Le récepteur 5-HT6 de la sérotonine, un des derniers récepteurs de la sérotonine à avoir été découvert, est une des cibles les plus prometteuses pour traiter les déficits cognitifs de la schizophrénie et de la maladie d’Alzheimer. Les antagonistes 5-HT6 exercent des effets pro-cognitifs dans de nombreux paradigmes expérimentaux de cognition chez les rongeurs et plusieurs d’entre eux sont en développement clinique (phase III) dans la schizophrénie et la maladie d’Alzheimer. Exclusivement exprimé dans le système nerveux central, le récepteur 5-HT6 est présent dès les phases précoces du développement neural et est impliqué dans différents processus neuro-développementaux. Plusieurs études ont ainsi démontré que le récepteur jouait un rôle clé dans la migration des neurones (interneurones et neurones pyramidaux) du cortex cérébral (Riccio et al. Mol Psychiatry 14(3):280-90, 2009 ; Transl Psychiatry 11;1:e47, 2011 ; Jacobshagen et al. Development in revision). Grâce à un crible interactomique, notre équipe a récemment identifié un réseau de protéines recrutées par le domaine carboxy-terminal du récepteur, comprenant la cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk)5 et certains de ses substrats et connues pour leur implication dans la migration neuronale, la pousse neuritique et la synaptogénèse. Nous avons également démontré que le récepteur stimulait la pousse neuritique de façon agoniste-indépendante par un mécanisme impliquant la phosphorylation du récepteur par Cdk5 et l’activation de la Rho GTPase Cdc42 (Duhr et al. Nature Chem. Biol., en révision). Cette étude a mis pour la première fois en évidence une activation constitutive d’un récepteur couplé aux protéines G dépendant de sa phosphorylation par une kinase associée. Des études préliminaires réalisées par l’équipe indiquent également que l’activation du récepteur 5-HT6 induit une diminution du nombre d’épines dendritiques et une modification de leur morphologie dans des cultures primaires de neurones d’hippocampe. Le projet de thèse aura pour objectif la caractérisation des mécanismes moléculaires impliqués dans cet effet. Une attention particulière sera portée sur le rôle de Cdk5 et de son substrat WAVE1, une protéine induisant la formation des épines dendritiques grâce à sa capacité à activer le complexe Arp2/3 (également identifié dans l’interactome du récepteur 5-HT6) et à promouvoir la polymérisation de l’actine. La phosphorylation de WAVE1 par Cdk5 inhibant son activité et la formation des épines, ce mécanisme pourrait être à l’origine de la diminution du nombre d’épines induite par le récepteur 5-HT6. Ces études seront réalisées in vitro, sur des cultures primaires de neurones d’hippocampe et in vivo, en utilisant un modèle (en cours de génération) de souris knock-in exprimant le récepteur 5-HT6 fusionné à une étiquette GFP. Grâce à ce modèle, un crible interactomique sera également réalisé afin d’identifier de nouveaux partenaires du récepteur potentiellement impliqués dans la différentiation neuronale dans un contexte tissulaire authentique. Ce projet sera réalisé à l’Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF) au sein de l’équipe « Neuroprotéomique et signalisation des maladies neurologiques et psychiatriques » sous la co-direction de Philippe Marin et Séverine Chaumont-Dubel. Il permettra de caractériser de nouveaux substrats cellulaires potentiellement impliqués dans les déficits cognitifs de la schizophrénie de plus en plus considérée comme une pathologie du développement et d’identifier de nouvelles cibles pour le traitement précoce de ces déficits particulièrement invalidants et insuffisamment pris en en charge par l’arsenal antipsychotique existant. / The serotonin 5-HT6 receptor, one of the most recently cloned serotonin receptors, is a promising target for the treatment of cognitive deficits of both schizophrenia and Alzheimer’s disease. 5-HT6 receptor blockade by antagonists exerts pro-cognitive effects in a wide range of models of cognitive impairment in rodents and some of them are in phase III of clinical trials in schizophrenia and Alzheimer’s disease. The 5-HT6 receptor is exclusively expressed in the central nervous system, where it is detected at early phases of brain development. Studies have shown that 5-HT6 receptors have a key influence upon migration of both pyramidal neurons and interneurons of the cerebral cortex (Riccio et al. Mol Psychiatry 14(3):280-90, 2009 ; Transl Psychiatry 11;1:e47, 2011; Jacobshagen et al. Development, in revision). Using a proteomic strategy, our team recently identified a network of proteins interacting with the carboxy-terminal domain of the receptor. These include Cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk)5 and some of its substrates, which are known to control neuro-developmental processes such as neuronal migration, neurite growth and dendritic spine morphogenesis. We have also demonstrated that the expression of the 5-HT6 receptor elicits neurite growth in an agonist-independent manner through a mechanism involving receptor phosphorylation at a serine residue by associated Cdk5 and engagement of the Rho GTPase Cdc42 (Duhr et al. Nature Chem. Biol., in revision). These studies show for the first time a constitutive activation of a G protein-coupled receptor mediated by its phosphorylation by an associated protein kinase. Preliminary experiments performed by the team also revealed that 5-HT6 receptors activation decreases the number of dendritic spines and modify spine morphology in hippocampal neurons in primary culture. This thesis project aims at characterizing the signalling mechanisms underlying the control of dendritic spine morphogenesis by the 5-HT6 receptors. Particular attention will be paid to Cdk5 and its substrate WAVE1, a protein known to induce neurite growth via the activation of the Arp2/3 complex (also identified in the 5-HT6 receptor interactome), which promotes actin polymerization. As phosphorylation of WAVE1 by Cdk5 inhibits its activity, we hypothesize that Cdk5-elicited phosphorylation of WAVE1 in the receptor-associated complex might underlies its control of spine morphogenesis. This project will combine in vitro studies performed on primary cultured hippocampal neurons and in vivo studies using transgenic mice expressing GFP tagged 5-HT6 receptors (this mouse line is currently being generated). We will also take advantage of this model to perform a novel interactomics screen to identify in an authentic tissue context novel receptor partners potentially involved in dendritic spine formation. This project should reveal novel cellular targets for the alleviation of the currently untreated and strongly debilitating cognitive deficits of schizophrenia, which are thought to result from abnormalities of brain development. It will be realized at the Institute of Functional Genomics in the “Neuroproteomics and signaling of neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders” team under the supervision of Philippe Marin and Séverine Chaumont-Dubel.

A depressão na adolescência pode ser ocasionada devido à presença de estresses sociais, como o bullying, mas não se sabe por que apenas alguns indivíduos apresentam a depressão. Mudanças na neurotransmissão serotoninérgica relacionam-se a distúrbios comportamentais, sendo que alterações na expressão do receptor 5-HT6 poderiam desempenhar funções na cognição, memória e alterações do humor. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a participação de alterações na expressão cerebral do receptor 5-HT6 na resiliência e suscetibilidade aos efeitos negativos do estresse psicossocial em camundongos machos e adolescentes. Nossos dados comportamentais demonstraram anedonia e esquiva social em apenas uma parcela dos animais subjugados socialmente (~50-60%). A expressão proteica do receptor 5-HT6 não diferiu em nenhuma das áreas cerebrais analisadas. A expressão gênica apresentou redução em ambos os subgrupos, no estriado e apenas nos suscetíveis, no hipotálamo. A localização cerebral do receptor 5-HT6 ocorreu no núcleo paraventricular do hipotálamo e no tubérculo olfatório. / Depression in adolescence may be caused due to social stresses, like bullying, but the reasons in which just a part of these individuals are affected by depression are unknown. Changes in serotoninergic neurotransmission are related with several behavioral disorders, and changes in the 5-HT6 receptor could have an important role on cognition, memory and mood disorders. The aim of this work was verify the participation of brain expression changes of 5-HT6 serotoninergic receptor in the resilience and susceptibility under the negative effects of the psychosocial stress in adolescent male mice. Our behavioral data showed anhedonia and social avoidance in one part of the subjugated animals (~50-60%). The protein expression of the 5-HT6 receptor did not differ in any brain areas that was studied. The gene expression showed a decrease in both subgroups, in the striatum, and a decrease only in the susceptible subgroup, in the hypothalamus. The brain localization of 5-HT6 receptor was in the hypothalamus paraventricular nucleus and in the olfactory bulb.

The development of novel selective 5-HT6 and 5-HT7 receptor antagonists is an ever-growing area of interest among medicinal chemists. The potential of developing a therapeutic agent useful as an antipsychotic or antidepressant, as well as the possibility to develop a drug for Alzheimer’s disease and obesity has led to an increase in synthesis of possible lead compounds. The synthesis of unfused biheteroaryl derivatives is described within. The derivatives have been evaluated for binding affinity at 5-HT2A, 5-HT6 and 5-HT7 receptors. The most potent 5-HT6 receptor antagonists include a benzene ring, a hydrophobic group and a protonated nitrogen atom. The most potent and selective compound synthesized is 1-[3-butyl-5-(thienyl)phenyl]-4-methylpiperazine. The binding site of the 5-HT7 receptor is similar to that of the 5-HT6 receptor and the most selective and potent 5-HT7 receptor antagonist also contains a potonated nitrogen atom and a hydrophobic group. The difference in selectivity between the 5-HT6 and 5-HT7 receptor antagonists is the aromatic ring. The most potent 5-HT7 receptor antagonist synthesized contains a pyridine ring instead of benzene, as in the 5-HT6 receptor antagonist. The most potent and selective 5-HT7 receptor antagonist is 1-[4-(3-furyl)-6-methylpyridin-2-yl]-4-methylpiperazine. The need to increase selectivity for both 5-HT6 and 5-HT7 receptors has led to the synthesis of flexible-chain linked derivatives and the results are described within.

The development of novel selective 5-HT6 and 5-HT7 receptor antagonists is an ever-growing area of interest among medicinal chemists. The potential of developing a therapeutic agent useful as an antipsychotic or antidepressant, as well as the possibility to develop a drug for Alzheimer’s disease and obesity has led to an increase in synthesis of possible lead compounds. The synthesis of unfused biheteroaryl derivatives is described within. The derivatives have been evaluated for binding affinity at 5-HT2A, 5-HT6 and 5-HT7 receptors. The most potent 5-HT6 receptor antagonists include a benzene ring, a hydrophobic group and a protonated nitrogen atom. The most potent and selective compound synthesized is 1-[3-butyl-5-(thienyl)phenyl]-4-methylpiperazine. The binding site of the 5-HT7 receptor is similar to that of the 5-HT6 receptor and the most selective and potent 5-HT7 receptor antagonist also contains a potonated nitrogen atom and a hydrophobic group. The difference in selectivity between the 5-HT6 and 5-HT7 receptor antagonists is the aromatic ring. The most potent 5-HT7 receptor antagonist synthesized contains a pyridine ring instead of benzene, as in the 5-HT6 receptor antagonist. The most potent and selective 5-HT7 receptor antagonist is 1-[4-(3-furyl)-6-methylpyridin-2-yl]-4-methylpiperazine. The need to increase selectivity for both 5-HT6 and 5-HT7 receptors has led to the synthesis of flexible-chain linked derivatives and the results are described within.