlikėjais laikomi senovės vakarų Afrikos grijai, savotiški europietiškųjų bardų atitikmenys, tačiau įvairių šio žanro variacijų pastebima arabų, lotynų amerikiečių bei japonų tradicijose. Šiandien repo improvizacija yra tapusi beveik išskirtinai urbanistinio jaunimo užsiėmimu bei saviraiškos forma. Lietuvoje ji pasirodė praėjusiojo amžiaus paskutiniojo dešimtmečio antroje pusėje, kartu su pirmaisiais lietuviško repo įrašais. Po šiai dienai frystailo galimybės mūsų šalyje išlieka neišnaudojamos, matant šį žanrą tik kaip būdą išsikeikti ir nepastebint jo milžiniško potencialo. Moksliniuose darbuose repo improvizacija analizuojama įvairiais aspektais – jos sąsajomis su sakomąja poezija (Pihel E., 1996) ar konkrečių šalių frystailo stilistika ir estetika (Palonen T., 2008), tačiau išsamių tyrimų, susijusių su jos mokymosi specifika iki šiol atlikta nėra. Veiksmingos repo improvizacijos mokymosi metodikos, galinčios suteikti galimybes kiekvienam norinčiajam lavinti savo gebėjimus, atradimas galėtų tapti šio žanro progresavimo katalizatoriumi. Tad tokia paieška šiandieniniame kontekste yra aktuali problema. Išsiaiškinti pagrindinius repo improvizacijos mokymosi metodikos... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Rap improvisation, also known as freestyle, is a complicated, subtle and high-skill demanding genre. While it exists in the world from ancient times as a storytelling/singing form of improvisation, freestyle gained its current form with the help of hip-hop culture and exists briefly in the context of it. The origin of freestyle goes to griots of ancient Western Africa, but various forms of this genre are encountered in arabic, latin american and japanese traditions as well. Today rap improvisation has become an activity and a form of self-expression almost exclusively for urban youth. It first appeared in Lithuania in the late 90‘s, together with the first recordings of lithuanian rap music. Up till nowadays the possibilities of freestyle remain unexploited in our country, seeing this genre just as a way to simultaneuosly repeat cursewords and without noticing its huge potential. Rap improvisation has been analysed in various aspects on scientific level – its connections with oral poetry (Pihel E., 1996) or freestyle aesthetics and stylistics of particular countries (Palonen T., 2008), but thorough research related to the specifics of its learning is yet to be found. The discovery of effective rap improvisation learning methods, allowing the ability for anybody to develop their skills could catalyse the progress of this genre. So this type of search nowadays is a relevant problem. To find out main elements of the methods of learning rap improvisation was the main goal of... [to full text]

Inaug.-dis.--Gottingen. / Includes bibliographical references.

This research is about practising friendship as a Christian in contemporary contexts. The thesis uses methods of practical theology, explained in the first chapter, to explore three practices that are important to many young adult Christians: Facebook, friendship and faith. In Chapter 2 we attend to descriptions of Facebook and friendship practices of young adult Christians based on qualitative research conducted through fieldwork. Models are developed to organize assumptions and values of the participants and provide a framework for analysis. In Chapter 3 the practices are placed in the context of wider social/cultural dimensions in order to recognize ways the young people involved in the fieldwork are following culture and where they are being counter-cultural. In Chapter 4 we view what are interpreted as value-laden practices alongside various theologies of friendship. In the fifth chapter the social/cultural aspects of friendship practices encounter and engage with the theological perspectives. The analysis is based on an understanding of the relationship between faith practices and the ‘wider culture' that has been established by the preceding chapters. The final stage of an initial iteration of the practical theology cycle is implementation of reformed practices, illustrated by examples and conclusions in Chapter 6. This application of the practical theology cycle raises consciousness of the need for connection of personal practices and becomes a catalyst for a continuous cycle of examining and reflecting on experiences, contexts, and faith perspectives. The theological voice of young adult Christians is heard and valued in realizing friendship as a means of fulfilling a call in Christ.

Pyrazoles have been focus of a large number of investigations in the design and synthesis of novel biologically active agents that show remarkable medicinal activities. Although pyrazoles have been studied for over a century as an important class of heterocyclic compounds, they still continue to attract considerable attention due to the wide range of medicinal activities they possess. Recent studies have shown that combination of a ferrocenyl unit with structural features of pyrazoles can lead to products with enhanced or/and unexpected biological activity since several ferrocene derivatives have already been shown to be active against a number of tumors. As a result, we have investigated the reaction of 3-ferrocenylpropynal with hydrazinium salts. As anticipated, these reactions afforded two kinds of pyrazoles, namely 1-alkyl/aryl-5-ferrocenylpyrazoles (1,5-isomer) and 1-alkyl/aryl-3- ferrocenylpyrazoles (1,3-isomer). In most cases, 1,5-pyrazole isomers have resulted from these reactions as the single or the major product of the reactions. The structures of 1-benzyl-5-ferrocenylpyrazole, 1-phenyl-5-ferrocenyl-pyrazole and 1- (2-hydroxy-ethyl)-3-ferrocenylpyrazole were identified by X-ray single crystal analysis. The analogous reactions between 3-phenylpropynal and hydrazinium salts were also studied, which afforded 1-alkyl/aryl-5-phenylpyrazoles (1,5-isomer) and/or v 1-alkyl/aryl-3-phenylpyrazoles (1,3-isomer). The regioselectivity of the reactions is mainly governed by the nature of the substituents in hydrazine derivative.

In the first part of this thesis, it is aimed to develope methods for the synthesis of trisubstituted pyrrrole derivatives. 2-Aminopyrrroles, alkoxy and sulfonyl substittitued pyrrole derivatives as well as pirolinones show interesting biological activities and are precursor of well know drugs. Although there is a number of methods for the synthesis of pyrroles, the synthesis of 2-aminopyrroles is limited to few works and is not widely known. Therefore, it is still an important goal in organic chemistry to improve methods for the synthesis of multifunctionalized pyrrole derivatives and pyrrolinones. Alkylation of &amp / #946 / -dicarbonyl compounds with bromoacetonitrile furnishes &amp / #945 / - cyanomethyl-&amp / #946 / -dicarbonyl compounds. The condensation reaction of &amp / #945 / - v cyanomethyl-&amp / #946 / -dicarbonyl compounds with amines catalyzed by p-TsOH affords the corresponding enamines and further base catalyzed cyclization furnishes 2- aminopyrroles in high yields, moreover, zinc perchlorate-catalyzed addition of amines, alcohols and thiols to the nitrile carbon of &amp / #945 / -cyanomethyl-&amp / #946 / -ketoesters followed by annulation gives the 5-alkoxy and 5-alkylsulfanylpyrrole-3-carboxylates in high yields. In the second part of the thesis, reactions of a broad range of acyl phosphonates with &amp / #945 / -bromo acetophenones at room temperature in the presence of different bases were described to afford two diastereomeric epoxy phosphonates in good yields and high diastereoselectivities. The diastereoselectivity of this reaction is easily controlled by changing the base. Accordingly, changing the base from Cs2CO3 to DBU changes the diatereomeric ratio (trans/cis) from 5/3 to 9/1. Furthermore, the treatment of trans isomer with DBU shows a complete conversion to the corresponding cis isomer. Additionally, these highly functionalized epoxyphosphonates are shown to be useful intermediates to give several reactions

ABSTRACT SYNTHESIS OF FUROPYRROLONE AND FUROPYRIDAZINONE DERIVATIVES: A NEW CLASS OF COMPOUNDS Karahan, Emrah M.Sc., Department of Chemistry Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Metin Balci February 2011, 102 pages Furopyrrolone has a bicyclic structure consisting of furan and a pyrrolone ring. It is isoelectronic with isoindolinone which is also a heterocyclic organic compound. It has a bicyclic structure, consisting of a benzene ring fused to a five-membered nitrogen containing pyrrolone ring. Pyrrolones, pyrrolidines, pyrrolidinones, pyridazines and pyridazinones are precursors to many pharmaceuticals. In this project we developed new synthetic procedures leading to the synthesis of furopyrrolone derivatives. To do this, the starting compound, methyl 2-(2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl)-3-furoate, was converted to isocyanate, regioselectively. This isocyanate was converted into the corresponding urethane and/or urea derivatives by treatment with alcohol and amine, respectively. It is known that acyl chlorides are more reactive than esters and carboxylic acids. Therefore, ester was converted to more reactive compound acyl azide that was used for intramolecular cyclization to get desired furopyrrolone skeletons. In the second part, methyl 2-formylfuran-3-carboxylate was treated with hydrazine and hydrazine salts. Then, intramolecular molecular cyclization caused the formation of desired heterocycles via acyl chloride intermediate.