Phase measuring interferometers can provide extremely repeatable comparisons between reference and test surfaces. This thesis explores the limits to which the accuracy of measurement of flat, spherical and aspheric optical surfaces can be made to approach that repeatability. Analysis of conventional methods for separating errors in flats (the three flat test) shows that the systematic differences between repeated measurements can be predicted from the shape of the surfaces and a plausible estimate of relocation errors. Errors introduced by distortion are analysed. New methods for separation of errors associated with the reference surface and test part are introduced, together with a new method for visualising the errors. When aspheres are measured with respect to a spherical reference, non-common path errors may be substantial. A software correction method, based on the use of Zernike polynomials, is introduced for errors associated with the imaging system of the interferometer. Further errors arise from non-common path use of multi-element transmission spheres. The errors can be estimated using ray trace code, and corrections made. The uncertainties are, however, higher than required for future optical systems. Thus the concept for a next generation interferometer, not subject to the limitations identified in this work, is introduced

No description available.

This thesis is about the evolution' of British Standards over the entire 20th century. Standards are documents which define the technical specifications of goods or services. British Standards are voluntary Standards developed by the consensus of groups of experts. The support for achieving consensus and subsequent publication of the documents was undertaken by an evolving organisation which began in 1901 as the Engineering Standards Committee of the Institution of Civil Engineers, became the British Engineering Standards Association in 1918 and changed its name to the British Standards Institution (BSI) in 1931. The organisation's constitution evolved 'throughout the twentieth century; a Royal Charter granted in 1929 marked its change from a Standard-developing organisation (SOO) to the UK's national Standards body (NSB). As an NSB additional services could be offered and in BSl's case these were known collectively as "conformity assessment". The thesis describes the origins and development of the technical Standards movement in Britain. It reviews the relevant literature and offers a classification of the evolution of British Standards by relating the changing patterns of organisation and flows of information associated with the development of Standards and their subsequent use. Four distinct strata of British Standards - Public Works, Industrial Support, Services and Global Trading - are identified, related to each other and followed to the end of the twentieth century. The impact of a number of topics as they affected British Standards are' examined, notably the significance of public works i~ the British Empire, government support for British industry, the changing characteristics of the British engineering profession, the limits of technological autarky, long-established international exchanges of technical information and the changes brought on by the globalisation of industry. The changing balance of support from Standards developers and Standards users of British Standards (and for the types of Standards developed) is discussed ~hrough to the end of the century when BSI's conformity assessment business had increased from safety testing to quality management systems registration and commodity inspection services.

This research deals with the optimization of metrology and calibration problems. The optimization involved here is the application scientifically sound operations research techniques to help in solving the problem intended optimally or semi-optimally with a practical time frame. The research starts by exploring the subject of measurement science known as metrology. This involves defining all the constituents of metrology facilities along with their various components. The definitions include the SI units’ history and structure as well as their characteristics. After that, a comprehensive description of most of the operations and parameters encountered in metrology is presented. This involves all sources of uncertainties in most of the parameters that affect the measurements. From the background presented and using all the information within it; an identification of the most important and critical general problems is attempted. In this treatment a number of potential optimization problems are identified along with their description, problem statement definition, impact on the system and possible treatment method. After that, a detailed treatment of the scheduling problem, the calibration interval determination problem and the average outgoing quality problem is presented. The scheduling problem is formulated and modelled as a mixed integer program then solved using LINGO program. A heuristic algorithm is then developed to solve the problem near optimally but in much quicker time, and solution is packaged in a computer program. The calibration interval problem treatment deals with the determination of the optimal CI. Four methods are developed to deal with different cases. The cases considered are the reliability target case, the CI with call cost and failure cost of both first failure and all failures and the case of large number of similar TMDEs. The average out going quality (AOQ) treatment involves the development two methods to assess the AOQ of a calibration facility that uses a certain multistage inspection policy. The two methods are mathematically derived and verified using a simulation model that compares them with an actual failure rate of a virtual calibration facility.

Les pièces mécaniques fabriquées tel que les feuilles de métal et les pièces à paroi mince, ont souvent des différences géométriques significatives par rapport à leurs modèles CAD nominaux car ils ont une forme considérablement différente dans une condition d’état libre en raison de la gravité et/ou la tension résiduelle. Par conséquence, les fixtures de conformation coûteux sont traditionnellement utilisés pendant les opérations d’inspection géométriques à la phase de contrôle de qualité. L’objective de cette étude est de développer les méthodes d’inspection géométriques automatisées des pièces flexibles qui ne nécessiteraient pas d’utilisation des fixtures. / In manufacturing, quality control (QC) is an essential phase of a product’s lifecycle management (PLM) as it ensures customers receive parts within permissible tolerance ranges and free from defects. Given that all manufactured parts often have geometrical differences compared to their nominal computer-aided design (CAD) models, performing geometrical inspections becomes critical during the QC phase. Nowadays, actual measurements and defect identification during geometrical inspections have been semi-automated through the use of computer-aided inspection (CAI) software. Such software can simplify the inspection into a data acquisition task (contact-based probing or non-contact scanning of the part) followed by semi-automated procedures in a software environment. Despite their growing popularity and practicality, currently available CAI software assume the input acquired data are from a rigid part. This assumption is a major limitation given that not all manufactured parts are rigid, and in some sectors such as the aeronautical industries a considerable percentage of all manufactured components (35 to 40 percent) possess some nonrigid behavior. In other words, CAI software can only be used when a part maintains its shape in both free-state and state-of-use positions. Free-state shape is that which a part has without inspection fixture support and/or before assembly, whilst state-of-use shape is that which is defined in the nominal CAD. Although free-state and state-of-use positions are the same for rigid parts, some mechanical parts such as sheet metals and skins (thin-wall featured parts) often have significantly large geometric deviations in a free-state position compared to their nominal CAD models due to the effects of gravity and residual stress. Referring to such parts as flexible, the aforementioned deviations force the QC technicians to traditionally use a variety of inspection fixtures and conformation jigs in order to maintain flexible parts in their state-of-use position before using conventional CAI software. Without fixation, the free-state elastic geometric deviation of flexible parts would be mistaken by CAI software as plastic deformations and as a result identified as defects. With fixation, the aforementioned free-state deviations are removed before data acquisition, and whatever deviations remain can be inspected as potential defects. However, multiple disadvantages exist in using fixtures including: time consuming set-up process (e.g. 60+ hours for a skin panel in the aerospace industry), considerable purchase and operating expenses, limitations of standard fixture kits in some scenarios, big errors in CAI analysis if fixation has not been conducted correctly, etc. Such disadvantages have recently led researchers to:1) try to circumvent use of fixtures by digitally deforming (or better called registering) the acquired free-state pointcloud/mesh data of a flexible part until it superimposes onto the part’s corresponding nominal CAD model, thereby elastically deforming the data to obtain an optimal state-of-use shape whilst avoiding neutralization of any existing manufacturing defects2) and to try to introduce dedicated defect identification modules with higher degrees of automation (compared to conventional semi-automated CAI tools)In this thesis the same two goals are pursued. A bi-criterion registration method (and two algorithms/demos based upon it) is proposed to achieve the first goal, thereby enabling defect identification of flexible parts in conventional CAI software without the use of fixtures. This is followed by introducing an automated method for fast approximation of defect amplitudes (and an algorithm/demo based upon it) to achieve the second goal. Validation was conducted against a number of virtual (simulated) and experimental industrial case studies. Obtained satisfactory results reflect the effectiveness and utility of the proposed methods.

This study surveyed the education and information seeking activities of Local 389 of the Canadian Union of Public Employees covering the period from March 1971 to March 1972. One hundred and three respondents were interviewed in a random sample of 141 union members. Participation rates were established for union education, labour education, other adult education, self-directed learning projects, and other information seeking activities. Socio-economic and psycho-social characteristics of participants and non-participants in these various educational activities were also studied. In view of the repeatedly expressed union assumptions that unions are responsible for all educational needs of rank and file members, this study also established how important members of Local 389 perceived their union's role to be in providing education in four different areas: union education, vocational education, labour education and leisure time education. It was found that the members studied accepted the union's role in providing union education, rejected the union's role in providing labour and leisure time education, and were divided in their opinion about the union's role, in providing vocational education, depending on their formal level of education. Only the poorly educated, unskilled members studied were willing to accept union responsibility for vocational training. In view of the surprisingly large amount of self-learning reported by the respondents, a t-test found that there was no significant difference in mean hours spent in self-directed projects for participants and non-participants in formal courses. Participation in union education was found to be limited to active union members only (8.74 per cent of the respondents). No participation in labour education was reported by the respondents studied, while 35.92 per cent participated in other adult education courses. Participation in self-directed learning projects and in other information seeking activities was high, with percentages of 99.03 and 96.12 respectively. Union participation (the extent to which a member participates in the life of the union), age and sex were found to be significant factors for participation or non-participation in formal courses. No significant differences were found in types of subjects in which respondents in different occupational categories were interested. / Education, Faculty of / Educational Studies (EDST), Department of / Graduate

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-03-24T14:21:48Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Karla Carneiro de Siqueira Leite - 2015.pdf: 1941220 bytes, checksum: 6cab67f6a191dcb15c486db668a7233f (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-03-24T14:23:40Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Karla Carneiro de Siqueira Leite - 2015.pdf: 1941220 bytes, checksum: 6cab67f6a191dcb15c486db668a7233f (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-24T14:23:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Karla Carneiro de Siqueira Leite - 2015.pdf: 1941220 bytes, checksum: 6cab67f6a191dcb15c486db668a7233f (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-17 / Nimesulide is an anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) whose preferential selectivity for cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) leads to fewer adverse effects and wide use. Nimesulide, like other NSAIDs and selective COX-2 by inhibiting a single metabolic pathway of the arachidonic acid cascade are still responsible for gastrointestinal and cardiovascular side effects. However, recent studies show that the development of multi-targeted anti-inflammatory is an important strategy for obtaining the most effective drugs with fewer side effects. Therefore, the molecular changes from nimesulide has been proposed as a molecular hybridization with a derivative of butylhydroxytoluene BF-389. Such molecular modification products aim to inhibit metabolic pathways of two cascade of arachidonic acid, COX-2 and via the 5-lipoxygenase (LOX). Within the search string and development of new candidate drugs presenting prototypes of electroactive subunits, the characterization of the redox profiles can be made through the electrochemical techniques, which are characterized by speed, low cost and simplicity. In the electrochemical characterization of a new candidate prototype was observed two peaks with anode potential of 1.0V 0,42V and due to oxidation of aromatic amine and phenolic hydroxyl respectively. After analysis by varying the pH and scanning speed, it follows that mass transfer occurs via diffusion processes and proton transfer. The electrochemical analyzes, and are a supplementary means of characterization, were conclusive to prove that the electroactive groups are important in drug mechanism of action, remain free and yet, via a calibration curve constructed by measuring the current (i) due to the potential different concentrations of analyte, one can demonstrate the ability to dispense the new drug candidate developed. / A nimesulida é um fármaco anti-inflamatório não esteroidal (AINE) cuja seletividade preferencial à cicloxigenase-2 (COX- 2) leva à redução de efeitos adversos e amplo uso. A nimesulida, assim como outros AINES e os inibidores seletivos de COX-2 ao inibirem uma única via da cascata metabólica do ácido araquidônico ainda são responsáveis por efeitos colaterais gastrintestinais e cardiovasculares. Entretanto, estudos recentes mostram que o desenvolvimento de anti-inflamatórios multi-alvos representa uma importante estratégia para a obtenção de fármacos mais eficazes e com menos efeitos colaterais. Por isso, modificações moleculares a partir da nimesulida tem sido propostas como a hibridação molecular com um derivado do butilhidroxitolueno o BF-389. Tais produtos de modificação molecular têm a finalidade de inibir duas vias da cascata metabólica do ácido araquidônico, a COX-2 e a via da 5-lipo-oxigenase (LOX). Dentro da cadeia de pesquisa e desenvolvimento de novos candidatos a protótipos de fármacos que apresentem subunidades eletroativas, a caracterização dos seus perfis redox pode ser feita através das técnicas eletroquímicas, que se destacam pela rapidez, baixo custo e simplicidade. Na caracterização eletroquímica de um novo candidato a protótipo foi observado dois picos com potenciais anódicos de 0,42V e 1,0V devido à oxidação da amina aromática e da hidroxila fenólica, respectivamente. Após as análises variando o pH e a velocidade de varredura, conclui-se que a transferência de massa ocorre através de processos difusionais e com transferência de prótons. As análises eletroquímicas, além de serem um meio complementar de caracterização, foram conclusivas para se comprovar que os grupos eletroativos, importantes no mecanismo de ação de fármacos, permanecem livres e ainda, através da curva de calibração construída com a medida da corrente (i) em função do potencial em diferentes concentrações do analito, pode-se demostrar a possibilidade de se dosificar o novo candidato a fármaco desenvolvido.

Thomas J. Fessenden. / Issued also as a thesis, M.I.T. Dept. of Electrical Engineering, April 29, 1961." "August 29, 1961." / Bibliography: p. 50-51. / Army Signal Corps Contract DA36-039-sc-78108. Dept. of the Army Task 3-99-20-001 and Project 3-99-00-000.

This thesis is concerned with measurements used in economic activity and investigates how historical markets managed transactional problems due to unreliable measurements. Existing literature has generally associated the problems of measurements in historical markets with the lack of uniformity in weights and measures. This thesis shows that metrological standardization was not sufficient to ensure reliability of measurements. Markets developed mensuration practices that enabled markets to address specific transactional issues in micro-contexts. This involved, in addition to the use of standardized metrology, improved governance of transactions, third party monitoring and guaranteeing, and other institutional solutions. Historical institutional arrangements were altered or replaced as a result of changing or standardizing mensuration practices. The thesis also makes a conceptual contribution in terms of understanding the process of standardization. It shows how, while standards can be inflexible and rationalized (i.e. limited in number), standardized practices can incorporate a number of such standards and be flexible in terms which standard to be used in a given context. Analytically, standardized practices are institutional objects that are determined endogenously and are formed in 'packages' that create interlinks between standards, other artefacts, rules and people. These arguments are developed by studying three detailed cases of mensuration practices in the British economy during the nineteenth-century. The case of the London Coal Trade examines how altered mensuration practices gave buyers greater assurance that the amount of coal they received was actually the amount they purchased. The case of the wire industry illustrates the struggles to define a uniform set of wire sizes that could overcome the disputes arising from incompatible and multiple ways of measuring wire sizes. The case of the wheat markets illustrates the complexity involved in developing standards of measurements such that quality could be reliably measured ex-ante. Through these case studies, the thesis shows how markets developed different mensuration practices to manage measurements in a given context.

Tato práce se zabývá běžnými problémy časových politik, které jsou využívány v rámci procesu přihlašování uživatelů. Jsou rozebrána řešení v některých jiných současných systémech. Dále je čtenáři představen projekt pro správu identit FreeIPA, autor se zaměřuje hlavně na správu uživatelů a politiky pro jejich autorizaci. Je také představen projekt SSSD se zaměřením na jeho propojení se systémem FreeIPA. Po vytvoření návrhu řešení problému časových politik je tento návrh implementován do systémů FreeIPA a SSSD.