This report summarize a simple and efficient way to convert 2D into 3D designs. It explains the benefits of a 3D design compared with 2D, and how those benefits may be used. It will also give the reader a presentation of the company Clean Air Technologies, which for the most part constructs cleaning facilities for power plants. How to create 3D-libraries for some of those facilities will be introduced in this composition. The collaboration with Clean Air Technologies has resulted in several 3D animated movies and rendered images. This has increased the quality of the companies offer presentations, which has made it easier for the prospective customer to get an improved overall image of the power plant design.

The thesis has been made for NCC Teknik in Gothenburg. The NCC Corporation is one of the largest leading companies in Scandinavia within the construction industry. NCC is active throughout the whole construction process, where one part is to carry out soil investigations prior the construction of various buildings, for example residential buildings. NCC Technology wants to visualize the samples taken at the construction sites in 3D for clients, authorities and also internally to show in a simple and understandable way how contamination is spread out in the soil. The thesis includes the area of Limhamns läge in Malmö, previously an industrial area. The area has previously included a concrete factory and the contamination from that factory has lingered in the soil. Here, the old buildings will be demolished and will be replaced by residential area and parkland. The contaminated soil must first be transported away to enable people to inhabit in the area. The goal has been to develop a method that improves visualization of the soil remediation process by creating 3D models that could replace the visualization in 2D and tables with analysis results. The idea is that the method of 3D visualization can be applied to other soil remediation processes and some shafting. Limhamns läge has the been divided into the squares to be able to take samples, which in turn are divided into boxes in depth which is defined as 20x20x0,5m. After the samples have been analyzed it is possible to determine which boxes that can remain in place, which ones that can be reused in the area and which ones that need to be transported away for landfill. The created models are visualizations in 3D showing the distribution of soil contamination. One model is divided into half meter layers, making it possible to see the various levels of contaminants in the soil. A 3D model has also been created where the uncontaminated boxes have been separated from the other boxes and it allows visualization of the contaminated boxes. A model has been created that shows how the shafting work progresses by gradually remove boxes that have been shafted for each week. The models are designed to capture the results of analyzes by sieving. They are divided for each fraction, coarse, medium and fine. The models show what material can be reused and what should be transported to the landfill. The second version of the model shows the proportion of each fraction that was found in the sieved boxes.

3D stacked ICs (3D-SICs) with multiple dies interconnected by through-silicon-vias(TSVs) are considered as a technology driver and proven to have overwhelming advantagesover traditional ICs with a single die in a package in terms of performance, powerconsumption and silicon overhead. However, these “super chips” bring new challengesto the process of IC manufacturing; among which, testing 3D-SICs is the major andmost complex issue to deal with. In traditional ICs, tests can usually be performedat two stages (test instances), namely: a wafer sort and a package test. Whereas for3D-SICs, tests can be performed after each stacking event where a new die is stackedover a partial stack. This expands the set of available test instances. A combination ofselected test instances where a test is performed (active test instance) is known as a testflow. Test time is a major contributor to the total test cost. Test time changes with theselected test flow. Therefore, choosing a cost effective test flow which will minimizesthe test time is absolutely essential.This thesis focuses on finding an optimal test flow which minimizes the test timefor a given 3D-SIC. A mathematical model has been developed to evaluate the test timeof any test flow. Then a heuristic has been proposed for finding a near optimal test flowwhich minimizes the test time. The performance of this approach in terms of computationtime and efficiency has been compared against the minimum test time obtainedby exhaustive search. The heuristic gives good results compared to exhaustive searchwith much lesser computation time.

Šebková, M. Progressive technologies in furniture design. Diploma thesis, Brno, Mendel University in Brno, 2014 Diploma thesis 'Progressive technologies in furniture design' is focused on the use of modern technologies in furniture production. The theoretical part explains the basic terms, technology and material options. It focuses mainly on the production of 3D printed furniture and possibilities of virtual testing, measurements, scanning and rapid prototyping. Practical part of diploma thesis consists in design of seating furniture. The product is 3D printed furniture and it is applied 3D modelling, 3D digitization, and measurements. The aim is to point out new possibilities of fabrication and furniture design.

This thesis deals with the processing of stereo images. It described the principles of calibration and rectification of stereo images. The thesis described several methods for finding important points. SURF method is then implemented for practical solution. Finding correspondences is realized using the methods of image processing library OpenCV. Reconstructed spatial coordinates of points and write by the format specified VRML97. Finally, there is introduced evaluated accuracy of spatial data acquisition and comparison of computational cost generated programs.

Holoscopic 3D imaging “Integral imaging” was first proposed by Lippmann in 1908. It has become an attractive technique for creating full colour 3D scene that exists in space. It promotes a single camera aperture for recording spatial information of a real scene and it uses a regularly spaced microlens arrays to simulate the principle of Fly’s eye technique, which creates physical duplicates of light field “true 3D-imaging technique”. While stereoscopic and multiview 3D imaging systems which simulate human eye technique are widely available in the commercial market, holoscopic 3D imaging technology is still in the research phase. The aim of this research is to investigate spatial resolution of holoscopic 3D imaging and display technology, which includes holoscopic 3D camera, processing and display. Smart microlens array architecture is proposed that doubles spatial resolution of holoscopic 3D camera horizontally by trading horizontal and vertical resolutions. In particular, it overcomes unbalanced pixel aspect ratio of unidirectional holoscopic 3D images. In addition, omnidirectional holoscopic 3D computer graphics rendering techniques are proposed that simplify the rendering complexity and facilitate holoscopic 3D content generation. Holoscopic 3D image stitching algorithm is proposed that widens overall viewing angle of holoscopic 3D camera aperture and pre-processing of holoscopic 3D image filters are proposed for spatial data alignment and 3D image data processing. In addition, Dynamic hyperlinker tool is developed that offers interactive holoscopic 3D video content search-ability and browse-ability. Novel pixel mapping techniques are proposed that improves spatial resolution and visual definition in space. For instance, 4D-DSPM enhances 3D pixels per inch from 44 3D-PPIs to 176 3D-PPIs horizontally and achieves spatial resolution of 1365 × 384 3D-Pixels whereas the traditional spatial resolution is 341 × 1536 3D-Pixels. In addition distributed pixel mapping is proposed that improves quality of holoscopic 3D scene in space by creating RGB-colour channel elemental images.

The main aim of the thesis is loading of 3D models in different file formats and its displaying, creating of slices from 3D models and vice versa making 3D models from slices, quantify inaccuracy of anti-aliasing and other formatting and investigate similarity of original and edited models. Everything in Java programming language and its extensions for 3D object tasks. Thesis builds on earlier project „3D shape from MRI“.

L'augmentation constante de la demande alimentaire et énergétique dans le monde associée au réchauffement et changements climatiques ont poussé les recherches en agronomie vers le développement d'une agriculture plus durable et l'amélioration de la performance des cultures. Pour répondre à ces demandes, les chercheurs ont concentré leurs efforts sur le développement de méthodes de génotypage à haut débit (l'étude de la séquence génomique des plantes) et ont permis aux biologistes d'identifier les génotypes d'une grande quantité de plantes. De plus, comprendre les relations qui lient les génotypes (ADN) aux phénotypes (caractéristiques visuelles) qui évoluent en fonction des conditions d'irrigation, d'illumination ou de température est devenu un enjeu majeur dans la recherche agricole. Alors que les méthodes de génotypage ont été rapidement améliorées et automatisées au cours de la dernière décennie, les méthodes de phénotypage restent manuelles et parfois destructrices. Ces méthodes consistent à mesurer certains paramètres visuels d'une plante telle que : la hauteur de la tige principale, le nombre de feuilles, les angles d'initiation des feuilles ou la surface foliaire et plus important encore, à suivre ces paramètres tout au long de la croissance des plantes. Par conséquent, le nombre de plantes à cultiver est très important et les mesures prennent beaucoup de temps. Avec l'émergence des nouvelles technologies en vision par ordinateur et en robotique, les chercheurs en agronomie y ont vu un intérêt certain en vue d'automatiser la collecte et les mesures des données visuelles sur les plantes. La thèse porte sur la conception, le développement et la validation de traitements haut débit à exécuter automatiquement sur des images acquises sur des plantes de tournesol, en vue d'amplifier les capacités de phénotypage par les chercheurs en agronomie (et ultérieurement les évaluateurs de variétés et les semenciers). L'objectif est la mise au point d'un protocole d'acquisition d'images (en plante isolée) depuis un robot mobile (ou un système d'acquisition autonome) permettant d'améliorer, de moderniser et d'automatiser les méthodes de phénotypage actuelles afin d'aider les chercheurs en agronomie à collecter une grande quantité de données. Motivés par le souhait d'effectuer un phénotypage à haut débit, nous proposons une approche 3D pour extraire automatiquement les caractéristiques visuelles des plantes de tournesol cultivées en pot. Tout d'abord, un nuage de points 3D d'une plante est acquis avec des techniques classiques de Structure-from-Motion. Une étape de segmentation est ensuite effectuée pour extraire la tige principale et les feuilles. Dans le but de suivre les caractéristiques visuelles pendant la croissance des plantes, en particulier, suivre l'expansion foliaire de chaque feuille, une étape de labellisation basée sur le modèle botanique d'une plante est appliquée pour leur affecter une étiquette unique qui ne changera pas avec le temps. Enfin, les caractéristiques visuelles sont extraites et les résultats obtenus sur les plantes de tournesol démontrent l'efficacité de notre méthode et en font une étape encourageante vers le phénotypage haut débit. / The constant increasing food and energy demand in the world associated to global warming and climate change issues, pushed the researchs in plant breeding to move towards the improvement of crops performance and development of a more sustainable agriculture. To meet these demands, the effort made by the researchers were focused on the development of high-throughput genotyping methods (i.e., the study of genome sequence of plants) and allowed the biologists to indentified the genotypes of a large amount of plants. Moreover, understanding the relationships that link the genotypes (DNA) to the phenotypes (visual characteristics) that evolve according environmental conditions like: light, water, drought, heat, etc. has become a main issue in agricultural research. While the genotyping methods were rapidly improved and automatized during the last decade, the phenotyping methods remain manual, sometimes destructive and non-replicable. The usual phenotyping methods consist to measure certain visual parameters of a plant such as: main stem heigh, number of leaves, leaf initiation angle or leaf area, but more importantly, be able to follow these parameters along the plant growth. Consequently, the number of plants to harvest is very important and the measurements are extremely time-consuming. The emergence and reliability of new technologies in computer vision and robotic have led the researchers to take an interest in them and to seek how they can be used in plant science. The thesis is focused on the design, development and validation of a high-throughput phenotyping method design for sunflower plant with an eye to amplify phenotyping capacities by Agronomists and Geneticists (and later varieties evaluators and seed producers). The aim is to improve, modernize and automatize the current phenotyping methods as a way to help the plant scientists to collect a large amount of data. Motivated by the wish to perform high-throughput plant phenotyping, we propose a 3D approach to automatically extract visual characteristics of sunflower plants grown in pot. First, a 3D point cloud of a plant is acquired with classical Structure-from-Motion techniques. A segmentation step is then proceeded to retrieve the main stem and the leaves. With the intention of following the visual characteristics during the plant growth, especially, the leaf area expansion rate of each leaf, a labelling step relying on the botanical model of a plant is performed to affect them a unique label that will not change over time. Finally, the visual characteristics are extracted and results obtained on sunflower plants demonstrate the efficiency of our method and make it an encouraging step toward high-throughput plant phenotyping.

Scaling up 3D deep learning systems emerges as a paramount issue, comprising two primary facets: (1) Model scalability that designs a 3D network that is scalefriendly, i.e. model archives improving performance with increasing parameters and can run efficiently. Unlike 2D convolutional networks, 3D networks have to accommodate the irregularities of 3D data, such as respecting permutation invariance in point clouds. (2) Data scalability: high-quality 3D data is conspicuously scarce in the 3D field. 3D data acquisition and annotations are both complex and costly, hampering the development of scalable 3D deep learning. This dissertation delves into 3D deep learning including both perception and generation, addressing the scalability challenges. To address model scalability in 3D perception, I introduce ASSANet which outlines an approach for efficient 3D point cloud representation learning, allowing the model to scale up with a low cost of computation, and notably achieving substantial accuracy gains. I further introduce the PointNeXt framework, focusing on data augmentation and scalability of the architecture, that outperforms state-of-the-art 3D point cloud perception networks. To address data scalability, I present Pix4Point which explores the utilization of abundant 2D images to enhance 3D understanding. For scalable 3D generation, I propose Magic123 which leverages a joint 2D and 3D diffusion prior for zero-shot image-to-3D content generation without the necessity of 3D supervision. These collective efforts provide pivotal solutions to model and data scalability in 3D deep learning.

TITLE: Tools for 3D modelling in teaching solid geometry AUTHOR: Bc. Jana Taušová DEPARTMENT: Department of Information Technology and Technology Education SUPERVISOR: PhDr. Josef Procházka, Ph.D. ABSTRACT: The key topic of the thesis is the possibility of enhancement of the teaching of solid geometry through a 3D modelling program of choice. The theoretical part of the work defines solid geometry as a branch of mathematics. It furthermore investigates spatial visualization ability as a crucial one for understanding this particular area; and also explains the possibilities of computer program usage. The practical part starts with an inquiry into the use of ICT tools at secondary schools in the Czech Republic. Then there is an overview of the programs suitable for teaching, and methodology for a particular section of solid geometry curriculum. The suggestions mentioned in the methodology section have been used during class work (the 7th year students of an 8-year comprehensive grammar school), as specified in the last part of the work. Thus we have researched the actual practical use of our theoretical inferences. KEY WORDS: Tools for 3D modelling, ICT support for education, spatial visualization ability, solid geometry