This thesis traces the British role in the evolution of international law prior to 1914, utilizing naval arms control as a case study. In the thesis, I argue that the Foreign Office adopted a pragmatic approach towards international law, emphasizing what was possible within the existing system of law rather than attempting to create radically new and powerful international institutions. The thesis challenges standard perceptions of the Hague Peace Conferences of 1899 and 1907 which interpreted these gatherings as unrealistic efforts at general disarmament through world government, positing instead that legalized arms control provided a realistic means of limiting armaments. This thesis explores how a great power employed treaties to complement maritime security strategies. A powerful world government was not advocated and was unnecessary for the management of naval arms control. While law could not guarantee state compliance, the framework of the international legal system provided a buffer, increasing predictability in interstate relations. This thesis begins with an account of how international law functioned in the nineteenth century, and how states employed international law in limiting armaments. With this framework, a legal analysis is provided for exploring the negotiations at the Hague Conferences of 1899 and 1907, and in the subsequent Anglo-German naval arms race. What emerges is how international law functioned by setting expectations for future behaviour, while raising the political cost of violations. Naval arms control provided a unique opportunity for legal regulation, as the lengthy building time and easily verifiable construction enabled inspections by naval attachés, a traditional diplomatic practice. Existing practices of international law provided a workable method of managing arms competition, without the necessity for unworkable projects of world government. Thus failure to resolve the arms race before 1914 must be attributed to other causes besides the lack of legal precedents.

At different times between 1545 and 1642, the navies of England and France both grew in strength and declined. This thesis traces the advances and regression of both kingdoms’ sea forces and relates these changes to concurrent developments within the state. As a comparative study, it shows that, in sharing the Channel and with an increasing use of the early modern maritime theatre, English and French naval expansion was intertwined. First, approaching the administrative transformations of both navies and, then, progressing to discuss fiscal, technological, maritime and finally aesthetic developments, this thesis highlights the relationship between naval and state strength in early modern Europe. As a comparative study of early modern state and naval development, this project has been particularly inspired by the research of Jan Glete. Consequently, through quantitative statistical analysis and other techniques, it accounts for naval and state growth. It uses a large source base of archival evidence from national and regional archives in England and France, printed documentation, and resources from museums and art galleries. As well as engaging with the military revolution debate, where it is argued that early modern naval developments justly deserve greater prominence, the thesis also produces a framework that accounts for the rise and decline of naval strength. It suggests that three principal factors can account for these developments in early modern Europe. First, naval strength was reliant upon the will, enthusiasm and political stability of the monarch. Second, transnational influence and engagement helped to shape the size and appearance of state fleets. The English Channel was an international theatre of political and cultural exchange that facilitated English and French advances. Finally, the geography of both kingdoms is explored, because the size, composition, visual design and location of state navies were conditioned by it.

This thesis assesses British naval and military co-operation in the form of combined operations during the Nine Years War, 1688-1697, and the War of the Spanish Succession, 1702-1713. The operational history of the joint actions is related and used to drive forward the determination of two inter-related themes. These are, how combined operations might be defined as an instrument of warfare during this period; and secondly, the place of such operations within the military component of Britain's wartime Grand Strategy. With respect to the former, previous definitions embodying the benchmarks of objectives and composition of force are set against the history and built upon to incorporate three further categories of definition: theatre of war, bureaucratic control and command structure. As a result, it is argued that no blanket definition for combined operations can be arrived at, but that any one of the five categories can provide insights into combined operations as an instrument of warfare. The second theme places the strategic objectives of these operations within the context of British war policy and explores their relationship to the 'Maritime' and 'Continental' strategic traditions. While it becomes clear that combined operations were thought to possess neither an independent nor a war-winning strategic capability, they do appear to have consistently filled a role in Grand Strategy which acted either simultaneously or separately in support of the naval and military strategic interests. With the categories for definition and a strategic role established for such joint army-navy ventures, the thesis concludes by considering whether during these wars there were any factors common to the more successful, and conversely to the failing, combined operations. Although a pattern or mould for a successful combined operation cannot be established, it is shown that the origins of the developed historical practice of this type of warfare - demonstrated to such effect later in the eighteenth century - can be traced in the two wars considered in this study.

Edward M. Hofstetter. / "December 9, 1959." Issued also as a thesis, M.I.T. Dept. of Electrical Engineering, August 24, 1959. / Bibliography: p. 35. / Army Signal Corps Contract DA36-039-sc-78108. Dept. of the Army Task 3-99-20-001 and Project 3-99-00-000.

Around 1000 ya, Turkic language started to be introduced to Turkey and Azerbaijan (Region of language replacement, RLR) in parallel with the migrations of Turkic speaking nomadic groups from Central Asia. The Central Asian contribution to the RLR was analyzed with four admixture methods considering different evolutionary forces. Furthermore, the association between the Central Asian contribution and the language replacement episode was estimated by comparatively analyzing the Central Asian contribution to RLR and to their non-Turkic speaking neighbors. In the present study, analyses revealed that Chikhi et al.&rsquo / s (2001) method represents the closest estimates to the true Central Asian contributions. Based on this method, it was observed that there were lower male (13%) than female (22%) contributions from Central Asia to Anatolia, with wide ranges of confidence intervals. Lower contribution, with respect to males, is to be explained by homogenization between the males of the Balkans and those of Anatolia. In Azerbaijan this contribution was 18% in females and 32% in males. Moreover, results pointed out that the Central Asian contribution in RLR can not be totally attributed to the language replacement episode because similar, or even higher, Central Asian contributions in northern and southern non-Turkic speaking neighbors were observed. The presence of a 20% or more admixture proportion in the RLR, and the presence of even higher contributions around the region, suggested that language might not be replaced inaccordance with &ldquo / elite dominance model&rdquo / .

This thesis concerns the design, analysis and testing of adaptive controllers for rotary wing aircraft, in particular helicopters. A non-linear helicopter model is developed and validated by trim and dynamic response analyses. A inner-outer loop cascade controller is designed with a trajectory generator in the most outer layer and an adaptive neural network controller is implemented to the inner loop. Controller is then challenged to carry out complex maneuvers autonomously under turbulence. Finally, the center of gravity location is varied to severe values to observe adaptation characteristics to investigate the requirement on the knowledge of the center of gravity location during such adaptive controller design.

In this study, a laminated glass unit which consists of two glass sheets bonded together by PVB is analyzed as a curved beam and as a cylindrical shell. Laminated glass curved beams and shells are used in architecture, aerospace, automobile and aircraft industries. Curved beam and shell structures differ from straight structures because of their initial curvature. Because of mathematical complexity most of the studies are about linear behavior rather than nonlinear behavior of curved beam and shell units. Therefore it is necessary to develop a mathematical model considering large deflection theory to analyze the behavior of curved beams and shells. Mechanical behavior of laminated glass structures are complicated because they can easily perform large displacement since they are very thin and the materials with the elastic modulus have order difference. To be more precise modulus of elasticity of glass is about 7*104 times greater than the modulus of elasticity of PVB interlayer. Because of the nonlinearity, analysis of the laminated glass has to be performed by considering large deflection effects. The mathematical model is developed for curved beams and shells by applying both the variational and the minimum potential energy principles to obtain nonlinear governing differential equations. The iterative technique is employed to obtain the deflections. Computer programs are developed to analyze the behavior of cylindrical shell and curved beam. For the verification of the results obtained from the developed model, the results from finite element models and experiments are used. Results used for verification of the model and the explanation of the bahavior of the laminated glass curved beams and shells are presented in figures.

We analyzed the genetic structures of 11 honeybee (Apis mellifera) populations from T&uuml / rkiye and one population from Cyprus using 9 microsatellite loci. Average gene diversity levels were found to change between 0,542 and 0,681. Heterozygosity levels, mean number of alleles per population, presence of diagnostic alleles and pairwise FST values confirmed the mitochondrial DNA finding that Anatolian honeybees belong to north Mediterranean (C) lineage. We detected a very high level of genetic divergence among populations of T&uuml / rkiye and Cyprus based on pairwise FST levels (between 0,0 and 0,2). Out of 66 population pairs 52 were found to be genetically different significantly. This level of significant differentiation has not been reported yet in any other study conducted on European and African honeybee populations. High allelic ranges, and high divergence indicate that Anatolia is a genetic centre for C lineage honeybees. We suggest that certain precautions should be taken to limit or forbid introduction and trade of Italian and Carniolan honeybees to T&uuml / rkiye and Cyprus in order to preserve genetic resources formed in these territories in thousands of years. Effectivity at previously isolated regions in Artvin, Ardahan and Kirklareli was confirmed by the high genetic differentiation in honeybees of these regions. Genetically differentiated Karaburun and Cyprus honeybees v and geographical positions of the regions make these zones first candidates as new isolation areas.

This thesis examines Alexander�s conception of kingship, his relationship with royal traditions in the three great kingdoms of the Near East, and the concomitant transformation of the king�s court by which Alexander created a distinctive royal insignia and introduced new court personnel and protocol. Section I ("Alexander and Near Eastern Kingship") contains Chapters I, II, and III. Section II ("The Transformation") comprises Chapters IV to VI. In Chapter I, I examine the Macedonian background of Alexander�s court and his native conception of kingship. Chapter II is a study of the kingship of Egypt. Chapter III deals with the kingship of Babylon and Persia. I then turn to an analysis of Alexander�s policies towards the Persians and the concept of the "kingship of Asia," as this was understood by Alexander. This crucial concept is to be distinguished from the kingship of Persia, a position which Alexander supplanted and replaced with his personal kingship of Asia. In Section II, three chapters are devoted to an analysis of the transformation of Alexander�s court. Chapter IV covers the origin and significance of Alexander�s royal insignia. Chapter V examines the introduction of, and the role played by, Persians and easterners in the king�s court; and Chapter VI the significance of other Persian court offices.

A formulation is proposed for the boundary element analysis of poro-elastic media with axi-symmetric geometry. The boundary integral equation is reduced to a set of line integral equations in the generating plane for each of the Fourier coefficients, through complex Fourier series expansion of boundary quantities in circumferential direction. The method is implemented into a computer program, where the fundamental solutions are integrated by Gaussian Quadrature along the generator, while Fast Fourier Transform algorithm is employed for integrations in circumferential direction. The strongly singular integrands in boundary element equations are regularized by a special technique. The Fourier transform solution is then inverted in to R&amp / #952 / z space via inverse FFT. The success of the method is assessed by problems with analytical solutions. A good fit is observed in each case, which indicates effectiveness and reliability of the present method.