La gestion par la performance est l’aboutissement des efforts de longue haleine entrepris par les pays les plus avancés afin de moderniser le fonctionnement de leurs administrations. D’ores et déjà, la nouvelle tendance libérale amorcée par ces pays, du fait de la globalisation, amène toutes les autorités publiques à travers le monde à repenser leur approche managériale de manière, non seulement à permettre une meilleure allocation des moyens budgétaires, mais aussi afin de se doter d'un dispositif de pilotage ayant pour but, d’améliorer l’efficacité de la dépense publique pour atteindre des résultats prédéfinis.Dans cette perspective, l’Algérie à l’image d’autres pays en développement, a enclenché tout un processus de modernisation de son système budgétaire, baptisé "MSB". Elle cherche ainsi à améliorer son mode de fonctionnement, en s’orientant de plus en plus vers une gestion performante des recettes issues de la rente pétrolière. Cela est d’autant plus nécessaire que les dysfonctionnements actuels appellent un besoin réel d'assainissement pour le redressement économique, et le déploiement rationnel et transparent des dépenses publiques.Cette thèse s’inscrit dans l’analyse de cette démarche. Elle cherche à révéler les grands axes retenus pour la mise en place de la budgétisation programme en Algérie, ainsi que l'analyse détaillée du projet de la LOLF algérienne, une option qui apparaît plus pressante pour réviser en profondeur la loi n° 84-17 du 7 juillet 1984 relative aux lois de finance. Elle vise à décrire à la fois la prise de conscience interne quant à la nécessité de réformer le système en vigueur, ainsi que les réformes suggérées ou "imposés" par le Fonds monétaire international (FMI), et la Banque Mondiale.La démonstration faite par notre étude vise à retracer les influences de l'héritage juridique et des pratiques budgétaires françaises sur les finances publiques algériennes. Avec un système miné par des pesanteurs sociologiques et un environnement mal préparé à une mutation d'ampleur, l’environnement actuel peine à être réceptif aux exigences de résultats. / The management by result is the outcome of long efforts that has been adopted by the most developed countries in order to modernize their administrations' performance. Already, the new liberal trend initiated by these countries, as a result of globalization, leads all public authorities around the world to rethink their approach to management so that not only allow a better allocation of budgetary resources, but also in order to develop a control device aimed to improve the efficiency of public spending to achieve predefined results.In this context, Algeria, like other developing countries, initiated a whole process of modernization of the budgetary system, called "MSB", it seeks to improve its operation by moving increasingly towards a efficient management of revenues from the oil returns. This is necessary while current problems require a real need for economic recovery, rational and transparent deployment of public expenditure.In fact, this thesis aims to analyze this approach. It seeks to reveal the major axes for the implementation of the budgeting program in Algeria, and a detailed analysis of the LOLF Algerian project, an option that appears more urgent to revise law n° 84-17 of 7 July 1984 concerning finance laws. It aims to describe both the internal awareness about the need to reform the current system and the proposed reforms or "imposed" by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank.The demonstration in this study aims to show the influences of legal heritage and French budgetary practices on Algerian public finances. With a system undermined by sociological links that is poorly prepared for a major change, the current environment is hardly receptive to performing requirements.

Die Entwicklung effizienter Desktop Publishing Systeme wird behindert durch den Mangel an leistungsfähigen, automatischen Layoutalgorithmen. Aktuelle Algorithmen zum Layout ganzer Dokumente oder einzelner Seiten erfordern entweder die Formulierung des Layoutproblems in einer formalen Beschreibungssprache, oder sie benötigen fertige, detaillierte Layouttemplates. Layoutprobleme mit schwacher Semantik lassen sich schlecht in formale Sprachen umsetzen, Layout Templates verschieben den manuellen Aufwand nur vom Endnutzer zum Template Designer. Das erste Ergebnis dieser Dissertation ist ein Layoutalgorithmus, der ein allgemeines Layoutproblem löst, in dem er es als Ressourcenallokationsproblem interpretiert. Die Fläche einer einzelnen Seite ist eine Ressource, die zwischen den visuellen Elementen einer Seite verteilt wird. Das Layoutproblem wird in ein lexikographisches min-ordering Optimierungsproblem übersetzt, das durch lineare Optimierung in Echtzeit gelöst wird. Die Lösungen manuell erzeugter Layoutprobleme sind häufig über- oder unterbestimmt. Wenn das Problem überbestimmt ist, also keine gültige Lösung besitzt, muss der Algorithmus die Lösung finden, die am n\"achsten an der intendierten Lösung ist. Der Algorithmus erkennt nicht eindeutig definierte Probleme mit unbefriedigenden Lösungen und fügt die minimal notwendige Anzahl von Constraints hinzu um das vom Nutzer beabsichtigte Layout zu erzeugen. Das zweite Ergebnis ist die Entwicklung einer intuitiven Benutzerschnittstelle, die es erlaubt, die vorhergehend beschriebenen Layoutprobleme zu erzeugen. Sie verbirgt die Komplexität des Constraintsystems und vermeidet die Komplexität constraint-basierter Grafikanwendungen der Vergangenheit. Diese Benutzerschnittstelle macht formale Beschreibungssprachen und manuell erzeugte Layouttemplates überflüssig. Die Evaluation zeigt, dass die besten Tabellenlayoutalgorithmen keine signifikant besseren Ergebnisse produzieren als der allgemeinere ICBM Layout Algorithmus. / The efficiency of desktop publishing is severely limited by the lack of sophisticated automatic document layout systems. State-of-the-art algorithms either require the input to be written in a description language such as HTML and LaTeX, or to be a manually designed layout template. However, description languages are ill-suited to express layout problems with weak semantics and layout templates shift the burden from the end user to the template designer. The first contribution of this thesis is an algorithm that solves a general class of layout problems by treating them as equitable resource allocation problems. The available document area is a resource that is distributed among inter-element gaps. The layout problem is transformed into a lexicographic min-ordering optimization problem that is solved using linear programming techniques in real-time. If the layout problem is over-constrained, the quality of the solution layout degrades gracefully. The layout algorithm finds the solution layout with the most equitable distribution of constraint errors among the soft layout constraints, i.e., the solution closest to the user''s original intent. Conversely, the layout algorithm detects the under-constrained subproblems that adversely affect the solution layout. It adds the minimal number of constraints required to achieve the fully specified layout problem that is closest to the user''s input. The second contribution is the creation of an intuitive direct manipulation user interface that lets users create the aforementioned class of general constrained layout problems. It hides the complexity of the constraint system and avoids the usability problems that have plagued constraint drawing applications. It eliminates the need of document description languages and manually-created layout templates. In the evaluation, we show that the best state-of-the-art specialized table layout algorithms do not outperform the general ICBM layout algorithm by any significant margin.

"The potential hazard of using curbs on high-speed roadways has been a concern for highway designers for almost half a century. Curbs extend 75-200 mm above the road surface for appreciable distances and are located very near the edge of the traveled way, thus, they constitute a continuous hazard for motorist. Curbs are sometimes used in combination with guardrails or other roadside safety barriers. Full-scale crash testing has demonstrated that inadequate design and placement of these systems can result in vehicles vaulting, underriding or rupturing a strong-post guardrail system though the mechanisms for these failures are not well understood. For these reasons, the use of curbs has generally been discouraged on high-speed roadways. Curbs are often essential, however, because of restricted right-of-way, drainage considerations, access control, delineation and other curb functions. Thus, there is a need for nationally recognized guidelines for the design and use of curbs. The primary purpose of this study was to develop design guidelines for the use of curbs and curb-barrier combinations on roadways with operating speeds greater than 60 km/hr. The research presented herein identifies common types of curbs that can be used safely and effectively on high-speed roadways and also identifies the proper combination and placement of curbs and barriers that will allow the traffic barriers to safely contain and redirect an impacting vehicle. Finite element models of curbs and curb-guardrail systems were developed, and the finite element program, LS-DYNA, was used to investigate the event of a vehicle traversing several curb types. Finite element analysis was also used in the analysis of a vehicle impacting a number of curb-guardrail combinations. The results obtained from these analyses were synthesized with the results of previous studies, which involved full-scale crash testing, computer simulation, and other methods. The combined information was then used to develop a set of guidelines for using curbs and curb-barrier combinations on high-speed roadways."

Orientador: Profa. Dra. Aracéli Cristina de Sousa Ferreira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Faculdade de Administração e Ciências Contábeis, 2011. / Este estudo buscou verificar como é possível aplicar a teoriamultidimensional da contabilidade (momentum accounting) em uma Organização Militar Prestadora de Serviços da Marinha do Brasil(OMPS). Em linhas gerais, o cerne da referida teoria está no fato de / This study attempts to check how can apply the theory ofmultidimensional accounting (momentum accounting) in a Brazilian Navy Industrial Military Organization (BNIMO). In general, the core ofthis theory is the fact that accounting does not recognize the i / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-14T18:06:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2019-02-13T19:07:14Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 0000099b.pdf: 1246657 bytes, checksum: 69a8d70caff034cdba4642816499c3c3 (MD5)

In recent years laser technology has increasingly developed with the use of fiber lasers and this has provided the possibility to implement different techniques in the defense industry. LADAR is at the forefront of these techniques. Fiber lasers constitute a perfect source for LADAR systems due to their excellent robustness, compact size and high-power generation capability. In this study we will explore the development of a pulsed fiber laser source for a LADAR system that can obtain high resolution 3D images in eye-safe region. A high power, all fiber integrated erbium system with strictly single mode operation in eye-safe region based on MOPA (master oscillator power amplifier) configuration with seed source and amplifier part was developed. Both the use of an actively mode locked laser with erbium doped fiber and fiber coupled modulated distributed feedback diode laser were investigated as seed sources for the amplifier part. Both erbium doped single clad fiber and erbium-ytterbium doped double clad gain fiber were used in this amplifier system. After amplification of the actively mode locked laser, 12 W of average optical power was obtained through single mode fiber with 1ns pulse duration at 10 MHz which corresponds to 1.2 kW peak power. For the fiber coupled DFB diode laser, 9.5W average power was obtained with around 8 ns duration pulses at 100 kHz and about 9.2 W average power was also obtained with around 700 ps duration pulses at 1 MHz through strictly single mode fiber at the output of the same amplifier system as was used in the actively mode locked seed source. In both cases calculated peak power was around 10 kW v which is estimated as the highest peak power for an all fiber integrated system with single mode operation. The development of such a fiber system with high power capability, compact size and free of misalignment is expected to be useful for LADAR application as well as other areas such as eye surgery, 3D silicon processing or any other material processing applications.

Fiber lasers represent the state-of-the-art in laser technology and hold great promise for a wide range of applications because they have a minimum of exposed optical interfaces, very high efficiency, and are capable of exceptional beam quality. In the near future, the most important markets such as micromachining, automotive, biomedical and military applications will begin to use this technology. The scope of this thesis is to design and develop a short picosecond pulsed fiber laser using rare-earth doped fiber as a gain medium. The proposed master oscillator power amplifier (MOPA) will be used to generate pulses with high repetition rates. In this study, first we explain the basic theoretical background of nonlinear optics and fiber laser. Then, the numerical simulation will be introduced to explain how the laser system design and optimization. The simulation is based on nonlinear Schr&ouml / dinger equation with the method of split-step evaluation. The brief theoretical background and simulation results of the laser system will be shown. Finally, the experimental study of the developmental fiber laser system that comprises an oscillator, preamplifier and power amplifier will be discussed.

Cross median crashes have become a serious problem in recent years. Most of the median cross sections used for divided highways have terrains with steep slopes. Traffic barriers, frequently used on slopes, are generally designed based on the findings obtained from crash tests performed on flat terrain. For barriers placed on roadside and median slopes, vehicle impact height varies depending on the trajectory of the vehicle along the ditch section and lateral offset of the barrier. Thus depending on the placement location on a relatively steep slope, a barrier can be impacted by an errant vehicle at height and orientation more critical compared to those considered during its design. Hence, detailed study of performance of barriers on roadside and median slopes is needed to achieve acceptable safety performance. In this study, performances of modified G4(1S) W-beam, Midwest Guardrail System (MGS), modified Thrie-beam, modified weak post W-beam, and box-beam guardrail systems on sloped terrains are investigated using numerical simulations. A procedure is developed that provide guidance for their placement on roadside and median slopes. The research approach consists of nonlinear finite element analyses and multi-rigid-body dynamic analyses approach. Detailed finite element representation for each of the barriers is developed using LS-DYNA. Model fidelity is assessed through comparison of simulated and measured responses reported in full scale crash test studies conducted on flat terrain. LS-DYNA simulations of vehicle impacts on barriers placed on flat terrain at different impact heights are performed to identify performance limits of the barriers in terms of acceptable vehicle impact heights. The performances of the barriers are evaluated following the guidelines provided in NCHRP Report 350. Multi-rigid-body dynamic analysis code, CARSIM, is used to identify trajectories of the vehicles traversing various roadside and median cross-slopes. After analyzing vehicle trajectories and barrier performance limits, a guideline has been prepared with recommendations for the placement of barriers along roadside and median slopes. This guideline is then verified and refined using the responses obtained from full-scale LS-DYNA simulations. These simulations capture the full encroachment event from departure of the vehicle off the traveled way through impact with the barrier.

In this study, the mapped Galerkin method was applied to solve the vector wave equation based on H&amp / #8722 / field and to obtain the propagation constant in x &amp / #8722 / y space. The vector wave equation was solved by the transformation of the infinite x &amp / #8722 / y plane onto a unit square. Two-dimensional Fourier series expansions were used in the solutions. Modal fields and propagation constants of dielectric waveguides were calculated. In the first part of the study, all of the calculations were made in step index fibers. Transverse magnetic fields were obtained in the u &amp / #8722 / v and x &amp / #8722 / y space through the solution of the matrix eigenvalue equation. Some graphics were plotted in the light of the results obtained. The results are found to be in accord with the results of other numerical techniques and exact solutions. After that, the propagation constant in x&amp / #8722 / y space was calculated with ease using the solution of the modal field components. In the second part of the study, the similar calculations were made in graded index fibers.

The goal of this thesis is to describe development of compact terahertz time-domain spectrometer driven by a mode-locked Ti:Sapphire laser. The terahertz radiation was generated by photoconductive antenna method and detected by electro-optic detection method. In this thesis, several terahertz generation and detection method, working principle of terahertz time-domain spectroscopy and its applications are discussed. We mainly focused on working principle of terahertz time-domain spectroscopy and characterization of detected terahertz power using electro-optic detection method.

Trapping centres and their distributions in as-grown TlGaSeS layered single crystals were studied using thermally stimulated current (TSC) measurements. The investigations were performed in the temperature range of 10&ndash / 160 K with various heating rates between 0.6&ndash / 1.2 K/s. Experimental evidence has been found for the presence of three electrons trapping centres with activation energies 12, 20, and 49 meV and one hole trapping centre located at 12 meV. Their capture cross-sections and concentrations were also determined. It is concluded that in these centres retrapping is negligible as confirmed by the good agreement between the experimental results and the theoretical predictions of the model that assumes slow retrapping. The optical properties of TlGaSeS layered single crystals have been investigated by measuring the transmission and the reflection in the wavelength region between 400 and 1100 nm. The optical indirect transitions with a band gap energy of 2.27 eV and direct transitions with a band gap energy of 2.58 eV were found by analyzing the absorption data at room temperature. The rate of change v of the indirect band gap with temperature was determined from the transmission measurements in the temperature range of 10&ndash / 300 K. The oscillator and the dispersion energies, the oscillator strength, and the zero-frequency refractive index were also reported. The parameters of monoclinic unit cell and the chemical composition of TlGaSes crystals were found by X-ray powder diffraction and energy dispersive spectroscopic analysis, respectively.