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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Characterisation of non-metal cation polyborate salts and silicate solutions

Timmis, James L. January 2011 (has links)
The preparation and characterisation of 17 previously unreported non-metal cation (NM,C) salts of isolated polyborate anions is reported. Many of the products were pentaborates, but a triborate and two heptaborate salts were also isolated. All compounds were characterised by elemental analysis, IR and multinuclear (IH, lIB and ¹³C) NMR spectroscopy. Many compounds were characterised by single-crystal XRD methods (EPSRC service, Southampton University): benzylammonium pentaborate, 1; cyclopropylammonium pentaborate, 2; cyclopentylammonium pentaborate, 3; bis(cyclohexylammonium) heptaborate .B(OH)3 .3H20, 7; bis(cycloheptylammonium) heptaborate .2B(OH)3 .2H20, 8; N,N,N-trimethylcyclohexylammonium pentaborate, 11; piperazinium bis(triborate), 14; N,N-dimethylpiperazinium pentaborate, 17; N,N,N',N'- tetramethylpiperazinium bis(pentaborate), 19; 1,2-dimethylimidazolium pentaborate .H20, 24; 1,2,3-trimethylimidazolium pentaborate, 25; 2-isopropylimidazolium pentaborate, 2-ethyl-4-methylimidazolium pentaborate, 26; 29; tetraphenylphosphonium pentaborate .1.5H20, 34; methyltriphenylphosphonium pentaborate .B(OH)3 .O.5H20, 36; isopropyltriphenylphosphonium pentaborate .3.5H20, 37; and bis(triphenylphosphoranylidene)ammonium iodide, 39. The thermal decomposition (in air) of these polyborates was studied by DSC/TGA methods. Generally, thermal decomposition occurs as a two stage process with a low temperature «250°C) endothermic dehydration step (to an anhydrous NMC polyborate salt) preceding a high temperature (300-800°C) exothermic oxidation step. I B203 is the eventual product. BET analysis was also undertaken on materials arising from the NMC polyborate thermal decompositions, and all are essentially non-porous materials. 11 The drying of an aqueous sodium silicate solution has been investigated. A combination of liquid-state and solid-state 29Si NMR techniques demonstrated that dehydration of the solution led to an increase in the extent of cross-linking between Qn silicate units. Two solutions were investigated; one was a commercial sodium silicate solution and the other containing a commercial sodium silicate solution and a polyhydroxyl alcohol.
2

Imaging the photodissociation dynamics of molecular hydride cations

Webb, Alexander January 2009 (has links)
The work presented in this thesis constitutes an imaging study of the photodissociation of state-selected molecular cations, each of which was prepared by (2+1) resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionisation (REMPI).
3

Assessing the controlling effect of divalent cations on DETPMP inhibition of barite scale via molecular modelling

Wahid, Fazrie January 2004 (has links)
No description available.
4

Catalytical reactions and environmental chemistry modifications as seen by synchrotron radiation NAP-XPS / Réaction catalytique et évolution d’environnements chimiques observés par NAP-XPS sur synchrotron

Boucly, Anthony 17 October 2017 (has links)
La NAP-XPS est un nouvel outil révolutionnaire permettant d'utiliser les avantages d'une analyse XPS (Sensibilité aux différents éléments chimiques ainsi que leurs états) à une pression proche de l'ambiante (de l'ordre du mbar) ouvrant ainsi la voie aux études in situ en se rapprochant des conditions réels et. Deux domaines profitent de cette nouvelle machine : la chimie environnementale et la catalyse. Dans le domaine de la chimie environnementale je m'intéresse à l'étude de l'hydratation des argiles dites gonflantes. J'ai ici démontré qu'il est effectivement possible de suivre l'hydratation des contre-ions en mettant en évidence différents comportement en fonction de leurs natures. De plus j'ai pu mettre en évidence un phénomène de radiolyse sous faisceau de la pyridine en présence d'eau dans ces milieux confinés. Concernant la catalyse, j'ai étudié l'oxydation du CO sur des nanocatalyseurs composés notamment de platine un excellent catalyseur, mais sensible aux problèmes d'empoisonnement au CO. Cette réaction est pour nous une réaction prototype permettant de tester le comportement des nanocatalyseurs (Pt, Zn et PtZn). J'ai pu déterminer la température de début de la réaction d'oxidation du CO, de plus en ajoutant du zinc au platine et pour former un nanocatalyseur bimétallique, j'ai démontré qu'on améliore sa résistance à l'oxidation et il montré que le zinc seul est lui aussi capable de catalyser l'oxidation du CO sous forme de création/destruction de carbonate. / The NAP-XPS is a revolutionary new tool that makes possible to use the advantages of a standard XPS analysis (sensitivity to the different chemical elements as well as their states) at a near-ambient pressure (mbar range) thus enabling in situ studies closer to real conditions. Two fields fully benefit from this new machine: environmental chemistry and catalysis. In our case for the field of environmental chemistry we are interested in studying the hydration of so-called swelling clays. I have here demonstrated that it is indeed possible to follow the hydration of counter-ions and highlighted different behavior according to their natures. Moreover, I have been able to demonstrate a beam induced pyridine photolysis phenomenon in the presence of water in these confined media. Concerning catalysis, I studied the oxidation of CO on nanocatalysts composed in particular of platinum an excellent catalyst but sensitive to the CO poisoning. This reaction is for us a prototypical reaction to test the behavior of Pt, Zn, PtZn nanocatalysts. Here, I have been able to determine the onset temperature of the CO oxidation reaction. Moreover, by adding zinc to platinum and forming a bimetallic nanocatalyst, I have improved its resistance to oxidation and proved that zinc alone is also capable of catalyzing the oxidation of CO in the form of creation / destruction of carbonate.
5

Analyse des mécanismes primaires de pyrolyse de la biomasse / Analysis of primary chemical mechanisms of biomass pyrolysis

Le Brech, Yann 10 September 2015 (has links)
La pyrolyse est le premier mécanisme intervenant dans tous les procédés de conversion thermochimique des solides (combustion, gazéification, pyrolyse). C’est également le plus important, car il contrôle la répartition et la composition des trois types de produits : gaz, charbon, goudrons. La prédiction des produits de pyrolyse et est primordiale pour le développement de procédés de conversion thermochimique. De nombreuses études analytiques ont été réalisées mais la grande hétérogénéité des biomasses étudiées et des conditions de pyrolyse utilisées rend actuellement difficile une approche globale des mécanismes. L’objectif de cette étude a été de réaliser des analyses complémentaires de produits de pyrolyse formés pour une large gamme de températures (200°C à 500°C) en pyrolyse lente (5 K/min) pour différentes biomasses (miscanthus, chêne et douglas) à l’aide d’un lit fixe permettant un contrôle optimal des phénomènes de transfert de chaleur et de matière. De nombreuses méthodes physico-chimiques ont été utilisées pour caractériser les produits formés afin de réaliser un bilan global des mécanismes chimiques de dégradation : Résonance magnétique nucléaire (RMN) du proton 1H et du carbone 13C ; Calorimétrie (DSC) ; Thermogravimétrie ; GC/MS (Gas Chromatography and Mass spectrometry), LC/MS (Liquid Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry) et spectrométrie de masse à ionisation douce (Single Photo Ionisation SPI). Des techniques originales d’analyses dites ex-situ telles que l’analyse 2D RMN par la méthode HETCOR (Heteronuclear correlation) 1H-13C ainsi que des analyses in-situ en RMN 1H Haute Température ont été mises en place / Current research studies focus on biomass thermochemical conversion to produce other energetic vectors more appropriate to be conveyed, such as electricity, gas or liquid products. Pyrolysis is the first mechanism occurring in all thermochemical processes for solid fuels conversion (combustion, gasification, pyrolysis). It controls in a large extent products (gas, condensables and char) distribution and composition. The prediction of pyrolysis products and the understanding of the chemical mechanisms are thus pivotal for developing thermochemical reactors. Extensive work has been conducted for more than one century but the important heterogeneity of biomasses and pyrolysis conditions make it difficult to encompass a global chemical mechanism. The aim of this study is to develop complementary analyses of pyrolysis products. Pyrolysis is conducted in a fixed bed reactor under slow pyrolysis conditions (5 K/min), for a wide range of final temperature (200°C and 500°C) and for different biomasses (miscanthus, douglas and oak). Various analytical methods have been used in order to characterise the pyrolysis products: nuclear magnetic resonance (carbon 13C and proton 1H NMR), Calorimetry, Thermogravimetry, GC/MS (Gas Chromatography and Mass spectrometry), LC/MS (Liquid Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry) and soft ionization mass spectrometry (Single Photo Ionisation SPI). Original analytical methods such as 2D NMR HETCOR 1H-13C (for the analysis of chemical moieties in char) and high temperature 1H NMR (for in-situ analysis of mobile protons) have been used. The latter allowed a novel characterization of the interaction between biomass and minerals during pyrolysis
6

Imidazolium- and triazolium-based interlocked structures for anion recognition and sensing

Spence, Graeme T. January 2012 (has links)
This thesis describes the synthesis and investigation of novel anion templated interlocked structures which incorporate the positively charged imidazolium and triazolium binding motifs for applications in anion recognition and sensing. Chapter One introduces the fields of anion supramolecular chemistry and mechanically interlocked structures, focusing on topics of particular relevance to this thesis, including anion recognition, anion sensing and the templated synthesis of interlocked architectures. Chapter Two details the incorporation of the imidazolium motif into the axle components of anion templated rotaxane hosts to achieve selective anion recognition by virtue of their interlocked binding cavities. The effects of exploiting imidazolium motifs with contrasting hydrogen bond donor arrangements and reducing the macrocycle size on the anion recognition properties of such systems were investigated using 1H NMR spectroscopy. Chapter Three reports the work undertaken to utilise fluorescent reporter groups as stoppers in the synthesis of anion sensing rotaxanes. Imidazolium- and triazolium based systems containing either luminescent ruthenium(II) bipyridyl complexes or the organic fluorophore anthracene were prepared and their anion sensing behaviours explored using fluorescence spectroscopy. Synthetic efforts to construct suitable photo-active rotaxanes are detailed. Chapter Four describes investigations of the novel naphthalimide triazolium motif both for use in interlocked molecular motion systems, and for fluorescence sensing applications. The preparation of a naphthalimide triazolium rotaxane, capable of selective, anion-induced, uni-directional shuttling which was investigated extensively using 1H NMR spectroscopy and optically signalled by perturbations in the UV/Vis spectrum, is detailed. Preliminary research studies into the potential to exploit this motif for surface based fluorescence sensing devices are also included. Chapter Five presents research into the utilisation of acyclic receptors displaying considerable binding induced conformational changes for fluorescence anion sensing. The recognition properties of a series of imidazolium-based receptors were studied, whilst the ability of a pyrene appended analogue to signal anion complexation via changes in excimer emission is reported. The control of interpenetrated assembly formation using anion-induced conformational changes within the threading component of a pseudorotaxane is also discussed. Chapter Six provides the experimental procedures and characterisation details for the compounds synthesised in this thesis. Chapter Seven is a summary of conclusions from Chapters Two, Three, Four and Five. Supplementary information relating to titration protocols, crystallographic data and surface studies is provided in the Appendices.
7

Calix[n]arenes in nano bio-systems / Calix[n]arènes en nano bio-systèmes

Tauran, Yannick 26 November 2014 (has links)
Les assemblages supramoléculaires font parties des réactions biochimiques de base dans les fonctions cellulaires (ex: réplication de l'ADN ou réponse immunitaire). Les calix[n]arènes ont été décrit pour interagir avec une large gamme de biomolécules. En conséquence, ils peuvent être trouvés dans de nombreuses applications biologiques tel qu'en diagnostic ou en traitement thérapeutique. Leurs fonctionnalisations sur des nanoparticules d'argent ont produit de nouveaux nano-composés hybrides ayant des propriétés optique, électrique et biologique uniques. Cette thèse a été dédiée à l'étude de ces nano systèmes pour la bio-détection et leurs potentielles applications biomédicales. Le développement de capteur analytique à bas coût, portable et ultra-sensible représente une des attentes majeures dans les applications des calix[n]arènes sur nanoparticules d'argent. Dans cette thèse, ces nano-composés ont été étudiés selon leurs capacités à suivre la micellisation de surfactant mixtes, et pour discriminer un type moléculaire tel qu'une famille d'acide nucléique ou une espèce d'albumine sérique. Dans une deuxième partie, ces nanoparticules hybrides ont été évaluées pour une série d'activités biologiques. Ils ont montré des facultés antibiotiques et anti-oxydantes, de transporter des Ingrédients Pharmaceutiques Actifs, et d'atteindre des cibles antivirales et anticancéreuses / Supramolecular assemblies are among the basic biochemical reactions in the cellular functions (e.g. DNA replication, immune response). Calix[n]arenes are macrocyclic molecules that have been reported for interacting with a wide range of biomolecules. As a consequence, they can be found in many biological applications from diagnosis to therapeutic treatment. Their functionalization on silver nanoparticles have produced new nano hybrid compounds with unique optical, electrical and biochemical properties. This thesis has been dedicated to the study of these nano-systems for bio-sensing and for their potent biomedical applications. Cost effective, portable and ultra-sensitive analytical tools are one of the major expectations of the applications of silver nanoparticles capped with calix[n]arenes. Calix[n]arenes nanoparticles have been reported here for following the micellisation process of mixed surfactants or for discriminating a type of molecule such nucleic acid or a serum albumin specie. In a second part, these hybrid nanoparticles have been evaluated for series of biological activities. They’ve been shown to possess anti-oxidant and antibacterial activities, to transport Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient and to reach antiviral and anti-cancer targets
8

Contribution à la modélisation thermodynamique d'un atelier de purification d'acide acrylique / Contribution to the thermodynamic modeling of purification unit of acrylic acid

Attia Ben Amor, Afef 12 December 2013 (has links)
Ce travail porte sur la contribution à la modélisation thermodynamique d'un atelier de purification d'acide acrylique. Après l'identification des principaux produits intervenant dans l'étape de purification et la collecte de leurs propriétés thermodynamiques disponibles dans la littérature, nous avons effectué une série de mesures expérimentales pour un ensemble de mélanges contenant des acides carboxyliques (en particulier : diagrammes d'équilibres liquide-liquide et équilibres liquide-vapeur, enthalpies d'excès et volumes d'excès). L'ensemble des données (nos mesures et les valeurs de la littérature) a été exploité selon deux approches de modélisation des équilibres liquide-vapeur : une approche symétrique (φ-φ) appliquée aux équations d'état de Peng-Robinson (P-R) et de PC-SAFT et une approche dissymétrique (γ-φ) appliquée aux modèles de coefficients d'activité en phase liquide NRTL, UNIQUAC et Van Laar associés à diverses équations d'état en phase vapeur (gaz parfait, Viriel, Hayden et O'Connell et Nothnagel). Nous avons finalement retenu le modèle UNIQUAC associé à la corrélation de Hayden et O'Connell en phase vapeur. Des nouveaux paramètres d'interaction ont été déterminés et conduisent à des résultats homogènes et satisfaisants en comparaison avec nos mesures expérimentales et aux données de la littérature. Ils permettent également de décrire convenablement les diagrammes d'équilibres liquide-vapeur et les volatilités relatives des mélanges étudiés / This work focuses on the contribution in the thermodynamic modeling of an acrylic acid purification unit. After identifying the main products involved in the purification step and collecting their thermodynamic properties available in the literature, we conducted a series of experimental measurements for a range of mixtures containing carboxylic acids(mainly liquid-liquid equilibrium and vapor-liquid equilibrium diagrams, excess enthalpies and excess volumes).The data set-our measurements and literature values-was used according to two approaches for modeling vapor-liquid equilibrium: a symmetric approach(φ-φ) applied to the equations of state Peng-Robinson (P-R) and PC-SAFT and an asymmetrical approach (γ-φ) applied to the models of activity coefficients in the liquid phase NRTL, UNIQUAC and Van Laar associated with various equations of state in the vapor phase(ideal gas, Viriel, Hayden O'Connell and Nothnagel). We have finally chosen the UNIQUAC thermodynamic model associated with the correlation of Hayden O'Connell in vapor phase. New binary parameters were determined and led to consistent and satisfactory results in comparison with our experimental measurements and literature data. These parameters can also be used to adequately describe the diagrams of vapor-liquid equilibrium and the relative volatilities of the mixtures studied

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