Richard A. Silverman. / "May 25, 1955"--Cover. "Reprinted from the IRE transactions of the professional group on information theory, volume IT-1, number 3, December, 1955"--Cover. / Includes bibliographical references. / Army Signal Corps Contract DA36-039 sc-42607 Project 102B Dept. of the Army Project 3-99-10-022

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This thesis examines contemporary Sunni and Ahmadiyya views of Jesus in Ghana in the light of four pre-modern Islamic sources, namely, the Qur’an, the prophetic tradition (hadith), the exegetical tradition (tafsir) and the pre-modern Muslim anti-Christian polemical tradition. Overall, seventeen treatises comprising eleven Sunni and six Ahmadiyya works are examined in this thesis. Chapter 1 is about the background to the thesis. Chapter 2 explores the person of Jesus from the perspective of four pre-modern sources in Islam. Chapter 3 examines the divinity of Jesus, the Trinity, the Incarnation, the divine sonship of Jesus etc from the standpoint of the contemporary Sunni and Ahmadiyya works. Chapter 4 investigates the death of Jesus from the perspective of the contemporary Sunni and Ahmadiyya works. Chapter 5 summarises the previous four chapters. The first finding of this thesis is that there is substantial theological agreement between the contemporary and pre-modern sources in terms of their representation of Jesus. However, the one fundamental disagreement is that the Ahmadiyya polemicists reject the substitution hypothesis espoused by all the pre-modern sources which posits that Jesus survived death by crucifixion through a miraculous intervention by God resulting in the death of an unnamed substitute. Using Qur’anic, biblical and extra-biblical evidence, the Ahmadiyya polemicists argue that Jesus was crucified, that he swooned on the Cross and was taken down and buried. This theory continues that Jesus came out of the tomb on the third day and travelled to the regions around India where he died many decades later. The second finding is that there are stylistic and methodological differences between the pre-modern sources examined in Chapter 2 and the contemporary sources examined in Chapter 3 and Chapter 4. Chapter 2 shows a philosophically rigorous, theologically sophisticated and rationally robust critique of traditional Christology. By contrast, Chapter 3 and Chapter 4 are largely an aggregation of theological arguments against traditional views of both the divinity of Jesus and his death by crucifixion. Finally, this thesis concludes that the contexts of the pre-modern and contemporary sources, the lack of appreciation of the nuances of traditional Christology by the contemporary polemicists and the needs of the Ghanaian readers may partly account for the differences in the pre-modern and contemporary sources that are examined in thesis.

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Eine Festschrift, die mit ihren Beiträgen einen solch homogenen thema tischen Bogen spannen kann, ist selten. Die mit den 24 Aufsätzen dieses gewichtigen Buches geehrte Jacqueline Sublet hat seit vielen Jahren das vielfältige Potential der Onomastik als historische Quelle propagiert und in den Mittelpunkt ihrer Arbeit gestellt. Und mit wenigen Ausnahmen geht es auch in diesem Band darum, den Namen von Personen, Tieren, Orten oder Büchern ihre Geheimnisse zu entlocken. Für Abwechslung ist bei Untersuchungen von Ostafrika bis nach Zentralasien, von der Frühzeit des Islam bis in das 20. Jahrhundert dennoch bestens gesorgt.

Following the Islamic conquests of the Middle East, Christians living in Iraq and the surrounding region found themselves under a new socio-political system which was organised around the religious principles of Islam. Living in an environment which was dominated by Islamic social and political norms also provided them an opportunity to express and define their theology in a new style and language. Kitāb al-Majdal is the fruit of this fascinating period. It is composed by a member of the Church of the East called ‘Amr ibn Mattā around the end of the tenth century. It is subdivided into seven chapters dealing with different aspects of Christian theology, morality and history. The fourth division of the Kitāb al-Majdal is devoted to explain certain Christian practices and virtues in order to provide spiritual and moral guidance for the readers. This study investigates how Christian morality is developed and presented in al-Maṣābīh chapter and the ways in which the surrounding Islamic culture influenced the text in terms of its language, style and structure. The key conclusion reached at the end is that Christian morality is defined in a very creative way in al-Maṣābīh chapter using both traditional Christian and Islamic sources.

Egypt’s 2011 revolution led to debates about Salafis’ entry into politics for the first time. The socio-political vision and character of Salafi groups were relatively understudied. As such, the primary question of this thesis is what is the Salafis’ vision for social and political change in post-revolution Egypt? The vision is traced through Salafis’ discourse concerning change. The texts analyzed were collected from Al-Da’awa Al-Salafyya (DS), and its political arm the Al-Nor party: the latter is the only surviving Islamist party, following the toppling of the Muslim Brotherhood regime in 2013. The texts were gathered through field research, and analyzed using Critical Discourse Analysis. This analysis enabled what is the first mapping of DS’ vision for change. Based on this, the thesis argues that following its entry into politics, DS reproduced its long-held discourse of social and political change. It achieved this by introducing changes to the form of its discourse, while preserving its core content. The thesis demonstrates that “continuity and consistency” of DS’ key discourse for change (Manhaj), was central to its framing processes towards mobilizing political participation. More broadly, the thesis concludes that the wider movement and the specific political party are both intellectually and structurally connected.

In this thesis study, a fast implicit iteration scheme called Alternating Cell Directions Imp licit method is combined with Approximate Factorization scheme. This application aims to offer a mathematically well defined version of the Alternating Cell Directions Implicit Method and increase the accuracy of the iteration scheme that is being used for the numerical solutions of the partial differential equations. The iteration scheme presented here is tested using unsteady diffusion equation, Laplace equation and advection-diffusion equation. The accuracy, convergence character and the stability character of the scheme compared with suitable iteration schemes for structured and unstructured quadrilateral grids. Besides, it is shown that the proposed scheme is applicable to triangular and hybrid polygonal grids. A transonic full potential solver is generated using the current scheme. The flow around a 2-D cylinder is solved for subcritical and supercritical cases. Axi-symmetric flow around cylinder is selected as a benchmark problem since the potential flow around bodies with a blunt leading edge is a more challenging problem than slender bodies. Besides, it is shown that, the method is naturally appropriate for parallelization using shared memory approach without using domain decomposition applications. The parallelization that is performed here is partially line, partially point parallelization. T he performance of the application is presented for a 3-D unsteady diffusion problem using Cartesian cells and 2-D unsteady diffusion problem using both structured and unstructured quadrilateral cells.

Hadīth scholarship and its erudition among the Jāwah or the Muslims from the Malay Archipelago (the term applied to them in the Hejaz) in the periods prior to the twentieth century is almost a neglected area of study on Islam and its development in the Southeast Asian region. While this may be surprising considering the sublime status and influence of hadīth on the religious outlook of the Jāwah, perhaps the dearth of surviving materials on hadīth and its study during these periods might have also aggravated this apparent gap in their religious and intellectual history in the pre-modern era. However, this study proposes that despite the feasibility of an early presence of hadīth studies and its scholarship among the Jāwah, it was actually in the nineteenth century that significant development in its scholarship and discourse took place through Lubāb al-Hadīth. This is a collection of four hundred traditions attributed to al-Suyūtī (d. 911/1505), which has managed to attract serious scholarly interests from two important Jāwah scholars in Mecca namely, Nawawī of Banten (d. 1314/1897) and Wan ‘Alī of Kelantan (d. 1331/1913), who undertook their adaptations and commentaries of the text. Even though both scholars shared similar cultural and scholarly milieu of Arabia, their approaches, methods, and choices of languages in commenting on the text are markedly divergent. The fact that both works are still being distributed and read until the present day indicates their significance and relevance as an influential legacy of Jāwah h}adīth scholarship and its discourse in the nineteenth century. Thus, this study examines the important issue of hadīth scholarship in the nineteenth century through the case of Lubāb al-Hadīth and a comparative study of its two commentaries as mentioned above. Although the primary focus of discussion is on their methods on hadīth and selected religious views as presented in their commentaries, the anonymities surrounding the origin, authorship and significance of the base work is also analyzed. In turn, this has lead to a more detailed account on the place and influence of these works on the general development and characteristics of Jāwah hadīth scholarship and its discourse in the nineteenth century which also had their impacts in later years.

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