La production de dessins animés 2D, qui suit actuellement un schéma mis en place dans les années 1920, fait intervenir un très nombre de compétences humaines et de métiers différents. Par opposition à ce mode de travail traditionnel, la production de films de synthèse 3D, en exploitant les technologies et outils les plus récents de modélisation et d'animation 3D, s'affranchit pour une bonne part de cette composante artisanale et vient concurrencer l'industrie du dessin animé tradtionnel en termes de délais et de coûts de fabrication.<br /><br />Les défis à relever par l'industrie du dessin animé 2D se formulent donc en termes de:<br /><br /> 1. Réutilisation des contenus selon le paradigme Create once, render many,<br /> 2. Facilité d'échange et de transmission des contenus, ce qui nécessite de disposer d'un unique format de représentation,<br /> 3. Production efficace et économique des contenus, requérant une animation automatisée par ordinateur. <br /><br />Dans ce contexte compétitif, ce travail de thèse, réalisé dans le cadre du projet industriel TOON financé par la société Quadraxis avec le support de l' Agence Nationale de Valorisation de la Recherche (Oséo-ANVAR), a pour objectif de contribuer au développement d'une plate-forme de reconstruction, déformation et animation de modèles 3D pour les dessins animés 2D.<br /><br />Un état de l'art des méthodes et outils contribuant à la reconstruction de modèles 3D et à leur animation est présenté et discuté au regard des contraintes spécifiques des règles de création des dessins animés 2D et de la chaîne de fabrication traditionnelle. Ayant identifié les verrous technologiques à lever, nos contributions ont porté sur :<br /><br /> * l'élaboration d'une méthode de reconstruction de personnages virtuels 3D à partir de dessins 2D,<br /> * la mise au point d'une procédure de reconstruction surfacique par NURBS dotée d'une capacité de déformation interactive 2D/3D,<br /> * la conception d'un module de modélisation 3D pour surfaces maillées, compatible avec le standard d'animation MPEG-4/AFX. <br /><br />Les développements réalisés, intégrés dans un prototype de la plate-forme TOON, montrent un gain en temps de 20% sur l'ensemble de la chaîne de production tout en garantissant une complète interopérabilité des applications via le standard MPEG-4.

Advancements in computation and development of physically based hydrologic models to simulate complex vadose zone scenarios helped the research community to evaluate different scenarios easily compared to long-term field experiments. However, some field data collection is necessary to obtain input data such as soil properties, water usage and land management practices to validate the model performance specific to the site. Data obtained from field experiments conducted in 2011 at Hespler farms, Winkler, MB was used in this research for model calibration and validation. The hydrologic model, HYDRUS (2D/3D) was evaluated using parameters such as visual and statistical analysis. Model evaluation during the calibration and validation stage gave RMSE values of 0.019 and 0.015 cm3 cm-3; PBIAS values of -1.01 and -0.14, respectively, suggesting that the model was efficient in simulating soil water content similar to the field observed data. The validated models were then used to simulate outcomes for different scenarios such as 30-year rainfall data (1986 – 2015), different soil physical properties, and drainage system design parameters. Models simulating free drainage predicted lower soil water content compared to controlled drainage leading to 6 – 60 more trafficable days for 8 m spacing and 0.9 drain base depth. Free drainage predicted 8 – 110 additional trafficable days compared to controlled drainage for 15 m spacing and 1.1 drain depth. Heavier than normal rainfall events caused high water contents leading to a few years with a very low to no trafficable days under controlled drainage conditions. The comparisons are presented based on models using free drain conditions. Models with 8-m drain spacing predicted a 1 to 10-day increase in the number of trafficable days compared to the 15-m drain spacing. Drains placed at a base depth of 1.1 m below the soil surface predicted 4 - 40 more trafficable days compared to those installed at a base depth of 0.9 m. / October 2017

People go to work and people go home. Playing out their roles and their lives, going in and out of character. We create our own characters depending on where we are and with who we are. In this project a set of characters having a “casual Friday” at work has been interpreted. Working with the office dress codes and breaking them down. The intention is to explore the relation between 2D-3D in garment and print, using distortion to create new silhouettes and characters. Inspiration is taken from 80´s movies set in the office space and 90´s casual wear. Working without restrictions when combining transferprinted characters/garments and real garments where the “Casual Friday” theme is always present. Photos of real people were taken to keep an essence of reality throughout the line-up. The silhouettes, characters and garments created in Photoshop is based on how the de-signer would usually draw them with paper and pen. What could be defined as missing today is the interpretation of 2D prints working it´s way towards 3D in a more direct way, as well as going from 2D to 3D in the line-up. To actually be able to put a nice silhouette together in the computer and then keep on working on that same silhouette on body. By working with transparent monofilament fabrics there is also great ways of what to show underneath. The results show that the relationship between 2D prints and 3D garments is striking and a good source for new design solutions in garments. To cover one part of the body in 2D and then work on the rest in 3D has been restricting in a good way. New ways of altering the body has been found as well as new ways of constructing simple garments. By creating something strong in the stage of digital sketching made it possible to work in the same way practically. Keeping the flat 2D feeling even though you´re working with something in 3D.

3D modeling of real objects has an increasing importance in numerous areas. Although many methods and solutions are already proposed for 3D data acquisition, research continuing in this area is still intense. However, a crucial drawback about 3D data extraction algorithms is their testing and validation difficulty. Additionally, obtaining calibrated 2D and 3D imaging systems is troublesome due to their high effort demand for calibration and high cost. In this thesis, a 2D/3D Imaging Simulator is proposed in order to ease development and testing of 3D data interpretations of different methods and also to generate synthetic images for miscellaneous use. Furthermore, an example application on FRGC database is explained in detail.

The focus in this thesis is to improve knowledge of the BWR related uncertainties void, channel bow, and control rods. The presence of void determines the moderation of neutrons in BWRs. A high void fraction is less efficient in moderating neutrons than a low one. As a consequence, the ratio of thermal to fast neutrons is dependent on the surrounding void fraction. In this thesis, calculations with 2D/3D codes corroborate this dependence, the void correlation, to be linear and very robust to changes in different reactor parameters. The void fraction could be predicted from the ratio of simultaneously measured reaction rates from thermal and fast neutron detectors over the whole core with an uncertainty of ±1.5%. The only parameter found disturbing the void correlation significantly is channel bow. However, since channel bow is the only phenomenon found biasing the void correlation, it is found that the void prediction methodology can be used to indicate channel bow with a sensitivity of 4% per mm bow. Consequently, large channel bows could easily be detected. Increased knowledge of void fractions and channel bow could increase both safety and economy of nuclear power production. This thesis also investigates how 2D/3D codes used in production perform in calculating detailed impact of control rods on pin powers and their ability to perform control rod depletion calculations in the reflector region. It is found that the axial resolution used in 3D nodal codes has very large impact on pin power gradients, i.e., using a standard nodal size of ~15 cm can cause underestimations of 50% in pin power gradients, which could lead to fuel damages. In addition, two methods for determining the neutron flux in the control rod when it is withdrawn from the core are presented. Both methods can be used in a 3D nodal code to reproduce the neutron flux in the reflector region with an uncertainty of ±3%. / Felaktigt tryckt som Digital Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Science and Technology 715

This thesis develops new algorithms to produce 3D content from a single camera. Today, amateurs can use hand-held camcorders to capture and display the 3D world in 2D, using mature technologies. However, there is always a strong desire to record and re-explore the 3D world in 3D. To achieve this goal, current approaches usually make use of a camera array, which suffers from tedious setup and calibration processes, as well as lack of portability, limiting its application to lab experiments. In this thesis, I try to produce the 3D contents using a single camera, making it as simple as shooting pictures. It requires a new front end capturing device rather than a regular camcorder, as well as more sophisticated algorithms. First, in order to capture the highly detailed object surfaces, I designed and developed a depth camera based on a novel technique called light fall-off stereo (LFS). The LFS depth camera outputs color+depth image sequences and achieves 30 fps, which is necessary for capturing dynamic scenes. Based on the output color+depth images, I developed a new approach that builds 3D models of dynamic and deformable objects. While the camera can only capture part of a whole object at any instance, partial surfaces are assembled together to form a complete 3D model by a novel warping algorithm. Inspired by the success of single view 3D modeling, I extended my exploration into 2D-3D video conversion that does not utilize a depth camera. I developed a semi-automatic system that converts monocular videos into stereoscopic videos, via view synthesis. It combines motion analysis with user interaction, aiming to transfer as much depth inferring work from the user to the computer. I developed two new methods that analyze the optical flow in order to provide additional qualitative depth constraints. The automatically extracted depth information is presented in the user interface to assist with user labeling work. In this thesis, I developed new algorithms to produce 3D contents from a single camera. Depending on the input data, my algorithm can build high fidelity 3D models for dynamic and deformable objects if depth maps are provided. Otherwise, it can turn the video clips into stereoscopic video.

This study investigated arch dimension changes associated with growth and tooth wear in Australian Aboriginals aged from age 8 to 15 years using 2D and 3D digital imaging systems. Serial dental casts of Australian Aboriginals from Yuendumu were used in the study. The sample comprised 25 females and 24 males for whom casts were available at ages of 8, 12 and 15 years ( a total of 294 dental study casts). The primary method of data acquisition involved obtaining digital photographs and digitizing the images using an Apple IIGS computer and customised software program. A subset of 40 dental stone models (5 individuals at ages 8, 12, 15 and 18 years) were duplicated and scanned using the Minolta Vivid 900 laser surface scanner at the DSIRO Laboratories, National University Singapore. The 3-D images were digitised using the Rapidform software package (Inus, technology, Seoul, Korea). Study variables included mesiodistal crown diameters, arch widths, arch depths and arch lengths. Mesiodistal crown dimensions in males tended to be larger than those in females. All arch dimensions were significantly larger in males than females. Upper and lower Intercanine width increased from age 8 to age 12 years but did not change thereafter. Upper and lower intermolar widths increased with age from 8 years to 15 years while arch depth decreased. No significant reduction in arch lengths was found from age 12 to 15 years. The two imaging systems were comparable in their measurement reliability, although the 2D method provided consistently larger crown diameters than the 3D method. Changes in arch dimensions with age in the Aboriginal sample were similar to those reported for other populations. However, no measurable change was detected in arch length over time, even though the Aboriginals had abrasive diets that would be expected to contribute to interproximal wear. It was concluded that the 2D and 3D imaging methods were suitable for clinical use but would require further refinement for research projects aimed at assessing minor changes in arch lengths associated with interproximal wear. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1347947 / Thesis (D.Clin.Dent.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Dentistry, 2008

Pas de résumé en français / The goal of our studies was to test the effect of segmentation, cueing, and 2D/3D presentations to foster complex animation rocessing. The material was an upright mechanical piano system. We used an eye tracking system which provides information about learners’ attention direction during the animation processing. We analyzed the effect of the format presentations and the eye movements during learning. Based on animation and multimedia research background, four experiments were conducted. In the first experiment the effect of the presentation of simplified external representations on learning from complex animation was investigated. Experiment two and three aimed at studying the cognitive processes involved in learning to complex mechanism system with new cueing techniques with spatial-temporal colored tokens. In the fourth experiment, 2D and 3D presentation of the same animated content were compared. Results of these experiments showed that (1) the use of a dual format presentation is better for developing a dynamic mental model from the animation than a single format, (2) the signaling strategies using cued tokens of dual format can guide efficiently learner’s building of mental model and can enhance learner’s comprehension of complex system, (3) a sequential format presentation followed by an animation format presentation helps the learner to understand the key stages of a dynamic process and to create a high quality mental model, (4) 3D animation presentation is better than 2D animation presentation to direct attention on relevant component of the animation. For depth processing, comprehension with 3D animation presentation is better than 2D animation format. Eye tracking measures provided insights into how people understood and learned complex systems. The analysis of eye tracking also contributed to the understanding of the subject’s perceptual processing during learning. Overall, results provide a significant contribution in the field of learning with complex animation. Recommendations in the ergonomics area for the design of animations are proposed.

This degree work explores the possibilities of illusory print expressions in fashion design, through the layeringand gathering of opaque and transparent garments. The three-dimensional illusion, in the silhouettes, createan interesting relationship between multiple layering of garment and print. In combination they expressdepth, movement and deception on the human body resulting in an interesting effect that creates an opticalillusion. The discovery of illusionary effect is a result of multiple investigations between diverse prints invarious materials gathered in layers. Depending on which angle the viewer look, different visual illusionsappear and activates the feeling of movement and three-dimensional illusion on the human body. The effectof utilizing different tactility surfaces in the concept of layering is a new visual expression in dressing. Theoutcome should be seen as a motivation to explore and translate things around us by transforming the worldinto a print and decorate it on the body in multiple layers and colors.

Rapid constructed embankments founded on soft deposits have a negative influence on the short term stability. Many engineering constructions such as road and railway embankments are often constructed on soft clay deposits. In stability analysis calculation of safety factor (SF), as the primary design criteria can be evaluated through different numerous methods such as limit equilibrium method (LEM) and finite element method (FEM). It is of particular interest to determine/estimate appropriate stability of the specified embankment which is highly dependent on the analysis method used. Therefore, it is a challenge for geotechnical engineers to judge which analysis method can simulate better the reality.  The aim of this thesis is to increase understanding applicability of the three applied programs; Plaxis2D, Plaxis3D and Slope/W in simulating and stability analysis/estimation of embankments founded on clay deposits.  The work has involved analysis and comparison of the stability through estimate of the SF and the critical failure surfaces obtained through 2D and 3D programs. Four case configurations were studied for the stability analysis. In each case variation in plastic parameters of clay (φ-c) or load geometry, was the scenario to make the comparison analysis. Moreover, application FEM3D offers an attractive alternative to traditional approaches to the problem (especially for LEM).  The main conclusions from this study are the following:  (1)   Concerning the three applied programs, FEM3D has the minimum SF sensitivity to change in plastic parameters of clay deposit. (2)   For embankments founded on clay deposit, the 3D failure surfaces are easily found via the FEM3D analysis program, which is closer to reality, while failure results of 2D analysis programs can never occur in reality. (3)   Using 2D analysis method instead of 3D, to investigate the stability of 3D embankment model tend to give higher SF results up to 14% for embankments  founded on undrained clay deposit. (4)   The failure surfaces in 3D analysis are likely to be shallower than in the corresponding 2D model. (5)   Results from the 3D analysis through hand calculation and program calculation do not correspond with each other for embankment founded on soft clay deposit. The first reason is rooted in limitation of the hand formula. The formula is suitable for embankment founded on one layer deposit (soil); however an embankment founded on 3 layers of deposit (soil) was analyzed in this study. The second reason is related to applied method of calculation. 3D hand calculation formula is based on method of slices however; analysis method in program calculation is based on FEM.