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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
291

Electron transfer processes in biomimetic membranes incorporating prenylquinones

Hoyo Pérez, Javier 17 October 2014 (has links)
The photosynthesis is the process used by the plants and bacteria cells to convert the inorganic matter in organic thanks to the light energy. This process consist on several steps, being one of them the plastoquinone-9 (PQ) electronic transport from the Photosystem II to the cytochrome. In this Ph. D. Thesis we prepare membranes that mimic the characteristics of the natural cell membranes and we characterize them using several techniques in order to obtain the PQ molecules position in the membranes and to study its electrochemical behaviour. These membranes are prepared using several lipids and their mixtures with PQ and ubiquinone-10 (UQ). Both the pure components and the lipid:quinone mixtures have been studied using surface pressure-area per molecule isotherms. These isotherms give information about the film stability (Langmuir film) at the air/water interface and the mathematical treatment of their results indicates the thermodynamic behaviour of the mixture and their physical state. Moreover, the Brewster Angle Microscopy technique has been used to study in situ the possibility of microscopic aggregation. On the other hand, the Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) film has been transferred onto mica forming a monolayer that mimics the bottom layer of the biological membranes. This monolayer has been topographically characterized using AFM and both the height and the physical state that they present have been obtained. In addition, these monolayers have been transferred onto ITO that is a hydrophilic substrate with good optical and electrical features, so that, being a good candidate for studying the electrochemical behaviour of these systems. On the other hand, the DPPC:UQ system has been also studied preparing SPBs using liposomes. These SPBs have been characterized using force spectroscopy and the other techniques that have been pointed previously and are suitable to working with SPBs. The obtained results for the pure quinones indicate that they form Langmuir monolayers in the liquid expanded (LE) state at surface pressures below the collapse. The cyclic voltammograms (CV) of the LB films transferred on ITO shows one (process I) or two processes (process I and II), depending on the surface pressure at which the monolayer has been transferred. The processes present the same formal potentials for both quinones at biological pH. On the other hand, the pure lipids, in general, form more compact states than the corresponding lipid:quinone mixture. The galactolipid:quinone systems indicate that, at low surface pressures, non-ideal mixtures are obtained being favoured the interactions between molecules of the same kind. Increasing the surface pressure, the system changes from LE to liquid-condensed (LC), which implies the quinone rejection from the lipids head zone. The electrochemical results indicate that this rejection can be vertically or horizontally. Vertically, achieving a position above the lipid head region but still in the lipid matrix, or out of the lipìd matrix, placed parallel to the matrix over it. The horizontal rejection (from the LC zones) implies that the quinone molecules are placed in the LE zones enriching them and forming pools of quinone. The positions described for the quinone in a lipid: quinone system can be classified in "diving", with the quinone molecules in the matrix with or without ITO-quinone contact, and "swimming", which is correlated with the quinones placed over the matrix. The "diving" and "swimming" positions induce different redox processes and the charge involved at each process indicates which position is predominant. Both redox processes are irreversible due to the slow charge transfer rate at the ITO-monolayer/electrolyte interface. Moreover, this electron transfer is produced by direct transfer or electron hopping. / La fotosíntesi és el procés mitjançant el qual les cèl·lules de les plantes i bactèries converteixen la matèria inorgànica en orgànica gràcies a la llum. Aquest procés consta de diferents etapes i una d'elles és el transport electrònic per part de la plastoquinona-9 (PQ) des del Fotosistema II fins al citocrom. En aquesta tesi preparem membranes que emulen les característiques de les membranes de les cèl·lules naturals i les caracteritzem amb diverses tècniques per tal d'obtenir la posició de les molècules de PQ en la membrana i estudiar el seu comportament electroquímic. Aquestes membranes es preparen utilitzant diferents lípids i les seves mescles amb PQ i ubiquinona-10 (UQ). Tant els components purs com les mescles s'han estudiat fent servir isotermes pressió superficial-àrea per molècula, ja que dóna informació de l'estabilitat de la pel·lícula de molècules (pel·lícula Langmuir) a la interfase aire|aigua. El tractament matemàtic dels resultats d'aquestes isotermes permet obtenir el comportament termodinàmic de la mescla i el seu estat físic. A més, s'han estudiat els sistemes in situ fent servir la tècnica de Brewster Angle Microscopy per observar la possibilitat de segregació microscòpica. Per altra banda, la pel·lícula Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) ha estat transferida sobre mica formant una monocapa que simula la capa inferior de les membranes naturals. Aquesta capa s'ha caracteritzat topogràficament utilitzant AFM, s'ha mesurat l'alçada i s'ha estudiat l'estat físic que presenta. A més, aquestes pel·lícules s'han transferit sobre ITO que és un substrat hidrofílic que té unes bones característiques òptiques i elèctriques i per tant permet obtenir el comportament electroquímic d'aquests sistemes. En afegit, el sistema DPPC:UQ s'ha estudiat preparant SPBs utilitzant liposomes. Aquestes SPBs s'han caracteritzat per espectroscòpia de força, a més de les tècniques prèviament exposades que li són aplicables. Els resultats obtinguts per les quinones pures indiquen que formen monocapes de Langmuir en fase líquid expandit (LE) a pressions superficials inferiors al col·lapse. L'estudi per voltametria cíclica (CV) de LB de quinones transferides sobre ITO mostra, en funció de la pressió superficial de transferència, un (I) o dos processos redox (processos I i II) amb els mateixos potencials formals per les dues quinones a pH biològic. Per altra banda, els lípids purs, en general, formen fases més compactes que els sistemes galactolípid:quinona. Els sistemes galactolípid:quinona indiquen que, a pressions baixes, es formen mescles no ideals, on estan afavorides les interaccions entre molècules iguals. A l'augmentar la pressió, el sistema pateix una transició de fase de LE a líquid compacte (LC) que provoca l'expulsió de la quinona de la zona dels caps dels lípids. L'estudi per CV indica que aquesta expulsió pot ser vertical o horitzontal. Vertical, posicionant-se la quinona per sobre dels caps dels lípids, però encara dintre de la matriu lipídica, o fora de la matriu, posicionant-se perpendicularment a les cadenes lipídiques. L'expulsió horitzontal (de les zones LC) implica que la quinona va a parar a les zones LE, enriquint aquestes en quinona i formant-se "pools" de quinona. Les posicions descrites per la quinona en un sistema lípid:quinona es poden classificar en "diving" amb les quinones dintre de la matriu, ja sigui amb o sense contacte ITO-quinona, i la "swimming", que són quinones que estan a sobre de la matriu. Les posicions "diving" and "swimming" donen lloc a processos redox diferents i la càrrega que presenta cada procés, permet saber quina posició és dominant. Els dos processos redox són irreversibles donada la lenta transferència de càrrega en les interfases ITO-monocapa/electrolit. A més, aquest intercanvi d'electrons té lloc per transferència directa o per electron hopping.
292

Electrospraying of polymer solutions for the generation of micro-particles, nano-structures, and granular films

Bodnár, Eszter 28 January 2016 (has links)
S'ha realitzat un estudi sobre els mecanismes de formació de micropartícules polimèriques i les seves pel•lícules granulars, a partir de l'assecat de microgotes de electrosprays. L'estudi se centra en diferents solucions de tres polímers insolubles en aigua: polimetil(metacrilat), poliestirè, i etil cel•lulosa. L'assecat d'aquests electrosprays dóna lloc a diverses morfologies de partícula, que han estat determinades mitjançant microscòpia d'escombrat electrònic, i han estat caracteritzades en funció del solvent, concentració del polímer, el seu pes molecular, i la humitat relativa ambient. Les morfologies obtingudes inclouen una varietat d'estructures de partícula globulars i filamentoses, que, a humitat relativa elevada, poden desenvolupar porositat. Aquestes característiques morfològiques han estat explicades mitjançant models qualitatius que involucren fenòmens fluid dinàmics i sobre separació de fases, presents en sistemes relacionats amb els estudiats. Un dels fenòmens fluid dinàmics involucrats clau són les inestabilitats coulòmbiques de gotes elèctricament carregades. A més, la interacció de no solvent de l'aigua en la precipitació del polímer pot donar lloc a textures poroses sobre la superfície de les partícules. Les diferents formes de textura han estat explicades en referència als fenòmens de breath figure formation (BFF), i a la inversió de fases induïda per vapor (vapor induced phase separation, o VIPS). També hem estudiat el creixement de les pel•lícules granulars formades a partir de les partícules polimèriques. Demostrem que la càrrega elèctrica transportada per les partícules cap a la pel•lícula influeix fortament en la dinàmica de creixement d’aquesta. Un millor coneixement dels mecanismes estudiats en aquesta tesi hauria de permetre dissenyar nous processos de manufactura de partícules i recobriments basats en electrospray. Se ha realizado un estudio sobre los mecanismos de formación de micropartículas poliméricas y sus películas granulares, a partir del secado de microgotas de electropras. El estudio se centra en diferentes soluciones de tres polímeros insolubles en agua: polimetil(metacrilato), poliestireno, y etil celulosa. El secado de estos electrosprays da lugar a diversas morfologías de partícula, que han sido determinadas mediante microscopía de barrido electrónico, y han sido car / Se ha realizado un estudio sobre los mecanismos de formación de micropartículas poliméricas y sus películas granulares, a partir del secado de microgotas de electropras. El estudio se centra en diferentes soluciones de tres polímeros insolubles en agua: polimetil(metacrilato), poliestireno, y etil celulosa. El secado de estos electrosprays da lugar a diversas morfologías de partícula, que han sido determinadas mediante microscopía de barrido electrónico, y han sido caracterizadas en función del solvente, concentración del polímero, su peso molecular, y la humedad relativa ambiente. Las morfologías obtenidas incluyen una variedad de estructuras de partícula globulares y filamentosas, que, a humedad relativa elevada, pueden desarrollar porosidad. Estas características morfológicas han sido explicadas mediante modelos cualitativos que involucran fenómenos fluido dinámicos y sobre separación de fases, presentes en sistemas relacionados con los estudiados. Uno de los fenómenos fluido dinámicos involucrados clave son las inestabilidades coulómbicas de gotas eléctricamente cargadas. Además, la interacción de no solvente del agua en la precipitación del polímero puede dar lugar a texturas porosas sobre la superficie de las partículas. Los diferentes tipos de texturas han sido explicadas en referencia a los fenómenos de breath figure formation (BFF), y a inversión de fases inducida por vapor (vapor induced phase separation, o VIPS). También hemos estudiado el crecimiento de las películas granulares formadas a partir de las partículas poliméricas. Demostramos que la carga eléctrica transportada por las partículas hacia la película influye fuertemente en la dinámica de crecimiento de ésta. Un mejor conocimiento de los mecanismos estudiados en esta tesis debería permitir diseñar nuevos procesos de manufactura de partículas y recubrimientos basados en electrospray. / A study has been made of the mechanisms underlying the formation of polymeric microparticles and of their granular films, by drying of electrospray microdroplets. The study is focused on different solutions of three water-insoluble polymers: polymethyl(methacrylate), polystyrene, and ethyl cellulose. The drying of such electrosprays result in diverse particle morphologies, which have been determined by scanning electron microscopy, and have been characterized as a function of the solvent, polymer concentration, polymer molecular weight, and ambient relative humidity. The morphologies obtained include a variety of globular and filamented particle structures, which, at elevated relative humidity, can develop porosity. These morphological features have been explained using qualitative models involving fluid dynamic and phase separation phenomena which are known to occur in closely related systems. One of the key fluid dynamic phenomena involved is the coulombic instability of electrically charged droplets. In addition, the non-solvent interaction of water on the precipitation of the polymer can lead to porous textures on the particles surfaces. The different kinds of textures have been explained by reference to breath-figure formation (BFF) and vapor induced phase separation (VIPS) phenomena. We have also studied the growth of the granular films of such polymer particles. We show that the electrical charge transported by the particles to the film have a strong influence on the film growth dynamics. The better understanding of the mechanisms studied in this thesis, should help design new manufacturing processes of particles and coatings based on electrospray.
293

Functionalized carbon nanotubes for detecting traces of benzene vapours employing screen-printed resistive and resonant transducers

Clément, Pierrick 24 September 2015 (has links)
Capes de nanotubs de carboni de múltiples parets (MWCNTs) s'han dipositat sobre diferents substrats transductors per a aplicacions de detecció de gasos. MWCNTs tractats amb plasma d'oxigen, anomenats O-MWCNTs, han estat un element fonamental per al desenvolupament de nanomaterials sensibles a diferents gasos. Inicialment, els O-MWCNTs es van estudiar com a element sensible en dispositius sensors de gasos de tipus resistiu. Els compostos orgànics volàtils (COV) com ara benzè, toluè, etanol, metanol i acetona es van utilitzar per a caracteritzar aquesta capa sensible. Els sensors van mostrar bona sensibilitat i excel·lent recuperació de la línia de base en presència de vapors de benzè o toluè en comparació amb els altres VOCs estudiats. També, els O-MWCNTs es van estudiar com a nanomaterials adsorbents dipositats en micropalanques ressonants piezoelèctriques PZT fabricades per serigrafia. En un segon pas, es va modificar l'elèctrode superior per convertir-lo en interdigitat amb la finalitat d'obtenir un transductor que permetir emprar dos mecanismes de transducció. Aquesta configuració ens va permetre mesurar, per a un sol dispositiu, el canvi de resistència de la pel·lícula de nanotubs de carboni i el canvi de freqüència de ressonància de la micropalanca PZT després de l'exposició a compostos orgànics volàtils. Les propietats de detecció de tals sistemes han estat estudiades per contaminants com el benzè, CO i NO2. Canvis positius i negatius de la freqüència de ressonància s'observen en baixes i altes concentracions de gas, respectivament. Aquests s'atribueixen a que l'estrès o els efectes de massa es fa dominant en nivells baixos o alts de concentració de gas. Mitjançant el signe del canvi de la resistència de la pel·lícula de O-MWCNT es poden discriminar els gasos o vapors d'acord al seu caràcter oxidant o reductor. L'interès de la doble transducció s'ha demostrat en la detecció de CO. Finalment, al davant de la dificultat per detectar benzè en concentracions baixes, s'ha seguit un enfocament diferent, basat en reconeixement molecular hoste-amfitrió. Per promoure la interacció específica cap al benzè, s'ha emprat un cavitant (quinoxalina) per funcionalitzar els O- MWCNTs. La detecció de 2,5 ppb de benzè en l'aire sec es demostra com a possible i el límit de detecció (LOD), es troba prop de 600 ppm. / Capas sensibles basadas en nanotubos de carbono multi pared (MWCNTs) han sido depositadas sobre diferentes sustratos de transductores para su aplicación en sensores de gases. MWCNTs tratados con plasma de oxígeno, llamados O-MWCNTs, han sido el compuesto básico para el desarrollo de otros nanomateriales sensibles a gases. Primero, O-MWCNTs fueron estudiados como sensores de gas resistivos. Compuestos orgánicos volátiles (COVs) como benceno, tolueno, etanol, y acetona fueron usados para caracterizar esta capa sensible. Los sensores muestran una buena sensibilidad y una recuperación excelente de la línea de base en presencia de vapores de benceno o tolueno en comparación a otros COVs probados. O-MWCNTs fueron estudiados como nanomateriales adsorbentes depositados sobre micropalancas resonantes piezoeléctricas de PZT fabricadas por serigrafía multi-capa. En segundo término, una modificación del electrodo superior en forma de dos electrodos interdigitados fue implementada con el objetivo de obtener un elemento transductor capaz de implementar dos mecanismo de transducción. Esta configuración nos ha permitido medir, con un solo dispositivo, el cambio en la resistencia de la capa de los nanotubos de carbono y el desplazamiento de la frecuencia de resonancia de la micropalanca PZT bajo exposicion a los COVs. Las propiedades de detección de estos sistemas han sido estudiadas para los contaminantes benceno, CO y NO2. Desplazamientos positivos y negativos de la frecuencia de resonancia son observados a bajas y altas concentraciones, respectivamente. Esto es atribuido a los efectos de estrés y de masa convirtiéndose en dominantes a bajos o altos niveles de concentración. Monitorizando la resistencia de la capa de los O-MWCNTs de tipo-p ayuda a discriminar los gases/vapores en acuerdo con sus caracteres oxidante o reductor. El interés de la doble transducción ha sido demostrado con la detección de CO. Finalmente, frente a la dificultad de detectar benceno a baja concentración, un enfoque diferente basado en el reconocimiento molecular "host-guest" es propuesto. Para promover interacciones especificas hacia el benceno, los MWCNTS funcionalizados con un cavitando de tipo quinoxalina fueron empleados. Una detección de 2.5 ppb de benceno en aire seco es demostrado con un límite de detección (LOD) cerca de 600 ppt. / Multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) base sensitive layers have been deposited onto different transducer substrates for gas sensing application. Oxygen plasma treated MWCNTs, so-called O-MWCNTs, have been a building block for developing other gas sensitive nanomaterials. At first, O-MWCNTs were studied as resistive gas sensors. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as benzene, toluene, ethanol, methanol and acetone were used to characterize this sensitive layer. The sensors showed good sensitivity and excellent baseline recovery in the presence of benzene or toluene vapors compared to the others tested VOCs. O-MWCNTs were studied as adsorbent nanomaterials deposited on PZT piezoelectric resonant cantilevers fabricated by multilayer screen-printing. In the second step, a modification of the top electrode to become an interdigitated electrode was implemented in order to have a sensor transducer employing two transduction mechanisms. This configuration allowed us to measure, for a single device, the resistance change of the carbon nanotube film and the resonance frequency shift of the PZT cantilever upon exposure to VOCs. The sensing properties of such systems have been studied for benzene, CO, and NO2 contaminants. Positive and negative shifts of the resonance frequency are observed at low and high gas concentrations, respectively. These are attributed to stress or to mass effects becoming dominant at low or high gas concentration levels. Monitoring the resistance of the p-type O-MWCNT film helps discriminating gases/ vapours according to their oxidizing or reducing character. The interest of the double transduction has been demonstrated in the detection of CO. Finally, in front of the difficulty to detect benzene at low concentrations, a different approach based on the host-guest molecular recognition is proposed. To promote specific interaction toward benzene, quinoxaline-walled thioether-legged deep cavitand functionalized MWCNTs are used. The detection of 2.5 ppb of benzene in dry air is demonstrated with a limit of detection (LOD) near 600 ppt.
294

From mononuclear to dinuclear: magnetic properties of transition metal complexes

Saureu Artesona, Sergi 13 May 2016 (has links)
En les darreres dècades, el món de la tecnologia i el desenvolupament de nous aparells electrònics s'han convertit en vitals per la nostra societat. Considerant la creixent demanda per la interpretació de resultats experimentals, la millora dels mètodes teòrics i el creixement dels recursos computacionals ens han permés un millor enteniment del comportament magnètic en sistemes amb metalls de transició. L'objectiu d'aquesta tesi és contribuir en aquest camp d'investigació amb l'estudi de materials magnètics utilitzant eines computacionals (DFT, TD-DFT, CASSCF, CASPT2, DDCI, etc.), i en alguns casos, combinant-ho amb resultats experimentals. La primera part (Capítols 3 i 4) inclou l'estudi dels estats electronics de complexes de spin-crossover de Fe(II) i Fe(III) combinant la teoria funcional de la densitat (DFT i TD-DFT) amb mètodes multiconfiguracionals (CASSCF, CASPT2). A més a més, utilitzant la mateixa combinació, hem descrit el fenomen LIESST en complexes de Fe(III). La segona part (Cap. 5 i 6) exposa l'estudi de les propietats magnètiques associades a l'acoblament magnètic utilitzant mètodes variacionals (DDCI, DDCI-2), en un complex de Fe(IV) i un complex bimetàl·lic [MnCr]-oxalat, y com els canvis estructurals afecten a aquest acoblament. Altrament, hem fet un rigurós anàlisi de l'estructura electrònica del complex de Fe(IV) per proporcionar més informació en la descripció més adequada del sistema. / En las últimas décadas, el mundo de la tecnologia y el desarrollo de nuevos aparatos electrónicos se han convertido en vitales para nuestra sociedad. Considerando la creciente demanda para la interpretación de resultados experimentales, la mejora de los métodos teóricos y el crecimiento de los recursos computacionales nos han permitido un mejor entendimiento de los comportamientos magnéticos en los sistemas con metales de transición. El objetivo de esta tesis es contribuir a este campo de investigación con el estudio de materiales magnéticos usando herramientas computacionales (DFT, TD-DFT, CASSCF, CASPT2, DDCI, etc.), y en algunos casos, combinando con resultados experimentales. La primera parte (Capítulo 3 y 4) incluye el estudio de los estados electrónicos de los complejos de spin-crossover de Fe(II) y Fe(III) combinando la teoria funcional de la densidad (DFT y TD-DFT) con métodos multiconfiguracionales (CASSCF, CASPT2). Además, usando la misma combinación, hemos descrito el fenómeno LIESST en complejos de Fe(III). La segunda parte (Cap. 5 y 6) expone el estudio de las propiedades magnéticas asociadas al acoplamiento magnético utilizando metodos variacionales (DDCI, DDCI-2), en un complejo de Fe(IV) y un complejo bimetálico [MnCr]-oxalato, y como los cambios estructurales afectan a ese acoplamiento. Por otra parte, hemos hecho un riguroso analisis de la estructura electrónica del complejo de Fe(IV) para aportar la información para la descripción mas adecuada del sistema. / Over the last decades the world of technology and the development of new devices have become vital for our society. Considering the growing demand for interpretation of experimental observations, the improvement of theoretical methods and the increasing of the computational resources has allowed us to deepen the understanding of magnetic beahvior of metal transitions architectures. The aim of this thesis is to contribute to this research field with the study of magnetic materials by using computational tools (DFT, TD-DFT, CASSCF, CASPT2, DDCI, etc.), and in some cases combining it with experimental results. The first part (Chapters 3 and 4) includes the study of the electronic states of Fe(II) and Fe(III) spin-crossover complexes combining the density functional theory (DFT and TD-DFT) with multiconfigurational methodologies (CASSCF, CASPT2). In addition, we have described the LIESST phenomenon in Fe(III) using the same combination. The second part (Chapters 5 and 6) exposes the study of the magnetic properties related to the magnetic coupling using variational methods (DDCI, DDCI-2) of a Fe(IV) complex and bimetallic [MnCr] oxalate-based complexes and how changes can influence to the coupling. Moreover, a rigorous analysis of the electronic structure of the Fe(IV) system has been performed to provide more information about the most adequate description of the system in terms of intuitive chemical concepts.
295

New Advances to Control Morphology and Crystallinity in Solution Processed Polymer Solar Cells

Han, Peilin 11 January 2016 (has links)
En aquest treball es demostren nous mètodes prometedors en la fabricació de cèlules solars orgàniques obtingudes per processos en dissolució. Més concretament, s'ha demostrat que l'envelliment de la sol·lució i la utilització de solvents ternaris són utls per a la modificació de la nanomorfologia i la fase cristalina de la capa activa en cel·les basades en PTBx:PCBM. L'estudi es centre en comprendre com l'envelliment de la sol·lució i la barreja de solvents influencien les morfologies de la barreja de polímers a la cel·la, la seva cristalinitat i la eficiència del dispositiu. En base a mesures de AFM i GIXS es demostra que l’envelliment de la solució millora significativament la separació de microfases, la morfologia i la interpenetració bi-continua de la barreja PTB1:PCBM. S’ha demostrat un millora significativa del 19% en eficiència de cel·les obtingudes per envelliment de solució enfront de cel·les sense aquest procés. A més, s’han fabricat estructures c-PSC i i-PSC basades en PTB7:PCBM utilitzant una barreja de solvents ternària de CB/CHN/DIO. S’ha trobat que l’addició de CHN a la solució de CB/DIO permet controlar no només la cristalinitat dels polímers a la capa activa sinó també la seva composició superficial. Després d’utilitzar CB/CHN/DIO, les mesures de GIXS revelen la formació de dominis estructurals i una millora de la distància entre cadenes del polímer PTB7. Això te per conseqüència un augment del corrent foto-generat i de l’eficiència. Mesures d’angle de contacte demostren la presència de PTB7 enriquit a la superfície superior de la capa activa. Això indueix una major selectivitat a l’ànode, en particular per estructures i-PSC en comparació amb dispositius c-PSC. D’aquesta manera, s’aconsegueix una eficiència del 8.05 % per a dispositius i-PSC obtinguts amb solució de CB. Aquesta és significativament més gran que la dels dispositius c-PSC (6.86%). / En este trabajo se demuestran nuevos métodos prometedores en la fabricación de células solares orgánicas obtenidas mediante procesos en disolución. Más concretamente, se ha demostrado que el envejecimiento de la solución y el uso de solventes ternarios son útiles para la modificación de la nanomorfología y la fase cristalina de la capa activa en células basadas en PTBx:PCBM. El estudio se centra en comprender como el envejecimiento de la solución y la mezcla de solventes influencian las morfologías de la mezcla de polímeros en la celda, su cristalinidad y la eficiencia del dispositivo. En base a medidas de AFM y GIXS se demuestra que el envejecimiento de la solución mejora significativamente con la separación de microfases, la morfología y la interpenetración bi-contínua de la mezcla PTB1:PCBM. Se ha demostrado una mejora significativa del 19% en la eficiéncia de células obtenidas mediante envejecimiento de la solución, frente a células sin este proceso. Además se han fabricado estructuras c-PSC y i-PSC basadas en PTB7:PCBM usando una mezcla de solventes ternaria CB/CHN/DIO. Se ha encontrado que la adición de CHN a la solución de CB/DIO permite controlar no solamente la cristalinidad de los polímeros en la capa activa, sino también en su composición superficial. Después de usar CB/CHN/DIO, las medidas de GIXS revelan la formación de dominios estructurales y una mejora de la distancia entre cadenas del poímero PTB7. Esto, por consecuencia lleva a un aumento de la corriente foto-generada y de la eficiencia. Medidas de ángulo de contacto demuestran la presencia de PTB7 enriquecido en la superficie superior de la capa activa. Esto induce una mayor selectivitat en el ánodo, en particular para estructuras i-PSC en comparaci´n con dispositivos c-PSC. De esta manera, se consigue una eficiencia del 8.05% para dispositivos i-PSC obtenidos con una solución de CB. Esta es significativamente mayor que la de los dispositivos c-PSC (6.86%). / In the work, we have demonstrated that solution aging and ternary solvent mixture were promising methods to modify nanomorphology and crystal phase of the active layer in PTBx:PCBM polymer solar cells. We focus on understanding how the solution aging and solvent mixture influence the blend morphologies and crystallinity of polymers, further affecting the device performance. Supported by AFM and GIXS measurements, the results showed solution aging significantly improves microphase separation morphology and bi-continuous interpenetrating network of the PTB1:PCBM blend. A significant improvement exceeding 19% in PCE in device with solution aging processed are found compared to without solution aging. In addition, we fabricated the c-PSC and i-PSC structures based on PTB7:PCBM with a CB/CHN/DIO ternary solvent mixture treatment. We found that addition of CHN into CB/DIO solution can control not only crystallinity of polymers the of the active layer but also surface compositions . After using CB/CHN/DIO, GIXS measurements reveal the formation of oriented crystalline structure domains and improvement increase of interchain stacking distance between PTB7 polymer, which consequently leads to a more efficient increase in photo-generated current. Enriched PTB7 on the top surface of active layer, detected via contact angle measurements, induces higher hole selectivity at the anode contact and is favorable to i-PSC compared with c-PSC device. Thus, PCE of 8.05% for i-PSC device from CB solution is obtained, which is significantly higher than the one obtained from c-PSC device (6.86%).
296

Numerical investigations of spin waves at the nanoscale

Dvornik, Mykola January 2011 (has links)
This thesis contains results of numerical investigations of magnetisation dynamics in nanostructed ferromagnetic materials. Magnetic systems have been simulated using the open source micromagnetic solver: Object Oriented Micromagnetic Framework (OOMMF), and thoroughly analysed using my own software: semargl. A systematic study of collective magnonic modes confined in 2D and 3D systems of rectangular ferromagnetic nano-elements is presented. The collective character of the excitations results from the dynamic magnetic dipole field. The magnetization dynamics of isolated rectangular elements is found to be spatially non-uniform which means that the dynamic dipolar coupling is highly anisotropic. A semi-analytical theory of collective magnonic modes has been developed to evaluate the properties of the dynamic magnetic dipole field. It was found that the theory is only valid for certain eigenmodes of the isolated element. In particular the modes where the magnetic dipole coupling between the elements is much lower than the internal energy of the corresponding eigenmodes of the isolated element. It is then demonstrated that the confinement of spin waves is strongly affected by the ground state of the system. In particular it has been found that symmetry properties of the topology of 2D arrays affect the dynamics of the strongly localised modes. The effect is found to be significant for arrays of any number of elements. At the same time the relative contribution of the localized modes to the uniform response decreases with the number of elements in the array. The dispersion relation of spin waves in 2D arrays of rectangular nano-elements has been calculated for the first time using micromagnetic simulations. The form of the dispersion is used to estimate the spatial anisotropy of the dynamic dipolar coupling. Simulations of the 3D confinement of spin waves in stacks of magnetic nano-elements have been performed. The calculation of both the dispersion and spatial profiles of the corresponding magnonic modes facilitates the investigation of the localisation of collective spin waves. Furthermore the dispersion of collective magnonic modes has been calculated for stacks of rectangular nano-elements for a range of in-plane aspect ratios. Finally, a numerical method has been developed to extract the scattering parameters of magnonic logic devices. This method has been demonstrated by applying it to the simplest possible magnonic device so that the results could be compared to an analytical expression of the scattering parameters.
297

Domain evolution processes in ferroelectric ceramics

Kim, Kwanlae January 2015 (has links)
The aim of this doctoral research is to understand domain evolution processes in ferroelectrics using piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) and Monte Carlo simulation. The results provide improved knowledge of domain evolution processes, and systematic experimental methods for research on domain evolution. There has been extensive previous research on domain evolution in ferroelectrics, but the research was mainly constrained to simple domain patterns. However, ferroelectric domains tend to form complex patterns that generate low-energy domain configurations. In this research, several methods such as statistical analysis of PFM data, ex situ/in situ PFM observation under electrical/mechanical loading and combining PFM with electron backscatter diffraction are employed to study domain evolution processes in complex domain patterns. The results show that domain switching almost always takes place by the evolution of pre-existing domain patterns, rather than direct flipping of polarization. Also the net effect of domain evolution processes follows a primary principle that positive work is done by external loads. But this principle is not always followed for microscopic switching processes. Multiple types of domain switching occur simultaneously, and occasionally an overwriting process involves unfavourable as well as favourable domain switching. Domain switching is significantly constrained by the pre-existing domain patterns. Meanwhile, angle-resolved PFM is developed for the systematic interpretation of PFM signal. Using lateral PFM images taken from multiple sample orientations, angle-resolved PFM maps are generated based on the angle of phase reversal in the PFM signal. The resulting maps reliably show complex domain patterns which may not appear in vertical and lateral PFM images. A model of domain evolution is developed using Monte Carlo simulation. Polarization switching by electric field and mechanical stress in the model is shown to take place via the motion of domain walls between pre-existing domains. Typical domain broadening processes are reproduced through this simulation.
298

Synthesis, structural and ferroelectric properties of perovskite-like layered structured materials

Chen, Chen January 2015 (has links)
Perovskite-like layered structured (PLS) compounds display a range of interesting physical and chemical properties, including photocatalysis, photoluminescence, ion conductivity, electrochemical stability, magnetic properties, ferroelectricity and piezoelectricity. There are mainly three homologous series of PLS compounds distinguished by their different BO6 octahedra orientation: the Dion-Jacobson phase (A'An-1BnO3n+1); the AnBnO3n+2 phase; and the hexagonal phase (AnBn-1O3n). Some of the 4-layer AnBnO3n+2 compounds, like La2Ti2O7 and Sr2Nb2O7, have been reported to be ferroelectrics with super high Curie point (above 1300 °C), but no ferroelectric properties have been reported for the 2-layer and 3-layer AnBnO3n+2 compounds, and also there are few reports on the ferroelectric properties of compounds with Dion-Jacobson structure and hexagonal structure. Consequently, in this work, the crystallographic structures, microstructures, dielectric, ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties of (AxLa1-x)Ti2O7 (A = Sm and Eu) solid solutions with 4-layer AnBnO3n+2 structure, Pr3Ti2TaO11 with 3-layer AnBnO3n+2 structure, LaTaO4 with 2-layer AnBnO3n+2 structure, ABiNb2O7 (A = Rb and Cs) with Dion-Jacobson structure and Sr6TiNb4O18 with hexagonal structure were studied. Spark plasma sintering (SPS) was used to sinter ceramics with high density and preferred orientation. X-ray diffraction refinement (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to study the crystallographic structures and microstructures of the layer structured compounds. The ferroelectricity was studied using the current-electric field and polarization-electric field hysteresis loops. The Curie point and phase transitions were studied using the temperature dependence of the dielectric constant and loss. Piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) was also used to study the ferroelectric domain structure of some layer structured compounds. In the first part of this work, the piezoelectric constant of La2Ti2O7 was improved by doping Sm. The crystallographic structure of (Eu1-xLax) 2Ti2O7 and (Sm1-xLax) 2Ti2O7 solid solutions were well studied. (AxLa1-x)Ti2O7 solid solutions were isomorphous with La2Ti2O7 when x was less than 0.5 for (EuxLa1-x)Ti2O7 and 0.8 for (SmxLa1-x)Ti2O7. When x was above their solubility limit, a biphase was observed. The XRD and Raman data suggested that the biphase consisted of (AxLa1-x)2Ti2O7 perovskite-like layered structure and pure Sm2Ti2O7 pyrochlore structure. Ferroelectric domain switching was observed in the I-E and P-E hysteresis loops for textured (SmxLa1-x)Ti2O7 (x < 0.2). The highest d33 was 2.8 pC/N for (Sm0.1La0.9)Ti2O7. In the second part, The Pr3Ti2TaO11 compound was demonstrated to have a 3-layer type II AnBnO3n+2 PLS structure belonging to space group Pmc21 with unit cell parameters a = 3.8689(3) Å, b = 20.389(2) Å, c = 5.5046(5) Å, and its ferroelectric properties were investigated. Analysis of the XRD and TEM results showed that Pr3Ti2TaO11 ceramics have an n = 3 (type II) heteroblock structure consisting of alternating n = 2 and n = 4 octahedral oxide layers. High resolution electron microscopy revealed the layered structure to be highly disordered, with faulting of the heteroblock structure and the coexistence of a n = 4 phase on a fine scale (nm), which was evident as a broadening of the XRD peaks of the ceramics. Pr3Ti2TaO11 ceramic exhibits a super-high Curie point (1415±5 °C). A small, but measurable piezoelectric constant d33 between 0.1 and 0.2 pC/N was detected for the samples poled above 900 °C under an electric field of 100~200 V/cm. Pure LaTaO4 powders with orthorhombic phase were be prepared by co-precipitation method. The orthorhombic LaTaO4 powders have a 2-layer perovskite-like layered structure with space group A21am, which was refined using Rietveld method. The single phase O-LaTaO4 ceramic was prepared using SPS with a slow cooling rate (20 °C/min). A d33 of 0.3 pC/N was obtained from the electric field induced orthorhombic phase. In the second part of this work, the ferroelectricity and piezoelectricity of CsBiNb2O7 with Dion-Jacobson type PLS structure was successfully demonstrated for the first time. The ferroelectricity and piezoelectricity of RbBiNb2O7, which have similar structure with CsBiNb2O7, were also fully studied. Highly textured 2-layer Dion-Jacobson ceramics ABiNb2O7 (A = Rb and Cs) were prepared by one-step SPS. High resolution TEM showed well ordered (0 0 1) lattice planes. Striped ferroelectric domains were observed using PFM. The ferroelectricity and piezoelectricity of CsBiNb2O7 has been demonstrated for the first time. The Tc of RbBiNb2O7 and CsBiNb2O7 are 1098±5 and 1033±5 °C, respectively. The piezoelectric constant of RbBiNb2O7 and CsBiNb2O7 were approximately 5 and 8 pC/N. Thermal depoling studies confirmed the Curie point and the stability of the piezoelectricity. Sr6Nb4TiO18 ceramics with non-centrosymmetric structure were successfully prepared, but no obvious evidence was found to prove its ferroelectricity. The untextured and textured 6-layer Hexagonal compound Sr6Nb4TiO18 was prepared by solid state reaction and spark plasma sintering. Its Curie point was found to be greater than 1500 °C. No ferroelectric properties were observed by studying of I-E and P-E loops, and no d33 was observed after poling.
299

Simulation and microwave measurement of the conductivity of carbon nanotubes

Odili, Daniel Ifesinachi January 2011 (has links)
Recently, excellent properties have been realised from structures formed by carbon nanotubes. This propelled their use as nanoscale electronic devices in the information technology industry. The discovery of carbon nanotubes has stimulated interest in carbonbased electronics. Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor systems (MOS) are used to model charge transport within these carbon structures. Schrodinger‟s equation is solved self-consistently with Poisson‟s equation. The Poisson equation, which defines the potential distribution on the surface of the nanotube, is computed using a two-dimensional finite difference algorithm exploiting the azimuthal symmetry. A solution to the Schrodinger‟s equation is required to obtain the wavefunctions within the nanotube model. This is implemented with the scattering matrix method. The resulting wavefunctions defined on the nanotube surface are normalised to the flux computed by the Landauer equation. A novel implementation of the Schrodinger- Poisson solver for providing a solution to a three dimensional nanoscale system is described. To avoid convergence problems, an adaptive Simpson‟s method is employed in the model devices. Another main contribution to this field is the highlighting of the differences in the output characteristics of carbon nanotube- and graphene-based devices. In addition, the source and drain contacts that give an optimum device performance are identified. The limitation of this model is that quantised conductance appears on making contact to the nanotube ends. Electron transport in carbon nanotubes can be studied using non-contacting means. A new approach is to induce current in the nanotubes using microwave energy. A resonator-based measurement method is used to examine the electrical properties of the nanotubes. Remarkably, the nanotubes appear to have the smallest sheet resistance of any non-superconducting material. The possibility of a ferromagnetic carbon nanotube is investigated due to the remarkable screening properties observed. Measurements of the magnetisation as a function of the applied magnetic field are conducted using a vector vibrating sample magnetometer. The morphology and microstructure of the nanotubes are observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), respectively. Carbon nanotubes can be contaminated with metal particulates during growth. These impurities can modify charge transport in these carbon structures.
300

Forçage électromagnétique dans les métaux liquides / Electromagnetic forcing in liquid metals

Pereira, Michaël 30 November 2018 (has links)
Dans ce manuscrit, nous abordons une étude expérimentale de magnétohydrodynamique, traitant plus particulièrement du forçage électromagnétique dans les métaux liquides. L’entraînement d’un fluide conducteur de l’électricité par un champ magnétique se traduit par une conversion d’énergie électromagnétique en énergie cinétique, via le travail de la force de Laplace. La motivation de cette thèse est donc d’examiner comment un champ électromagnétique engendre un écoulement, d’étudier les différentes façons d’assurer un tel transfert d’énergie, ou encore de caractériser les facteurs limitant l’efficacité de ce transfert. Cette thèse présente deux expériences de laboratoire permettant d’étudier deux types de forçage différents : d’une part, l’entraînement d’un fluide par induction à partir d’un champ magnétique variable (analogue au moteur asynchrone), d’autre part un entraînement résultant de la combinaison d’un champ magnétique stationnaire et uniforme et d’un courant électrique constant (analogue au moteur à courant continu). Dans une première partie, une loi prédictive est obtenue pour l’évolution d’un fluide soumis à un champ glissant dans le régime turbulent. On montre que cet entraînement est limité par la turbulence, mais aussi par des mécanismes originaux comme une expulsion de flux magnétique, ou un transfert de l’énergie vers des harmoniques. Cette limitation de l’entrainement se traduit par une borne sur le rendement de cette conversion d’énergie, qui ne peut excéder 50%. Dans une seconde partie, le fluide est soumis à deux champs magnétiques glissants dans des directions opposées, engendrant ainsi un écoulement de cisaillement. Les fluctuations turbulentes brisent alors la symétrie du problème et donnent à la couche de cisaillement un comportement chaotique, révélant notamment un spectre de puissance en 1/f du champ de vitesse à basse fréquence. Cette accumulation d’énergie aux basses fréquences est associée à des renversements chaotiques des structures cohérentes. L’apparition de ce bruit en 1/f est contrôlée par la symétrie du forçage et le taux de turbulence au sein de l’écoulement. Enfin, dans une dernière expérience, une couche mince de métal liquide est forcée par conduction, permettant d’observer pour la première fois en laboratoire un écoulement MHD turbulent de type Képlérien. On observe ainsi que le champ magnétique joue un rôle de laminarisation de l’écoulement et que la transition vers le régime turbulent se fait de manière continue. Ces travaux montrent ainsi qu’il est possible d’isoler plusieurs mécanismes limitant l’entraînement des métaux liquides forcés éléctromagnétiquement et de comprendre plus généralement la dynamique complexe des écoulements MHD. / This manuscript describes an experimental study on magnetohydrodynamics, with a particular focus on the electromagnetic driving of liquid metals. Such electromagnetically-driven flows involve transformation of electromagnetic energy into kinetic energy through the Laplace force. The motivation of the present thesis is to examine how an electromagnetic field generates a flow, to study the different ways to ensure such a transfer of energy, or to characterize what bounds the efficiency of this energy conversion. This thesis presents two laboratory experiments studying two different driving : first, the induction of a fluid motion by a traveling magnetic field (similar to an asynchronous motor), then a driving due to the combination of a stationary and uniform magnetic field and a constant electric current (similar to a DC motor). In the first part of the thesis, a predictive scaling law is obtained for the evolution of a fluid subjected to a traveling field in the turbulent regime. It is shown that this driving is strongly limited by turbulence, but also by various mechanisms such as magnetic flux expulsion, or energy transfers to higher harmonics. This limitation results in a bound on the efficiency of this energy conversion, which can never exceed 50%. In a second part, the fluid is subjected to two magnetic fields traveling in opposite directions, thus generating a shear flow. The turbulent fluctuations break the symmetry of the problem and yields a chaotic behavior of the shear layer, revealing a 1/f power spectrum at low frequency. This accumulation of energy at low frequencies is associated with chaotic reversals of large scale coherent structures. The appearance of this 1/f noise is mediated by the symmetry and the turbulence of the flow. Finally, in a last experiment, a thin disc of liquid metal is driven by conduction, leading to the first observation of MHD Keplerian turbulence in the laboratory. It is thus observed that the magnetic field laminarises the flow and that the transition to Keplerian turbulence is continuous. This work shows that it is possible to isolate several mechanisms characterizing electromagnetically-driven flows and to understand the complex dynamics of MHD flows.

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