Introduction and Objectives: The PDGFβ receptor and its ligand, PDGF-BB, are expressed throughout the central nervous system (CNS), including the hippocampas. Several reports confirm that PDGFβ receptors are neuroprotective against N-methyl-D-asparate (NMDA)-induced cell death in hippocampal neurons. NMDA receptor dysfunction is important for the expression of many symptoms of mental health disorders such as schizophrenia. The serotonin (5-HT) type 7 receptor was the most recent of the 5-HT receptor family to be identified and cloned. 5-HT receptors interact with several signaling systems in the CNS including receptors activated by the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate such as the NMDA receptor. Although there is extensive interest in targeting the 5-HT7 receptor with novel therapeutic compounds, the function and signaling properties of 5-HT7 receptors in neurons remains poorly characterized. Methods: The SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell line, primary hippocampal cultures, and hippocampal slices were treated with 5-HT7 receptor agonists and antagonists. Western blotting was used to measure PDGFß receptor expression and phosphorylation as well as NMDA receptor subunit expression and phosphorylation levels. Real-time RT-PCR was used to measure mRNA level of PDGFß receptor in neuronal cultures. Cell death assays (MAP2, MTT) were used to measure the neuroprotective effects of 5-HT7 and PDGFß receptor activation. Results: My research involved elucidating the molecular mechanisms of neuroprotection after 5-HT7-induced PDGFß receptor upregulation. I demonstrated that 24 h treatment with the selective 5-HT7 receptor agonist, LP 12, increased not only the expression but also the activation of PDGFß receptors as measured by the phosphorylation of tyrosine 1021, the phospholipase Cγ binding site. Activation of the 5-HT7 receptor also selectively changed the expression and phosphorylation state of the NR2B subunit of the NMDA receptor. Activation of 5-HT7 receptors was neuroprotective against NMDA-induced toxicity in primary hippocampal neurons and this effect required PDGFß receptor kinase activity. Thus, long-term (24 h) activation of 5-HT7 receptors was neuroprotective via increasing the expression of a negative regulator of NMDA activity, the PDGFß receptor. In contrast, acute activation (5-30 min) of 5-HT7 receptor increased NMDA evoked current and altered NMDA receptor subunit phosphorylation in hippocampal neurons in a manner that was different from what we observed in our 24 h experiments. Conclusions: I identified two 5-HT7 receptor to NMDA receptor pathways: acute activation of the receptor increased NMDA-evoked currents whereas long-term 5-HT7 agonist treatment prevented NMDA-induced excitotoxicity in a PDGFß receptor-dependent manner. This research is significant in the ongoing advances for the treatment of mental heath disorders, such as schizophrenia and depression, that involve the 5-HT, glutamate, and neuronal growth factor systems.

The 5-HT7 receptor is the most recent addition to the 5-HT receptor family and has been linked to a variety of physiological and pathophysiological processes. Well established antide-pressant pharmaceuticals have recently been found to activate the 5-HT7 receptor, supporting the role of the 5-HT7 receptor in the antidepressant mechanism. The synthesis of potent selec-tive 5-HT7 receptor antagonists could afford a greater understanding of the 5-HT7 receptor function as well as lead to potential drug candidates. The synthesis of unfused biheteroaryl derivatives as 5-HT7 receptor ligands has been de-scribed within. These compounds have been tested for biological activity on the 5-HT6 and 5-HT7 receptors. 4-(3’-Furyl)-2-(N-substituted-piperazino)pyrimidines were found to be potent 5-HT7 receptor ligands. 4-(2’-Furyl)-2-(N-substituted-piperazino)pyrimidines have shown high se-lectivity for the 5-HT7 receptor over the 5-HT6 receptor.

The 5-HT7 receptor is the most recent addition to the 5-HT receptor family and has been linked to a variety of physiological and pathophysiological processes. Well established antide-pressant pharmaceuticals have recently been found to activate the 5-HT7 receptor, supporting the role of the 5-HT7 receptor in the antidepressant mechanism. The synthesis of potent selec-tive 5-HT7 receptor antagonists could afford a greater understanding of the 5-HT7 receptor function as well as lead to potential drug candidates. The synthesis of unfused biheteroaryl derivatives as 5-HT7 receptor ligands has been de-scribed within. These compounds have been tested for biological activity on the 5-HT6 and 5-HT7 receptors. 4-(3’-Furyl)-2-(N-substituted-piperazino)pyrimidines were found to be potent 5-HT7 receptor ligands. 4-(2’-Furyl)-2-(N-substituted-piperazino)pyrimidines have shown high se-lectivity for the 5-HT7 receptor over the 5-HT6 receptor.

Le système sérotoninergique, impliqué dans plusieurs pathologies du système nerveux central, peut être exploré in vivo par l’imagerie TEP (tomographie par émission de positons). La recherche et la validation préclinique de radiotraceurs ciblant spécifiquement les récepteurs sérotoninergiques est donc cruciale. Au cours de ce travail, nous nous sommes intéressés à deux récepteurs sérotoninergiques pour lesquels nous avons développé des outils moléculaires pour leur imagerie fonctionnelle: (i) les récepteurs 5-HT1A et (ii) les récepteurs 5-HT7. (i) Les récepteurs 5-HT1A sont parmi les récepteurs à sérotonine les mieux décrits à l’heure actuelle. Cependant, si des radiotraceurs TEP sont déjà disponibles, ceux-ci sont des antagonistes qui se fixent indifféremment aux récepteurs 5-HT1A, couplés aux protéines G et fonctionnels, et aux récepteurs 5-HT1A, découplés et non fonctionnels. Nous avons donc proposé une stratégie originale de développement d’un agoniste 5- HT1A radiomarqué au fluor afin d’accéder à une imagerie des récepteurs fonctionnels. Deux molécules, le F15599 et le F13714, initialement développées pour leurs propriétés antidépressives par un partenaire industriel, ont été radiomarquées au fluor 18 puis ont été évaluées in vitro, ex vivo et in vivo chez le rat et le chat. Nos résultats montrent que le [18F]F13714 permet de visualiser de manière inédite les récepteurs 5- HT1A couplés aux protéines G. (ii) Le deuxième axe de cette thèse concerne les récepteurs 5-HT7, de découverte récente et proposés comme cible thérapeutique antidépressive. A l’inverse des récepteurs 5-HT1A, les récepteurs 5-HT7 ne disposent pas encore de radiotraceur TEP. Notre approche a consisté à sélectionner, à partir du pharmacophore du récepteur, quatre structures d’antagonistes 5-HT7, synthétisées par un laboratoire partenaire de chimie : le 2FP3, le 4FP3, le 2FPMP et le 4FPMP. Nos études radiopharmacologiques in vitro, ex vivo et in vivo nous ont conduit à retenir un radiotraceur, le [18F]2FP3. À l’issue de ce travail de thèse CIFRE, nous pouvons donc proposer deux radiotraceurs TEP originaux, ouvrant des perspectives inédites d’imagerie moléculaires de la neurotransmission 5-HT1A et 5-HT7 et dont nous envisageons la poursuite du développement comme radiopharmaceutiques cliniques / The serotonergic system, implicated in several diseases of central nervous system, can be explored in vivo by PET imaging (positron emission tomography). The research and the preclinical validation of radiotracers that specifically target serotonin are crucial. In this work, we focused on two serotonin receptors for which we have developed molecular tools for functional imaging: (i) the 5-HT1A and (ii) the 5-HT7. (i) 5-HT1A receptors are among the serotonin receptors the best described at present. However, if PET radiotracers are already available, they are antagonists and bind either to 5-HT1A receptors, G protein-coupled and functional, and to 5-HT1A receptors decoupled and non-functional. We therefore proposed an original strategy to develop a 5-HT1A agonist labeled with fluorine to access imagery of functional receptors. Two molecules, the F15599 and F13714, initially developed for their antidepressant properties by an industrial partner, were radiolabeled with fluorine-18 and were evaluated in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo in rats and cats. Our results show that the [18F] F13714 may view in a new way the 5-HT1A G protein-coupled (ii) The second focus of this thesis for the 5-HT7, recently discovered and proposed as a therapeutic target antidepressant. Unlike the 5-HT1A, 5-HT7 receptors do not yet have PET radiotracer. Our approach was to select, from the pharmacophore of the receptor, four structures of 5-HT7 antagonists, synthesized by a lab partner in chemistry: the 2FP3, the 4FP3, the 2FPMP and 4FPMP. Our radiopharmacology in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo led us to retain a radiotracer, the [18F] 2FP3. At the conclusion of this thesis CIFRE, we can propose two originals PET radiotracers , opening new perspectives for molecular imaging of neurotransmission of 5-HT1A and 5-HT7 receptors and which we plan further development as clinical radiopharmaceuticals

Parmi tous les neurotransmetteurs identifiés à ce jour, la sérotonine (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) est impliquée dans le système le plus complexe de récepteurs. Parmi eux, les récepteurs 5-HT7 qui sont les derniers découverts (1993) semblent avoir des implications multiples tant au niveau central que périphérique. Le potentiel thérapeutique représenté par la découverte de ligands 5-HT7 sélectifs vis-à-vis d’autres RCPGs a motivé notre projet de recherche. Nos études sont orientées vers la conception de trois classes distinctes de ligands. Une première famille à été conçue sur une charpente benzimidazolone. Diverses pharmacomodulations ont permis un changement du profil d’activité de 5-HT1A vers 5-HT7. Une deuxième famille de composés à structure furo- ou pyrano[2,3-b] pyridinique constitue des analogues azotés d’un des plus intéressants agonistes sélectifs 5-HT7 actuels. La synthèse de ces dérivés a été conduite via la mise en oeuvre d’une étape clé de cycloaddition intramoléculaire de Diels-Alder à partir de 1,2,4-triazines judicieusement fonctionnalisées en 3 par une chaine aminoalkynol. Cette méthodologie nous a permis de faire varier les substituants alkyle de l’amine, la nature et la position du motif aryle sur le noyau pyridinique, ainsi que la taille du cycle non-aromatique. La synthèse d’une dernière famille de dérivés bisaryliques a enrichi les études de relation structure-activité, connues dans la littérature, associées à ce type de ligands 5-HT7. La variation du cycle aromatique central (phényle, 1,3-diazine et 1,2,4- triazine) a révélé d’importantes conséquences sur l’affinité des molécules. / Among all the neurotransmitters identified up-to-date, serotonin (5-Hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) is mediated by the most complex system of receptors. The 5-HT7 receptors are the latest discovered (1993) and have many implications both in the central nervous system and in peripheral tissues. The therapeutic potential of new 5- HT7 ligands, selective over the other GPCRs, motivated our research project. Our studies were focused on the design of three different classes of 5-HT7 ligands. The first class was built on a benzimidazolone scaffold. Various modulations afforded a shift of the affinity profile from the 5-HT1ARs to the 5-HT7Rs. A second class of 3-aminofuro- or pyrano[2,3-b]pyridines are in fact the heteroanalogues of one of the most interesting current 5-HT7 selective agonists: the 3-aminochromans. Their synthesis involved an intramolecular Diels-Alder cycloaddition key step starting from a 1,2,4-triazine judiciously substituted in 3 with a convenient aminoalkynol. The developed methodology afforded the variation of the substituents on the amine moiety, of the aromatic substituent and its position on the pyridinic core and of the non-aromatic ring size. A last class of bisarylic derivatives further explored the SAR tendencies of this type of 5-HT7 ligands by modulating the main aromatic scaffold in the benzene, pyrimidine and 1,2,4-triazine series.

Novel and potent ligands to the serotonin7 (5-HT7) receptor have been synthesized. The synthesized compounds include a set of substituted pyrimidines which show high affinity to the 5-HT7 receptor, synthesized by previously described methods [1,2] in high yield. Comparing the affinities of substituted pyrimidines to previously calculated models [3,4] yielded new hypotheses about the nature of interaction between the pyrimidine ligands and the 5-HT7 binding site. Several new series of compounds were synthesized by various methods to validate these hypotheses, including a conjugate addition to vinylpyrimidines [5]. These compounds include benzofurans, oximes, hydrazones, as well as a group of substituted piperazines. All series of compounds show affinity to the 5-HT7 receptor comparable to previously synthesized 5-HT7 ligands. Several of the synthesized ligands show affinity which exceeds that of currently available ligands. The synthesized compounds were evaluated quantitatively by calculating a three-dimensional quantitative structure-affinity relationship (3D-QSAR) for the 5-HT7 receptor. Evaluation of the calculated model validated qualitative assumptions about the data set as well as described regions of interaction in greater detail than previously available. These observations give further insight on the nature of ligand-binding site interactions with highly potent ligands such as 4-(3-furyl)-2-(N-methylpiperazino)pyrimidine which will lead to more potent 5-HT7 receptor ligands. Additionally, a model was calculated for affinity to the 5-HT2a receptor. Comparing this model to that calculated for affinity to the 5-HT7 receptor identified two regions which may be exploited in future sets of ligands to increase selectivity to the 5HT7 receptor.

The development of novel selective 5-HT6 and 5-HT7 receptor antagonists is an ever-growing area of interest among medicinal chemists. The potential of developing a therapeutic agent useful as an antipsychotic or antidepressant, as well as the possibility to develop a drug for Alzheimer’s disease and obesity has led to an increase in synthesis of possible lead compounds. The synthesis of unfused biheteroaryl derivatives is described within. The derivatives have been evaluated for binding affinity at 5-HT2A, 5-HT6 and 5-HT7 receptors. The most potent 5-HT6 receptor antagonists include a benzene ring, a hydrophobic group and a protonated nitrogen atom. The most potent and selective compound synthesized is 1-[3-butyl-5-(thienyl)phenyl]-4-methylpiperazine. The binding site of the 5-HT7 receptor is similar to that of the 5-HT6 receptor and the most selective and potent 5-HT7 receptor antagonist also contains a potonated nitrogen atom and a hydrophobic group. The difference in selectivity between the 5-HT6 and 5-HT7 receptor antagonists is the aromatic ring. The most potent 5-HT7 receptor antagonist synthesized contains a pyridine ring instead of benzene, as in the 5-HT6 receptor antagonist. The most potent and selective 5-HT7 receptor antagonist is 1-[4-(3-furyl)-6-methylpyridin-2-yl]-4-methylpiperazine. The need to increase selectivity for both 5-HT6 and 5-HT7 receptors has led to the synthesis of flexible-chain linked derivatives and the results are described within.

Le système sérotoninergique, impliqué dans plusieurs pathologies du système nerveux central, peut être exploré in vivo par l'imagerie TEP (tomographie par émission de positons). La recherche et la validation préclinique de radiotraceurs ciblant spécifiquement les récepteurs sérotoninergiques est donc cruciale. Au cours de ce travail, nous nous sommes intéressés à deux récepteurs sérotoninergiques pour lesquels nous avons développé des outils moléculaires pour leur imagerie fonctionnelle: (i) les récepteurs 5-HT1A et (ii) les récepteurs 5-HT7. (i) Les récepteurs 5-HT1A sont parmi les récepteurs à sérotonine les mieux décrits à l'heure actuelle. Cependant, si des radiotraceurs TEP sont déjà disponibles, ceux-ci sont des antagonistes qui se fixent indifféremment aux récepteurs 5-HT1A, couplés aux protéines G et fonctionnels, et aux récepteurs 5-HT1A, découplés et non fonctionnels. Nous avons donc proposé une stratégie originale de développement d'un agoniste 5- HT1A radiomarqué au fluor afin d'accéder à une imagerie des récepteurs fonctionnels. Deux molécules, le F15599 et le F13714, initialement développées pour leurs propriétés antidépressives par un partenaire industriel, ont été radiomarquées au fluor 18 puis ont été évaluées in vitro, ex vivo et in vivo chez le rat et le chat. Nos résultats montrent que le [18F]F13714 permet de visualiser de manière inédite les récepteurs 5- HT1A couplés aux protéines G. (ii) Le deuxième axe de cette thèse concerne les récepteurs 5-HT7, de découverte récente et proposés comme cible thérapeutique antidépressive. A l'inverse des récepteurs 5-HT1A, les récepteurs 5-HT7 ne disposent pas encore de radiotraceur TEP. Notre approche a consisté à sélectionner, à partir du pharmacophore du récepteur, quatre structures d'antagonistes 5-HT7, synthétisées par un laboratoire partenaire de chimie : le 2FP3, le 4FP3, le 2FPMP et le 4FPMP. Nos études radiopharmacologiques in vitro, ex vivo et in vivo nous ont conduit à retenir un radiotraceur, le [18F]2FP3. À l'issue de ce travail de thèse CIFRE, nous pouvons donc proposer deux radiotraceurs TEP originaux, ouvrant des perspectives inédites d'imagerie moléculaires de la neurotransmission 5-HT1A et 5-HT7 et dont nous envisageons la poursuite du développement comme radiopharmaceutiques cliniques

The development of novel selective 5-HT6 and 5-HT7 receptor antagonists is an ever-growing area of interest among medicinal chemists. The potential of developing a therapeutic agent useful as an antipsychotic or antidepressant, as well as the possibility to develop a drug for Alzheimer’s disease and obesity has led to an increase in synthesis of possible lead compounds. The synthesis of unfused biheteroaryl derivatives is described within. The derivatives have been evaluated for binding affinity at 5-HT2A, 5-HT6 and 5-HT7 receptors. The most potent 5-HT6 receptor antagonists include a benzene ring, a hydrophobic group and a protonated nitrogen atom. The most potent and selective compound synthesized is 1-[3-butyl-5-(thienyl)phenyl]-4-methylpiperazine. The binding site of the 5-HT7 receptor is similar to that of the 5-HT6 receptor and the most selective and potent 5-HT7 receptor antagonist also contains a potonated nitrogen atom and a hydrophobic group. The difference in selectivity between the 5-HT6 and 5-HT7 receptor antagonists is the aromatic ring. The most potent 5-HT7 receptor antagonist synthesized contains a pyridine ring instead of benzene, as in the 5-HT6 receptor antagonist. The most potent and selective 5-HT7 receptor antagonist is 1-[4-(3-furyl)-6-methylpyridin-2-yl]-4-methylpiperazine. The need to increase selectivity for both 5-HT6 and 5-HT7 receptors has led to the synthesis of flexible-chain linked derivatives and the results are described within.

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2016-02-22T23:19:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MaranaAliSilveira_DISSERT.pdf: 1961262 bytes, checksum: 5e69a835345f4defbd4448caed33cdd8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-02-26T00:38:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 MaranaAliSilveira_DISSERT.pdf: 1961262 bytes, checksum: 5e69a835345f4defbd4448caed33cdd8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-26T00:38:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MaranaAliSilveira_DISSERT.pdf: 1961262 bytes, checksum: 5e69a835345f4defbd4448caed33cdd8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-09-02 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / Indiv?duos dependentes de etanol que diminuem ou interrompem a sua utiliza??o podem apresentar a S?ndrome de Abstin?ncia do ?lcool, caracterizada por sinais e sintomas desagrad?veis que favorecem a reca?da, dentre eles, a ansiedade. Por ser uma droga psicotr?pica, o etanol ? capaz de promover mudan?as comportamentais e neurofisiol?gicas, atuando sobre diversos sistemas de neurotransmiss?o, dentre outros o sistema seroton?rgico, que vem sendo diretamente relacionado aos estados aversivos, como ? o caso da ansiedade. O presente estudo teve por objetivo investigar a participa??o do receptor de serotonina do tipo 7 (5-HT7) da subst?ncia cinzenta periaquedutal dorsal (DPAG) na ansiedade experimental basal e naquela gerada pela retirada de etanol. Para isso, ratos Wistar com 75-100 dias foram submetidos a dois experimentos. No primeiro, os animais receberam as doses de 2,5; 5,0 e 10 nmoles do antagonista de receptor 5-HT7 SB269970(SB) ou ve?culo intra-DPAG e, dez minutos ap?s, foram expostos ao labirinto em cruz elevado (LCE). No dia seguinte, os animais foram submetidos aos mesmos tratamentos e testados no campo aberto (CA). No segundo experimento, os animais receberam concentra??es crescentes (2%, 4%, 6%) de etanol como ?nica fonte de dieta l?quida ou ?gua (grupo controle), ambos com acesso livre ? ra??o. Setenta e duas e noventa e seis horas ap?s a retirada do etanol, os animais receberam SB (2,5 e 5,0 nmoles) intra-DPAG dez minutos anteriores ao teste no LCE e no CA, respectivamente. No experimento 1, a dose do antagonista de 10 nmoles foi capaz de reverter a ansiedade gerada pela exposi??o ao LCE. No experimento 2, as doses ineficazes no LCE de SB (2,5 e 5,0 nmoles) n?o foram capazes de reverter a ansiedade gerada pela retirada de etanol no LCE, embora a dose de 2,5 nmoles de SB tenha revertido o seu efeito hipolocomotor neste teste. Esses resultados sugerem que o receptor 5- HT7 participa modulando a ansiedade experimental basal de ratos, mas n?o a ansiedade gerada pela retirada do etanol na DPAG. / Ethanol-dependent individuals who reduce or discontinue its use may present Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome, which is characterized by unpleasant signs and symptoms, such as anxiety, that may trigger relapses. Ethanol, a psychotropic drug, is able to promote behavioral and neurophysiological changes, acting on different neurotransmitter systems, including the serotonergic, which has also been directly associated with aversive states, including anxiety. This study aimed to investigate the participation of type 7 serotonin receptor (5-HT7) of the dorsal periaqueductal gray (DPAG) on basal experimental anxiety and that caused by ethanol withdrawal. For this, 75-100 days old Wistar rats were subjected to two experiments. On the first one, animals underwent stereotactic surgery for implantation of guide cannulas used for administration of the drug directly into the DPAG. After seven days, the animals received doses of 2.5; 5 and 10 nmols of type 7 receptor antagonist SB269970 (SB) or vehicle intra-DPAG and, ten minutes after, they were exposed to elevated plus maze (EPM). In the following day, the animals were submitted to the same treatment and tested in the open field (OF). In the second experiment, animals received increasing concentrations (2%, 4%, 6%) of ethanol as the only source of liquid diet or water (control group), both with free access to chow. Seventy two hours and ninety six hours after the ethanol withdrawal, animals received SB (2.5 and 5.0 nmols) intraDPAG ten minutes before the test in the LCE and OF, respectively. In experiment 1, the dose of antagonist 10 nmols was able of reversing the anxiety generated by EPM. In the experiment 2, ineffective SB doses on the LCE (2.5 and 5.0 nmol) were not able to reverse the anxiety caused by the ethanol withdrawal in the EPM, although the dose of 2.5 nmols of SB has reversed its hipolocomotor effect in this test. This result suggests that the 5-HT7 receptor is involved in the modulation of the basal experimental anxiety in rats, but not in the anxiety caused by ethanol withdrawal in the DPAG.