Os inibidores seletivos da recaptação de serotonina (ISRSs) representam a classe mais importante de antidepressivos em uso clínico atualmente. Entretanto, esses medicamentos costumam levar de duas a seis semanas para apresentar os efeitos de sua ação terapêutica. Estudos clínicos mostram que quando um antagonista do receptor 5-HT1A é administrado juntamente com um ISRS, um aumento da concentração extracelular de serotonina é observado nas áreas terminais dos neurônios. Assim, a combinação de um antagonista do receptor 5-HT1A com um ISRS pode acelerar o início da ação antidepressiva, aumentando a eficácia do tratamento farmacológico da depressão. A classe mais importante de ligantes do receptor 5-HT1A são os compostos arilpiperazínicos. O presente estudo teve como objetivo o entendimento das características importantes para as interações entre uma série de compostos arilpiperazínicos com o receptor 5-HT1A. Para tal, foram realizados estudos de Relação Quantitativa entre Estrutura e Atividade (QSAR) bi- e tridimensionais, empregando as seguintes abordagens: métodos quimiométricos baseados em descritores teóricos, QSAR por hologramas (HQSAR) e o método de Análise Comparativa de Campos Moleculares (CoMFA). Essas análises foram complementadas com a modelagem por homologia do receptor 5-HT1A e com estudos de docking ligante-receptor realizados para alguns compostos arilpiperazínicos. Modelos de QSAR com boa consistência interna, habilidade preditiva e estabilidade foram obtidos em todos os casos. Os modos de interação observados apresentaram consistência com dados experimentais disponíveis sobre os resíduos importantes para as interações com ligantes arilpiperazínicos. Os principais resultados indicaram algumas características dos ligantes que são importantes para a afinidade pelo receptor 5-HT1A, tais como a presença de um anel benzotiofeno como substituinte Ar2, substituintes pouco volumosos na posição Z e receptores de ligações de hidrogênio na posição orto do anel Ar1. Esses resultados foram corroborados pelo estudo das interações com o modelo do receptor 5-HT1A, que indicou uma importante interação hidrofóbica do grupo benzotiofeno com o resíduo Trp6.48 do receptor, assim como uma ligação de hidrogênio entre a hidroxila na posição Z e o resíduo Thr3.37 e, ainda, entre o oxigênio do anel Ar1 e o resíduo Asn7.39. As informações obtidas neste estudo podem fornecer subsídios para o planejamento de novos ligantes com afinidade pelo receptor 5-HT1A. / Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are the most important class of antidepressants in current clinical use. However, they present the serious drawback of a delay of two to six weeks in the onset of therapeutic effect. Clinical studies have shown that when a 5-HT1A receptor antagonist is administrated along with a SSRI, an increase of extracellular serotonin concentration in neuronal terminal areas is observed. Thus, the combination of a 5- HT1A receptor antagonist and a SSRI could accelerate the onset of antidepressant action, improving the pharmacological treatment of depression. The most important class of 5-HT1A receptor ligands are arylpiperazine compounds. In the present study, our aim was to understand the main features of the interaction between a series of arylpiperazines and the 5- HT1A receptor. Bi- and Tridimensional Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) studies were conducted employing the following approaches: chemometric methods based on theoretical descriptors, Hologram QSAR (HQSAR), and Comparative Molecular Field Analysis (CoMFA). These analyses were complemented by 5-HT1A receptor homology modeling and ligand-receptor docking studies. QSAR models presenting good internal consistency, predictive power and stability were obtained in all cases. The observed binding modes are consistent with available experimental data on residues considered crucial for interactions with arylpiperazine compounds. The main results have indicated some important features for optimal binding to the 5-HT1A receptor, such as the presence of a benzothiophene ring as Ar2 substituent, small groups at position Z and hydrogen bond acceptors at the ortho position of Ar1 ring. These results were corroborated by modeling the interactions with the 5- HT1A receptor, which has indicated an important hydrophobic interaction between the benzothiophene group and residue Trp6.48, a hydrogen bond between the OH group at position Z and residue Thr3.37, as well as between the oxygen in Ar1 and residue Asn7.39. The information gathered in these studies can be useful for the design of new ligands displaying affinity to the 5-HT1A receptor.

Introdução: A depressão é um transtorno psiquiátrico cujas causas parecem envolver a exposição crônica a estressores. Sabe-se que o hipocampo dorsal (HD) tem participação no mecanismo de adaptação a estímulos aversivos contínuos, pois a facilitação da neurotransmissão serotonérgica nessa estrutura diminui o efeito de um estressor prévio. A principal fonte de inervação serotonérgica para o HD é o núcleo mediano da rafe (NMnR). Objetivo: O objetivo geral deste trabalho foi verificar se a integridade da via NMnR-HD é essencial para os efeitos antidepressivos do tratamento crônico com Imipramina em animas com lesão dos neurônios serotonérgicos do NMnR e submetidos ao estresse crônico repetido. Materias e Métodos: Foram utilizados ratos Wistar, machos, com sete semanas de vida. Estes animais foram submetidos à cirurgia estereotáxica para lesão (ou não - grupo controle) dos neurônios seronotérgicos do NMnR. Novamente foram subdivididos em grupos de acordo com o tratamento farmacológico que iriam receber cronicamente (Imipramina ou Salina). Todos os animais foram submetidos ao estresse de restrição crônico (7dias/duas horas por dia) ou agudo (episódio único de restrição. No oitavo dia os animais foram testados no Labirinto em cruz Elevado (LCE). Resultados: Quando submetidos ao estresse agudo, animais com o NMnR íntegro e tratados com Imipramina apresentaram uma maior porcentagem de tempo despendido nos braços abertos (%TA) e no número de entradas nos braços abertos (%FA), quando comparados com o controle. Ainda, quando submetidos ao estresse agudo e com NMnR lesionados quimicamente, observou-se uma maior exploração dos braços abertos (%TA e %FA) quando comparados com o grupo sem lesão. Em relação aos animais submetidos ao estresse crônico, tanto os animais com NMnR íntegro, quanto os com este núcleo lesionados, a Imipramina foi capaz de atenuar os efeitos do estresse, pois foi observado uma maior %TA e %FA quando comparados com os animais que receberam salina. A lesão do NMnR em animais submetidos ao estresse crônico e tratados com salina apresentaram uma diminuição tanto da %TA quanto da %FA, quando comparados com as animais tratados com salina e com NMnR íntegro. Discussão: Nossos resultados mostraram que a lesão dos neurônios serotonérgicos do NMnR não interferiu no comportamento dos animais no LCE quando submetidos a um episódio único de estresse, mas diminui a exploração dos braços abertos em animais submetidos ao estresse crônico. Este efeito, contudo, foi atenuado pela administração crônica de Imipramina. Conclusão: Estes resultados sugerem que a integridade da via NMnR-HD não é essencial para os efeitos antidepressivos da Imipramina no desenvolvimento da tolerância ao estresse repetido. / Introduction: Depression is a psychiatric disorder whose causes seem to involve chronic exposure to stressors. It is known that the dorsal hippocampus (DH) participates in the adaptation mechanism to aversive stimuli, once the facilitation of serotonergic neurotransmission in this structure reduces the effect of a stressor. The main source of serotonergic innervation to the HD is the median raphe nucleus (MRN). Aim: The aim of this study was to verify if the integrity of the MRN-HD pathway is essential for the antidepressant effects of chronic treatment with imipramine in animals with lesion on serotonergic neurons of MRN submitted to chronic and repeated stress. Materials and Methods: We used male Wistar rats, seven weeks old. The animals were submitted to stereotactic surgery for lesion (or not - control group) on MRN serotonergic neurons. Later, they were divided in groups according to the chronic drug treatment they would receive (Imipramine or Saline). All animals were subjected to chronic (7days/Two hours a day) or acute restraint stress (a single episode of restraint). On the eighth day the animals were tested in the Elevated Plus Maze (EPM). Results: When subjected to acute stress, animals with intact MRN and treated with imipramine showed a higher percentage of time spent in open arms (% TO) and the number of entries in open arms (% FO) when compared to control. Moreover, rats subjected to acute stress and chemically injured showed a greater exploration of open arms (% TO and % FO) when compared with the group without lesion. Imipramine was able to attenuate the effects of stress on animals subjected to chronic stress from both groups, with intact MRN and those with lesion. That was observed on a increase of % TO and % FO when compared with rats treated with saline. The injury on MNR in animals submitted to chronic stress decreased both %TO and % FO. Discussion: Our results showed that the lesion on serotonergic neurons of MNR dont interfere in the behavior of animals in the EPM when subjected to a single stress episode, but decreases the open arm exploration in rats exposed to chronic stress. This effect, however, was attenuated by chronic administration of imipramine. Conclusion: These results suggest that the integrity of the NMnR-HD pathway is not essential for the antidepressant effects Imipramine in the development of tolerance to repeated stress.

In the present study 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) 1A receptor knockout mice (KO), mice overexpressing the 5-HT1A receptor (OE), and wild-type (WT) mice were used to investigate the influence of 5-HT1A receptor on the development of the serotonergic system in the brain, from the embryonic day 12.5 to the postnatal day 15.5. Neither the absence nor the overexpression of 5-HT1A receptor influenced the development and differentiation of serotonergic neurons in the raphe area of the mouse brain. However, a delay in the initial development of the serotonergic projections to the mesencephalic tegmentum, cerebral cortex and hypothalamus was observed in both transgenic mice lines. The brain levels of 5-HT and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid were significantly higher in both transgenic mice lines during the late embryonic and early postnatal periods as compared to WT mice. An increase in the turnover of 5-HT was not observed before the early postnatal period. Both the absence and the overexpression of 5-HT1A receptor delayed the development of the dopaminergic system of the mesencephalic tegmentum in the early embryonic period. In OE mice the postnatal development of the noradrenergic system appeared to be exaggerated. The immunoreactivity for the neurotrophic protein S100ß was higher in the cerebral cortex, striatum and hippocampus of OE mice as compare to WT and KO mice. The expression of synaptic proteins, such as synapatobrevin and synaptotagmin was reduced in KO and OE mice during the early embryonic period. This reduction may be linked to the delayed development of the serotonergic projections and the dopaminergic system. In addition, no influence of 5-HT1A receptor mutations on the myelination of the brain was observed. Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden die 5-Hydroxytryptamin (5-HT)1A Rezeptor Knockout (KO), überexprimierenden (ÜE) Mäuse und die Wild-Typ (WT) Mäuse, in den Entwicklungsperioden vom embryonalen Tag 12,5 bis postnatalen Tag 15,5 untersucht, um weitere Informationen über den Einfluss vom 5-HT1A Rezeptor auf die Entwicklung des serotonergen Systems im Gehirn zu erhalten. Sowohl das Fehlen des 5-HT1A Rezeptors als auch dessen Überexpression hatten zwar keinen Einfluss auf die Entwicklung und Differenzierung der serotonergen Neurone in den Raphe Regionen, verzögerte aber die erste Entwicklung der serotonergen Innervierungen im mesencephalen Tegmentum, Hypothalamus und cerebralen Cortex. In den späten embryonalen und insbesondere frühpostnatalen Perioden waren die 5-HT- und 5-HIAA-Spiegel bei KO und ÜE Mäusen im Vergleich zu WT Mäusen signifikant erhöht. Eine Erhöhung des 5-HT Turnovers wurde erst in der frühpostnatalen Periode beobachtet. Auch die Entwicklung des dopaminergen Systems im Mesencephalon war in der frühen embryonalen Periode sowohl bei KO als auch bei ÜE Mäusen verlangsamt. Die Überexpression des 5-HT1A Rezeptors begünstigte möglicherweise die postnatale Entwicklung des noradrenergen Systems. Bei ÜE Mäusen war die Immunreaktivität des neurotrophen Proteins S100? im cerebralen Cortex, Hippocampus und Striatum stärker als bei WT und KO Mäusen. Die Expression der synaptischen Proteine wie Synaptobrevin und Synaptotagmin war sowohl bei KO als auch bei ÜE Mäusen in der frühen embryonalen Periode verzögert. Dies könnte mit der verzögerten Entwicklung der serotonergen Projektionen und des dopaminergen Systems in Zusammenhang stehen. Darüber hinaus hatten transgene Veränderungen am 5-HT1A Rezeptor keinen Einfluss auf die Myelinisierung im Gehirn der Maus. Schlagwörter: serotonerges System, Entwicklung des Gehirns, 5-HT1A Rezeptor, transgene Mäuse, dopaminerges System, noradrenerges System, S100ß, Synaptisches Protein, Myelinisierung / In the present study 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) 1A receptor knockout mice (KO), mice overexpressing the 5-HT1A receptor (OE), and wild-type (WT) mice were used to investigate the influence of 5-HT1A receptor on the development of the serotonergic system in the brain, from the embryonic day 12.5 to the postnatal day 15.5. Neither the absence nor the overexpression of 5-HT1A receptor influenced the development and differentiation of serotonergic neurons in the raphe area of the mouse brain. However, a delay in the initial development of the serotonergic projections to the mesencephalic tegmentum, cerebral cortex and hypothalamus was observed in both transgenic mice lines. The brain levels of 5-HT and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid were significantly higher in both transgenic mice lines during the late embryonic and early postnatal periods as compared to WT mice. An increase in the turnover of 5-HT was not observed before the early postnatal period. Both the absence and the overexpression of 5-HT1A receptor delayed the development of the dopaminergic system of the mesencephalic tegmentum in the early embryonic period. In OE mice the postnatal development of the noradrenergic system appeared to be exaggerated. The immunoreactivity for the neurotrophic protein S100ß was higher in the cerebral cortex, striatum and hippocampus of OE mice as compare to WT and KO mice. The expression of synaptic proteins, such as synapatobrevin and synaptotagmin was reduced in KO and OE mice during the early embryonic period. This reduction may be linked to the delayed development of the serotonergic projections and the dopaminergic system. In addition, no influence of 5-HT1A receptor mutations on the myelination of the brain was observed.

No description available.